Watch games and argue with two children. Write the meaning of the following sentences.

First, the interpretation of teaching materials

1. Short text.

The contents of these two classical Chinese texts are all ancient stories of China, and the content and truth are more suitable for students' cognitive level. The ancient ideas contained in these texts can give students positive guidance.

Learning chess is selected from Mencius Gaozi. The article first writes that Qiu Yi is the best chess player in China, and then writes that Qiu Yi teaches two people with different learning attitudes to play chess, and the learning effect is also very different. Finally, it is written that the learning results of these two people are different, not because of the great difference in intelligence. Through this incident, it shows that we should concentrate on our studies and not be half-hearted.

The Days of Two Children Arguing is selected from Liezi Tang Wen. Confucius and Lu Yu's two children are arguing. One thinks the sun is close to people in the morning, and the other thinks the sun is close to people at noon. Therefore, the two sides each hold one end and can't argue why. Even a learned man like Confucius can't decide. They are laughed at by two children. The story shows that the two children are observant and reasonable, and Confucius' attitude of seeking truth from facts.

The purpose of writing classical Chinese is to let students initially perceive the language characteristics of classical Chinese, understand the thoughts and feelings of the ancients, and lay the foundation for learning classical Chinese in junior high school. In teaching, teachers should let students understand the general meaning of annotated words and sentences, understand the main content of the story, guide students to understand the truth in the text, and get some inspiration from it.

Compared with modern Chinese, classical Chinese is quite different in terms of words and sentence patterns. Whether sentences can be broken correctly and read fluently is the first difficulty. It is necessary to guide students to read and recite as the focus of this course. From the perspective of understanding the text, it is not difficult to understand what is written in the text and the truth contained in it. The difficulty lies in asking students to read the meaning of each sentence with reference to their notes. Only by understanding the meaning of a sentence can we correctly break words and sentences and read sentences smoothly. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the meaning of each sentence as a teaching difficulty to break through.

2. Text analysis.

Understanding of (1) sentence.

(1) thinks that the bow is intersected.

This sentence is a sign that a person learns chess after writing it. Although he seems to be listening to Qiu Yi's instruction, he is thinking about shooting swans with bows and arrows. Contrastive narration makes the conclusion natural and convincing.

(2) for its wisdom? That's not true.

This is the conclusion of the article "Learning Games", which summarizes the things mentioned in the article regardless of the evidence, but the argument has been included in the narrative. Grasp the previous sentence "if you learn from it, it is success", understand the truth of "if you succeed", and understand that the result of doing things wholeheartedly is completely different from that of doing things wholeheartedly. In order to deepen the understanding of this sentence, students can talk about it in combination with their own lives in group cooperative learning.

When the sun rises, I approach people.

This is a child's point of view when arguing. He made his own judgment according to the changes in the size of the sun he observed at different times.

(4) It's cool at the beginning of the day, and noon is like exploring soup.

This is another child's point of view in the debate, which is based on the hot and cold feeling of the sun shining on him at different times.

(5) Who is your Zhihu?

This is what two children said with a smile when they saw that Confucius could not rule-who said you were learned? This sentence is very rhetorical, showing the innocence and loveliness of two children.

3. Reference translation.

Learn chess.

Qiu Yi is a national chess player. He taught two students to play chess, and one of them was so absorbed that he only listened to Qiu Yi. While listening to Qiu Yi's lecture, another student always thought there was a swan flying in the sky and wanted to shoot it down with a bow and arrow. Although they study together, the latter student doesn't study as well as the former one. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as others? Say: it's not like this.

An argument between two children.

One day, when Confucius visited the East, he saw two children arguing about something and asked why.

A child said, "I think the sun is closer to people when it first comes out, and it is farther away at noon."

Another child thinks that the sun is farther away from people when it first comes out and closer to people at noon.

A child said, "The sun was as big as a hood when it first came out, and it was like a plate at noon. Isn't that why it looks small from afar and big from near? "

Another child said: "When the sun just came out, it felt very cold. At noon, it was like putting your hand into hot water. Isn't that why you feel hot near and cold far away? "

Confucius could not judge what was going on.

The two children smiled and said, "Who said you were learned?"

Second, the teaching objectives

1. Can dredge the full text according to the after-class notes and understand the story content.

2. Read the text correctly, fluently and emotionally. Recite the text.

3. Understand the key words and the truth in the article.

4. Feel the characteristics of classical Chinese and stimulate the interest in learning classical Chinese.

Third, teaching suggestions

1. Before class, students can be instructed to consult relevant books or search materials on the Internet, and teachers can also provide some relevant materials to give students a preliminary understanding of Confucius and Mencius' life.

2. It is inappropriate to guide primary school students to learn classical Chinese and explain translation word by word, not to mention the knowledge of classical Chinese. Key words and phrases should be understood by students with reference to their notes, trying to understand the general meaning of each sentence by themselves. When they encounter difficulties, teachers should help them. For example, the meaning of "go" in "I want to be close to people when the sky begins to rise" in "Two Children Debate Day" is different from the modern common meaning. There are also words such as "Who", "Hu" and "Ru", which rarely appear in modern texts, which appear many times in the texts. Such words should be understood by students. There are three steps to solve this difficulty:

First of all, after reading the text, students can initially understand the words and the meaning of each sentence according to their notes. For what students don't understand, teachers can give guidance to let students understand the context.

Second, retell and understand the story.

Third, tell these two stories in your own words.

3. When primary school students are exposed to classical Chinese, teachers should establish the concept of "reading aloud first". Guiding students to read aloud can take the following steps:

First, teachers should first set an example in reading texts, so as to read vividly and smoothly, thus infecting students and stimulating their interest in reading.

Second, guide students to read fluently. To guide the reading methods of classical Chinese: first, we should slow down the reading speed, second, we should pause appropriately, and third, we should read the tones of different sentences. For example, the correct pause of "thinking with a bow" in Learning Chess is "thinking with a bow"; "Why is it wise?" Read the tone of rhetorical questions; "Yes, yes" should be pronounced in a positive tone.

Third, on the basis of understanding the content, read carefully and recite at last.

4. Teachers can organize students to discuss and exchange the truth contained in the story: What do you think of the characters in the text after reading it? Encourage students to speak freely and feel something. For example, in "Two Children Debate Day", two children like to explore and have a commendable spirit; Two children know things from different angles and have different results; Confucius can treat children's problems correctly and seek truth from facts.

5. In order to cultivate students' interest in learning classical Chinese, we can recommend some stories with strong stories and easy-to-understand contents, especially some idiom stories that students are familiar with (or have learned from the text before), such as "Zheng people buy shoes", "Vivi encourages" and "stealing clocks", so that students can try to read them by themselves and recite them better.

Fourth, teaching cases.

Instructional Design of Learning Games

I. Introduction of "Company Profile"

1. Understand the key points of unit learning.

Go into the text and see how the author feels about life and gets inspiration from it. When learning, we should pay attention to grasping key sentences, connecting with real life and understanding the truth contained in the article; On the basis of mastering the main content, understand the author's different ways to express his feelings and try to use them in practice.

2. Prompt the key points of semester study.

Through the study in previous years, we have acquired certain self-study ability. In this semester's study, we should rely more on our own efforts, study and write carefully, and further improve our language ability.

Second, recall the introduction and read the topic.

1. Recall and summarize to guide learning methods.

What classical Chinese have we learned before? Do you have any good ways to learn classical Chinese? It is an important method to guide students to "read repeatedly", "understand the content of the text with annotations" and "understand the truth expounded in the article".

2. Introduce new courses and define learning tasks.

Two paragraphs of classical Chinese refer to learning chess and arguing with two children about the day. In this lesson, learn the first classical Chinese "learning games".

3. Learn about Mencius and Mencius by combining notes ①. "Learning chess" means learning to play chess.

Third, read the text for the first time and read it correctly and fluently.

1. Read the text for the first time and ask questions.

Guide students to read the text freely and point out the difficulties in reading.

2. Imitate the text and guide the students to read aloud.

(1) Old Normal School. Slow speech, easy to read and think; Pause properly to make your meaning clear.

(2) Read the text again and solve difficult sentences.

For example, "shoot when you think of a bow." "For its wisdom, if and? Say: unnatural. " It is necessary to read a good pause after understanding the meaning of key words, and guide students to understand the method of "it is easy to read a good pause after understanding the meaning". In addition, "Fu" and "Wei" are polyphonic words, so we should pay attention to the pronunciation in the text.

3. Read the text and improve your ability.

After the teacher leads the reading, the students read together, freely and freely. Through various forms of practice reading, students' difficulties in reading classical Chinese can be solved.

Fourth, combine notes to understand the content.

1. Use comments to understand the meaning of words and sentences, and then talk about them together. If you don't understand something, you can discuss it with your classmates.

2. Ask questions and discuss solutions. For example, what does the phrase "people who are good at playing games all over the country" mean? Combined with the note (1), we can know that "chess" means playing chess; Combined with Note 3, we know that "Guo Tong" means the whole country. Being good at chess means being good at it and being good at it. A "good chess player" refers to a person who is very good at playing chess. Qiu Yi is a national chess player.

3. Communicate and share, and understand the main idea. Guide the students to read the meaning of sentences with notes, then connect the meaning of each sentence and talk about the content of the text.

4. Read aloud with emotion. After understanding the content of the text, practice reading freely first, then read and evaluate, and finally read and read the feelings together.

5. Understand the truth and practice reciting.

1. I understand. We must concentrate on reading and doing things, not wholeheartedly, not half-heartedly.

2. Recite the text.

(1) Guide students to put forward suggestions on reciting methods, such as reciting while reading, reciting while understanding, and reminding each other at the same table.

(2) Practice reciting freely, and finally recite collectively.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) related links

1. Mencius (about 372 BC-289 BC) was named Yu Zi. Zou Guo (now Zou County, Shandong Province) was born in the Warring States Period. China was a famous thinker and educator in ancient times. He is a master of Confucianism after Confucius and is called "Ya Sheng". Later generations called him and Confucius "Confucius and Mencius". Mencius was co-authored by Mencius and his disciples, including Mencius' political activities, political theory, philosophical thoughts and personality cultivation. The book is divided into seven chapters: Liang Huiwang, Gong Sunchou, Teng Wengong, Li Lou, Zhang Wan, Gao Zi and Dedication. This article is selected from Mencius' Gao Zi, and the original text is as follows: "Mencius said: Doing nothing or being unwise. Although there are things that are easy to live, if it is violent for one day and cold for ten days, no one can live. I think it's rare. All the ones that have cooled down are here. If I am cute, what can I do? The number of games played today is decimal; You can't do it if you don't concentrate. Qiu Yi is the best athlete in this country. Let Qiu Yi teach two people to play chess, one to concentrate on playing chess, and Qiu Yi listens; Although one person thought it was a swan, he tried to shoot it with his bow. Although I learned chess from the previous one, chess is still not as good as the previous one. Is it because his intelligence is not as good as the former? Say: unnatural. "

2. Confucius (5565438 BC+0-479 BC) was named Zhong Ni. Lu Yi (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province) was a thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in the late Spring and Autumn Period. His words and deeds throughout his life were compiled into The Analects by his students and spread all over the world.

3. Scientific knowledge about "two children debating on the same day"

The distance between the sun and the earth is the same in the morning and at noon. Why does the sun look bigger in the morning than at noon? This is a visual error and illusion. The same object appears small in a group of larger objects, but large in a group of smaller objects. By the same token, the morning sun rises from the horizon with trees, houses, distant mountains and a small corner of the sky as the background. In such a contrast, the sun looks big at this time; At noon, the sun rises high and the vast sky is the background. At this time, the sun appears small. Secondly, the white object of the same object is bigger than the black object. This physical phenomenon is called "light penetration". When the sun rises, the background is a dark sky and the sun is particularly bright; At noon, the background is the blue sky in Wan Li, and there is little contrast between the sun and its brightness, so it is smaller.

The temperature at noon is higher than in the morning. Is the sun near us at this time? Not exactly. The main reason is that the sun shines obliquely on the earth in the morning and directly on the earth at noon. At the same time and in the same area, the direct heat is higher than the oblique heat. At the same time, at night, the heat of the ground sun dissipates, so it feels cool in the morning; At noon, the heat of the sun shines on the ground, so I feel hot. A cold or hot temperature does not mean that the sun is far or near the ground.