What difficulties did Zhan Tianyou encounter in building the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway? How did he overcome it? What did the successful construction of this railway show?

Zhan Tianyou has surveyed three routes, and the second detour is too far. The third is today's abundant sand line. Due to the limited funds allocated by the Qing court and the short time, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the first route, that is, from Fengtai to Zhangjiakou via Xizhimen, Shahe, Jingnankou, Juyongguan, Badaling, Huailai, Ji Ming Post and Xuanhua, with a total length of 360 miles. The difficulty of the whole line is to close the ditch, where the mountains overlap and the cliffs are steep and varied. The difficulty of the project was not found in the whole country at that time, and it was rare in the world. The slope is very large, and the height difference between Nankou and Badaling is 180. Zhan Tianyou divides the whole line into three sections: Fengtai to Nankou as the first section, Nankou to Kangzhuang as the second section, and the rest as the third section. /kloc-0 started construction on September 4th, 905, and/kloc-0 started track laying on February 6th, 2. On the first day of track laying, the coupler chain of an engineering vehicle broke, causing derailment accident. This has become evidence that China people can't build their own railways, and all kinds of slanders have poured in. However, Zhan Tianyou didn't panic, but thought calmly: the slope of this road is extremely high, and the connection performance between cars is slightly unstable, so the accident is hard to avoid. To this end, he used the method of automatic hook and finally solved this problem. On September 30th, 1906, all the works in Bid 1 were opened to traffic, and the works in Bid 2 started at the same time. The difficulty lies in the second quarter. First of all, we must open four tunnels: Juyongguan, Wuguitou, Shifosi and Badaling. The longest tunnel is Badaling Tunnel, which is1.092m long. This requires not only accurate calculation and correct command, but also new mountain cutters, ventilators and pumps. The former is not a problem for Zhan Tianyou, while the latter is not available in China at that time, and the difficulty can be imagined, just relying on the hands of workers. They overcame many difficulties and finally completed the second bid section in September 1908. Zhan Tianyou (third from the right) took a group photo when the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed.

[1] The difficulty of the third section is second only to that of the ditch. People met Huailai Bridge, the longest bridge on Zhangjing Road, for the first time. It is made up of seven steel beams 100 feet long. Thanks to Zhan Tianyou's correct command, it was completed in time. April 2 1909 train goes to Xiahuayuan. Although the section from Xiahuayuan to Jimingyi mining area is not long, the project is extremely difficult. On the right is Yanghe River, and on the left is Rocky Mountain. A six-foot-deep tunnel should be opened on the mountain, and a seven-mile-long riverbed should be padded under the mountain. Zhan Tianyou paved the river bed at the foot of the mountain with stones paving the road on the mountain. In order to prevent mountain torrents from impacting the subgrade, cement bricks were used for protection, and the third section was successfully completed. Zhan Tianyou never paid attention to the engineering difficulties, but Zhan Tianyou was extremely worried about man-made obstacles. There is a man named Guangzhai in Qinghe. He used to be a Taoist priest and a relative of the royal family Zaize. Both the ruling and opposition parties have influence. As soon as the railway passed its grave, he led the crowd to make trouble, stopped the project, and bribed heavily in private to demand diversion. The postal department is afraid to ask. There is the tomb of King Zheng in the north, the tomb of eunuchs in the south and the tomb of Nora's father Guigong in the west. I wonder how much time and money will be wasted to divert traffic. Zhan Tianyou is ashamed of taking bribes, never misappropriating them, and strives to stay or stay. Finally, because the five ministers were bombed when they went abroad, Zaize was too scared to talk about foreign affairs. Guangzhai agreed to pass through the grave wall because he lost his backer. Nala spends tens of millions of dollars to build the Summer Palace every year, but is unwilling to pay for road construction. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway relies entirely on the surplus of internal and external railways, but this money is controlled by the British HSBC. When entering the second phase of the project, HSBC deliberately made things difficult and delayed payment, which led to the delay. Zhan Tianyou was very angry because he was not good at getting close to powerful people and was ashamed of pandering to foreigners. Imperialism always wants to seize this road. At the beginning of the project, Japanese Yujiro wrote to Yuan Shikai at the imperial gate, saying: China people can't afford to build this road, so it's safer to ask Japanese technicians. The Englishman Jinda also came to intercede for Japan. Zhan Tianyou flatly refused to hire any foreigners on this road. After the Juyongguan tunnel project started, hordes of foreigners often came to spy in the name of hunting, hoping that the project would fail in order to take advantage of people's danger. Zhan Tianyou set the tone for the people of China with excellent results. After several years of struggle, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was finally opened to traffic in September. 1909. It was originally planned to be completed in six years, but it was completed four years ahead of schedule, and the project cost was only one-fifth of that estimated by foreigners.

Zhan Tianyou is an outstanding patriotic engineer in China. Under his auspices, the railway from Beijing to Zhangjiakou was successfully built for the first time. This is the first railway trunk line designed and built entirely by China engineers and technicians.

The railway from Beijing to Zhangjiakou is 200 kilometers long, which is the traffic artery connecting North China and Northwest China. At that time, as soon as the Qing government put forward the construction plan, some imperialist countries came out to obstruct it. They all want to fight for the right to build this railway and further control the northern part of our country. The imperialists refused to let people go, and the matter dragged on for a long time They finally put forward a condition: if the Qing government used its own engineers to build the railway, it would not ask again. They thought that with such a threat, the railway could not be started, and finally they had to ask them for help. The imperialists got it all wrong. China had its own engineers at that time, and Zhan Tianyou was one of them.

1905, the Qing government appointed Zhan Tianyou as the chief engineer to build the Beijing-Zhangjiakou railway. As soon as the news came out, it caused a sensation all over the country, and everyone said that they could win a sigh of relief this time. The imperialists think this is a joke. A foreign newspaper said contemptuously, "China engineers who can build a railway north of Nankou have not yet been born." It turns out that from the south exit to the north, through Juyongguan to Badaling, there are mountains, deep streams and cliffs all the way. They think that famous engineers all over the world dare not try such a difficult project easily. As for China people, they can't eat it all anyway.

Zhan Tianyou, not afraid of difficulties and ridicule, resolutely accepted the task and immediately began to survey the line. Where to cut mountains, where to build bridges, where to level steep slopes and where to reduce curvature all need to be investigated and carefully calculated. Zhan Tianyou often encourages the staff to say, "Our work must be accurate first, and we can't be a little sloppy. The words' probably' and' almost' should not come from the mouth of engineers. " He personally took students and workers, carried benchmarks and theodolite, fixed points on the cliff and surveyed. The Great Wall is often windy and dusty, and if you are not careful, you are in danger of falling into a deep valley. No matter how bad the conditions are, Zhan Tianyou always insists on working in the wild. Climb the mountain to survey the route during the day and draw and calculate under the oil lamp at night. In order to find a suitable route, he often asks local farmers. When encountering difficulties, he always thought: This is the first railway built by China people themselves, and it must be built; Otherwise, it will not only make foreigners laugh, but also make engineers in China lose confidence.

The railway has to pass through many high mountains, so it is necessary to dig tunnels, among which Juyongguan and Badaling tunnels are the most arduous projects. Juyongguan Mountain is high and the rock stratum is thick, so Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the method of simultaneous excavation from both ends to the middle. The spring water at the top of the mountain seeped downward, and the tunnel was full of mud. There was no water pump on the construction site, so Zhan Tianyou took the lead in carrying buckets to drain water. He often eats and lives with the workers and never leaves the construction site. Badaling Tunnel is 1 100 meters long, which is three times as long as Juyongguan Tunnel. He discussed with the old workers and decided to adopt the intermediate sinking method. First, drill a shaft down from the top of the mountain, then dig both ends separately, and both ends will be constructed at the same time, which shortens the construction period by half.

The railway passes near Qinglong Bridge, with a particularly steep slope. How can a train climb such a steep slope? Zhan Tianyou designed a herringbone line along the mountain. When the northbound train arrives at the south exit, two locomotives are used, one is pulling in front and the other is pushing back. After crossing the Qinglong Bridge, the train went northeast, crossed the fork of the herringbone line and turned upside down. The original locomotive was pulled and pushed, making the train turn to the northwest. In this way, it is much easier for the train to go up the hill.

The railway was completed in less than four years, two years ahead of schedule. This incident gave a powerful counterattack to the imperialists who despised China. Today we go to Badaling by train and pass Qinglong Bridge Station. We can see a bronze statue, which is Zhan Tianyou. Many foreign guests visiting China are amazed at the great project left by Zhan Tianyou.

In this text, I talked about the difficulties encountered by Zhan Tianyou and how to overcome them.

You choose two.

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First of all, he was severely hit by the imperialists, but he ignored these ridicule and blows and resolutely accepted the task.

Secondly, in the process of building the Jing-Zhang Railway, he used the "shaft excavation method" and "two ends sinking into the middle at the same time" to complete the arduous railway construction. In addition, he also adopted zigzag lines to overcome the inconvenience caused by Panshan.