The story of a physics scientist

Hello, I found the following stories of physics bulls, I hope you can benefit from them.

Great people often seem to be "smarter than fools" when they are young or young, but they all have one thing in common, that is, they like thinking, exploring and thirst for knowledge very much, and their love for truth is above all else. What influenced me the most was the story of Archimedes, the greatest mathematician and physicist in ancient Greece. At that time, Rome and Greece were at war. Archimedes is thinking about a mathematical circle. When Roman soldiers broke through the city and pointed a knife at him, he only said one sentence: "Don't destroy my circle", which became his last sentence and the most classic and inspiring one.

I hope the landlord can inspire his enthusiasm for learning from these people! The following are the stories of some physical scientists:

Archimedes discovered the law of buoyancy in the scale crown.

In the eyes of ordinary people, Archimedes is a "freak". In the words of Plutarch, a Roman historian, "He seems to be an enchanted man. He doesn't care about food or his body." Sometimes, the rice is put on the table and asked to eat, but he doesn't seem to hear it. He is still drawing his geometry in the ashes of the brazier. His wife should look after him at all times. For example, when he rubbed his body with oil, he just sat and oiled himself and forgot what he had done. His wife is more afraid of sending him to the bathhouse to take a bath. The joke was caused by a new crown of the king.

Not long ago, the king asked a craftsman to build him a golden crown. The king gave the craftsman the gold he needed. The craftsman's craft is very clever, and the crown produced is exquisite and unique, and the weight is as heavy as the gold given by the king at the beginning. However, someone reported to the king: "When making the crown, the craftsman swallowed some gold privately and mixed the same weight of silver." Hearing this, the king became suspicious, so he called Archimedes and asked him to try to determine whether the gold crown was mixed with silver and whether the craftsmen kept the gold for themselves. Archimedes was stumped this time. When he got home, he thought hard for a long time and couldn't find a way. I can't eat, sleep or take a shower every day, as if I were possessed.

One day, the king sent someone to urge him to report to the palace. His wife saw that he was too dirty and forced him to take a bath. When he was taking a bath in the bathhouse, he was still thinking about weighing the crown. Suddenly, he noticed that some water overflowed from the side of the bathtub when his body sank into it. At the same time, he felt that the deeper he went into the water, the lighter he was. So, he immediately jumped out of the bathtub, forgot to wear clothes and ran to the street of the crowd. He ran and shouted, "I found it, I found it, and the solution to the crown was found!" " "

After he entered the palace, he said to the king, "Please allow me to do an experiment, and then I can report the result to you." The king agreed. Archimedes put the gold, a piece of silver and the crown, which are as heavy as the crown, in the basin one by one, and saw that the gold nugget discharged less water than the silver nugget, while the crown discharged more water than the gold nugget.

Archimedes said to the king, "The crown is mixed with silver!" " "The king looked at the experiment and didn't understand. Let Archimedes explain. Archimedes said, "One kilogram of iron is bigger than one kilogram of wood. If you put them in water separately, the big wood will discharge more water than the small iron. I apply this principle to gold, silver and crowns. Because the density of gold is high and the density of silver is low, if gold and silver are equally heavy, the volume of silver must be greater than that of gold. Gold nuggets and silver nuggets with the same weight are put into water, and the amount of water discharged by gold nuggets is less than that of silver nuggets. The experiment just now shows that the crown discharges more water than the gold nugget, indicating that the density of the crown is smaller than that of the gold nugget, which proves that the crown is not made of pure gold. " Archimedes' methodical narration persuaded the king. The experimental results prove that the craftsman put the gold in his pocket.

This experiment of Archimedes is the embryonic form of "hydrostatics". However, he did not stop there and continued to study the floating body problem in depth. Results Archimedes principle, an important principle in natural science, was discovered. That is, when an object is immersed in a liquid, the volume of the displaced liquid is equal to the volume in which the object is immersed; Keep the buoyancy of the floating body equal to the weight of the liquid discharged by the floating body.

The suspension of Newton's scientific exploration

Although Newton has made fruitful achievements in the field of scientific exploration, his economic income has been very poor during the long years of scientific exploration. From 65438 to 0692, 50-year-old Newton was attracted by the rich material life and decided to give up the hard life of scientific exploration and find a position that could bring more economic income. As soon as the news came out, people recommended places for Newton. At first, he was recommended as the principal of Chatham Public School in London, but when Newton demanded that the monthly salary for this position was not high enough, he resigned. 1696, the kind Sir Harry Fox recommended Newton as the supervisor of the Royal Mint. The annual salary of this position is considerable, and Newton readily agreed to move to London to become the director of the Royal Mint.

Newton never stopped after taking office, and turned his great thoughts to coinage. Behind the garden of the Ministry of Finance, Newton sent people to build 10 furnaces. First, the old coins are melted one by one, and then the melted precious metals are transported to the Tower of London, where they are recast into money. Newton thus devoted himself to the work of melting the old and casting the new until 1699. Newton's enthusiastic work was praised by the royal family, so he was awarded the title of "director of mint" for life. The title of director of the mint brought Newton a generous salary, and he could get a considerable economic income of up to 2000 pounds a year. We say this income is considerable because the Greenwich Observatory, the so-called Flamsteed Building, was built at that time, and it only cost 500 pounds.

Newton devoted himself to casting money, so he was busy all day, which prevented him from continuing his teaching and scientific research at Cambridge University. He had to resign as a professor at Cambridge University at 170 1 and quit Trinity College. In this way, great changes have taken place in Newton's later life: from poverty to wealth, at the same time, he has also changed from a scholar who lived a quiet and secluded life in Cambridge University to an influential figure in London officialdom, and has formed increasingly close ties with the British royal family. This drastic change in Newton's life and career certainly became a joke at that time. In a play, a funny clown said, "Newton?" Well-I've heard of Mr. Isaac's name-everyone knows his name. Great, Mint Minister! "Newton's full name is isaac newton.

Such a great change in the road of life led to Newton's scientific exploration being blocked, and his scientific exploration work was completely stopped.

Gauss bite

Although Gauss was hailed as a great mathematician in the18th century and won wide respect from his contemporaries, at the same time, he also left an unavoidable excuse for his contemporaries and future generations. That is to say, although he had independently obtained the satisfactory results of non-Euclidean geometry before 1824, Gauss didn't have the courage to break through the space concept of Kant's idealism, so he never published the research results, which caused his big mistake. Kant said that the concept of space is innate, and there is the concept of space under life. This kind of space is Euclidean space, and it is the only space. Kant's Euclidean space concept was dominant at that time, and people believed it and thought it was unbreakable. Gauss found that non-Euclidean geometry broke through this traditional concept of space, so Gauss was afraid that his non-Euclidean geometry would violate the traditional concept of space and cause opposition from people who didn't understand it. So this research result was not made public until his death.

Gauss not only didn't have the courage to publish the research results of non-Euclidean geometry, but also dared not publicly support it when other mathematicians put forward it. 1826, Russian mathematician Lobachevsky announced at the physics conference of Kazan University that he founded non-Euclidean geometry. Since then, he has published a series of non-European geometric works. Lobachevsky's non-Euclidean geometry shook the old traditional concept of space, which aroused the opposition of the Holy See. The Bishop declared his theory heresy, and some people even used anonymous letters to ridicule, abuse and insult Lobachevsky in opposition magazines, and even declared him crazy. The best attitude is nothing more than "a tolerant and sorry attitude towards a wrong eccentric". Gauss is the right person to understand Lobachevsky's non-Euclidean geometry. At this time, he is well-known and fully capable of defending the new non-Euclidean geometry. But what happened to Lobachevsky was exactly what Gauss had estimated before, and it was also his "fear" that he dared not publish his own non-Euclidean geometry conclusions. Therefore, he dare not stand up and defend. He only talked about his admiration for Lobachevsky in his personal letters.

Gauss's generation of great mathematicians, due to the lack of courage to fight against the old traditional ideas, not only drowned himself, but also others' research results in non-Euclidean geometry, leaving people with an inescapable argument.

Einstein's negation

Einstein has made outstanding achievements in scientific research all his life, the most outstanding of which is that he founded the theory of relativity and developed the quantum hypothesis put forward by Planck.

It is a pity, however, that Einstein became the first great scientist to stand up and support and develop quantum mechanics in the early days, but soon after, his thoughts on quantum mechanics became retrogressive and rigid. Therefore, under the guidance of his successful exploration of quantum mechanics, many scientists devoted themselves to the exploration of quantum mechanics and achieved a series of new achievements. But since 1925, he has stepped on his own opposite side and become a stubborn opponent of quantum mechanics. In this year, German physicist Heisenberg discovered the "uncertainty principle" reflecting the duality of quantum waves and particles on the basis of many scientists exploring the achievements of quantum mechanics after Einstein. This principle is aimed at microscopic particles. In order to accurately determine its position, it is impossible to accurately determine its speed; Conversely, if you want to measure its speed accurately, you can't measure its position accurately. This principle provides an important theoretical basis for people to understand microscopic particles later. But Einstein denied this principle, saying that quantum mechanics has no theoretical basis, and it is only an accidental assumption, which is "incomplete", just like God and the world roll dice, "God does not roll dice with the world"; He will never abandon the "visible" causality and accept the possibility. He not only criticized quantum theory verbally, but also stopped studying quantum theory in action and completely shifted his energy to the study of relativity. As a result, he never got any research results of quantum mechanics.

Stiff thinking caused a regrettable retrogression and mistakes for Einstein. At that time, many people thought that "this is a tragedy-because he groped for progress in loneliness, we lost a leader and standard bearer". The great scientist Einstein made this sad mistake. What a precious revelation this is for us!

Mendeleev's black spot

Mendeleev's periodic law of elements is a revolutionary discovery in the field of chemistry. Later, Mendeleev also wanted to know more about the reasons why the properties of elements change periodically with the increase of atomic weight. However, because his thoughts can't get rid of the shackles of traditional metaphysical concepts, such as elements can't be transformed and atoms can't be separated, by the end of 19, people discovered the existence of radioactive elements and electrons, which provided a new experimental basis for uncovering the inside story of atoms from quantitative change to qualitative change. On the contrary, he can't use these new scientific experimental results to further develop his periodic law theory. He said that acknowledging the existence of electrons is not only "of little use", "it will only complicate things" and "it will not clarify the facts at all". The discovery of radioactivity clearly shows that elements can be transformed, but he said, "We should no longer believe in the complexity of simple materials we know" and "We should eliminate any trace of believing in the complexity of simple materials we know." And declared: "the concept of element untransferability is particularly important" and "it is the basis of the whole world outlook".

However, on the basis of a series of important discoveries of radioactivity and electrons at the end of 19, chemists revealed the essence of the periodic law of elements step by step, abandoned Mendeleev's old idea that atoms are inseparable and elements cannot be transformed, and formulated a new periodic law of elements according to the reasonable core of Mendeleev's periodic law of elements. The new theory of periodic law of elements born on the basis of Mendeleev's periodic law of elements is more real than Mendeleev's theory. It is revealed that the arrangement order of elements in the periodic table is arranged according to the number of protons in atoms. With the increase of atomic number, the number of protons in atoms increases, and generally speaking, the number of neutrons also increases. The total number of protons and neutrons indicates an increase in atomic weight. But practice has proved that there are not as many kinds of atoms as elements. An element contains isotopes with more neutrons and isotopes with less neutrons. The original quantity of an element is the average value of isotopes. The so-called proton number here is the number of electrons around the nucleus, that is, the charge number of the nucleus, that is, the atomic number, thus solving the problem that Mendeleev could not solve. However, these achievements in exploring the periodic laws of elements were lost by Mendeleev in his opposition to radioactive discovery and the existence of electrons.

Rigid thinking makes Mendeleev, a great chemist, retrogress in exploring the mystery of the periodic law of elements, loses the opportunity to develop the periodic law of elements according to the new scientific experimental results, and also leaves us valuable enlightenment.

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, 85 miles southwest of Germany, on March 1967 1897. Both parents are Jewish. Father Herman Einstein and uncle Jacob Einstein jointly opened a small factory to manufacture electrical equipment. Mother Pauline, a housewife with secondary education, likes music very much. When Einstein was six, she taught him to play the violin. This is a harmonious and happy family. Relatives love little Einstein deeply, but they are all worried about his intellectual development. Einstein was not lively when he was a child, and he couldn't speak when he was over three years old. His parents were worried that he was dumb and took him to see a doctor. Fortunately, Einstein was not dumb, but he didn't become fluent until he was nine years old. Everything he says must be carefully thought over. Einstein Jr. is an honest boy. He never does anything against his will or cheats. To this end, he was laughed at by his classmates and nicknamed him "honest John". Ordinary children like to play competitive games, but he doesn't like to participate. The child likes war games and watching soldiers drill, but he didn't like anything related to the army since he was a child. He is a pacifist and doesn't want to see human beings killing each other.

There is a garden around Einstein's house. He often squats in the bushes in the corner of the garden for a long time, stroking small leaves with his hands or staring at ants running in a hurry. He likes meditation since he was a child and wants to know the secrets of nature. On a picnic by the Hisard River, a relative said that little Einstein was very serious. When other children were playing together, he sat there alone and looked at the other side of the lake. Pauline's mother affectionately defended her child: "He is quiet because he is thinking. Wait, he will become a professor one day! " The relative thought it was ridiculous, but he also understood his mother's feelings. Professor! In people's minds, only those smart people can get this honorary title. Can this silly boy who can't even speak well become a professor?

At the age of four or five, Einstein was once ill in bed, and his father gave him a compass. When he found that the compass always pointed in a fixed direction, he was very surprised and felt that there must be something hidden behind this phenomenon. He happily played with the compass for several days, pestering his father and uncle Jacob to ask a series of questions. Although he can't even say the word "magnetic" well, he stubbornly wants to know why the compass can guide the direction. This deep and lasting impression was vividly recalled by Einstein until he was 67 years old.

When Einstein was in primary school and middle school, his general homework was normal, only his math score was far above the whole class. Because he is slow and doesn't like people, his teachers and classmates don't like him. The teacher who taught him Greek and Latin was very disgusted with him and once publicly scolded him: "Einstein, you will never be a successful person when you grow up." And I want to kick him out of school for fear that his class will affect other students.

Einstein's uncle Jacob is in charge of technical affairs in the electric appliance factory, while Einstein's father is in charge of business dealings. Jacob is an engineer. He loves mathematics very much. When Einstein came to ask him questions, he always introduced his mathematics knowledge to him in very simple and popular language.

One day, Einstein came to ask his uncle, "What is algebra?" ? My uncle explained it this way: "There are many problems in arithmetic that are not easy to solve, and it is very difficult to calculate. Algebra is a' happy' math, which can easily help people solve difficult calculations. We call the number we don't know X and catch it. You take it as something you already know, build some relationships, and finally you can get it easily. " Then his uncle gave him a pamphlet with algebra problems, and Einstein soon learned to solve the problems inside. Uncle Jacob once told him a beautiful theorem in geometry-Pythagoras theorem: the square of the long side of any right triangle must be equal to the sum of the squares of the two short sides. Uncle didn't tell him the proof of this theorem, but Einstein was very surprised to find that this relationship was established after drawing many right triangles.

My father's business is not good, but he is optimistic and kind. Inviting poor students from Munich to dinner at home every night is tantamount to helping them. One of them is a pair of Jewish brothers Max and Bernard from Lithuania. They are all medical students. Both of them like reading and have a wide range of interests. They were invited to eat at Einstein's house and became good friends with shy little Einstein with black hair and brown eyes. Max can be said to be Einstein's "first teacher". He borrowed some popular natural science books for him, discussed with Einstein after reading them, and continued to provide him with new books. Max ignited Einstein's interest in self-study and constantly tutored him.

Max gave Einstein a plane geometry textbook by pirk when he was twelve years old, which immediately caught Einstein's heart. Einstein recalled this sacred little book in his later years and said, "There are many conclusions in this book. For example, although they are not obvious in themselves, they can be reliably proved, so any doubt seems impossible. This clarity and reliability left an indescribable impression on me. " Then Einstein remembered Pythagorean theorem again, so he wanted to prove it. It took him three weeks to finally find a way to take the vertex facing the longest side of a right triangle as the vertical line here, so he divided the triangle into similar triangles and proved this theorem easily. Although this is an ancient theorem with a history of more than two thousand years, Einstein finally got the result after some efforts, and he felt the joy of scientific discovery for the first time.

Max will help him correct some exercises and solve some difficult problems when he comes every week. Soon after, he was led to study advanced mathematics. When he was thirteen, he taught himself calculus. While his classmates were frowning at simple problems such as plane geometry and cyclic fractions, Einstein had entered the beautiful and magical "infinite world" of infinite series through self-study. Soon Einstein Jr. surpassed Max in mathematics, and medical students eleven years older than him couldn't keep up with children twelve or thirteen years old. In order to have a topic to talk about in the future, Max began to lend him philosophy books. Einstein could understand Kant's Critique of Pure Reason at the age of thirteen. For many adults, this is a boring book. At this time, Einstein read books about mathematics, physics and many philosophers. He doesn't read novels, and his only pastime is playing the violin.

Max thinks he has found a child prodigy. He said, "Great scientists or philosophers will grow up from Einstein."

I hope the landlord can inspire his enthusiasm for learning from these people!

Hope to adopt!