Baoshan dialect, what brother said. What is the meaning of virtue in Baoshan dialect?

How to say Baoshan dialect? Baoshan dialect means my brother.

Sogou encyclopedia

There is a dialect called pain.

3929 plays 04:36

"Blue thin mushrooms", I can't help but think of a few!

1.58 million broadcast 02:44

dialect

culture

*** 10 meaning

Dialect refers to a variety of a language, but sometimes it can also refer to a language in a specific geographical area. This word comes from Yang Xiong (53- 18)' s book "Xuanjia Speakers Explain Other Dialects". "Dialect" refers to different people. The "dialect" mentioned by China people is a political concept, but it is actually a "local language", also called "vernacular", which refers to a language different from the standard language in a certain area. "Dialect" in European population is a linguistic concept, that is, a language that is different from standard language and only popular in one region, namely dialect.

Chinese name

dialect

pronounce

Fangyan

Foreign name

dialect

classify

Variants of language

Definition introduction

definition

geographical distribution

Some linguists think that the difference between "dialect" and "language" is basically arbitrary, which is opposed by many other linguists and various standards have been put forward, but these different standards often produce inconsistent conclusions. Generally speaking, all dialects can actually be called or regarded as languages (closely related languages can be called each other's dialects, while languages that are far away and have little connection in the history of formation and development cannot be called each other's dialects. )

In practice, the reason why individual languages are dialects is usually due to the following reasons:

Lack of appropriate written language, the language does not reach the level of accurate description; Language users do not belong to their own country; The same nation (or country) has multiple language systems. In the following, the author discusses several methods commonly used by linguists to distinguish between dialects and languages, and further points out the difficulties of these judgments in practical application. In some cases, the definition of language and dialect is not just a linguistic issue.

Note: "The difference between" dialect "and" language "is basically arbitrary", which means that a language (accent), such as Jinan dialect, can be called a dialect and a language at the same time, but it cannot be understood that any language can be called a dialect of another language. Whether a language is a dialect of another language depends on its language family.

classify

Dialect is a variant of language. Dialects can be divided into regional dialects and social dialects according to their nature. Regional dialect is a language variety caused by regional differences, a branch of people's languages in different regions, and a reflection of the unbalanced development of languages in different regions. Social dialects are different social variants formed by social members in the same area due to social differences in occupation, class, age, gender and cultural upbringing.

The similarities and differences between regional dialects and social dialects can be investigated from the following aspects.

The similarities between the two are as follows: first, they are both the result of language differentiation and the embodiment of unbalanced language development; Second, there is no national characteristics. Social dialects are popular in a certain class and regional dialects are popular in a certain area. Of course, as far as the region is concerned, regional dialects have a certain nationality within a certain range. Third, they should be made of materials in the national language.

Overview of Chinese

Chinese dialects, commonly known as local dialects, are only used in certain areas. It is not another language independent of the national language, but only the language used in some areas. Most dialects in modern Chinese have gone through a long process of evolution and gradually formed. There are many factors that form Chinese dialects, such as social, historical and geographical factors, such as population migration, mountain and river barriers and so on. There are also factors that belong to the language itself, such as the imbalance of language development and the mutual contact and influence between different languages.

Dialect is only in a certain area, but it has a complete system. Dialect has phonetic structure system, lexical structure system and grammatical structure system, which can meet the needs of social communication in this region. Various local dialects of the same nationality * * * The same language of the same nationality always shows the linguistic characteristics of "similarities and differences, differences and similarities". Generally speaking, national homonyms are always developed on the basis of one pronunciation.

Dialects can be divided into regional dialects and social dialects according to their nature. Regional dialect is a language variety caused by regional differences, a branch of national languages in different regions and a regional reflection of unbalanced language development. Social dialects are different social variants formed by social members in the same area due to social differences in occupation, class, age, gender and cultural upbringing.

geographical distribution

Among several dialects of modern Chinese in China, the northern dialect can be regarded as the development of ancient Chinese in the vast northern region after thousands of years, and the rest dialects are gradually formed by the continuous southward migration of northern residents in history. The early Jiangnan area, mainly inhabited by the Guyue nationality, used Guyue language, which was far from ancient Chinese and could not speak. Later, the Han people in the north went south several times on a large scale, bringing ancient northern Chinese in different periods, which spread to various regions in the south of the Yangtze River and gradually formed six dialects that were obviously different from each other. There are three reasons for dialect differences: first, before the contact between northern Chinese and southern ancient Vietnamese, there were their own regional dialects; Second, the time for northern Chinese to go south is different, and the natural Chinese themselves are different; Third, the southern dialect developed in a certain unique environment.

In the development of Han society, there have been different degrees of differentiation and unification, which gradually led to the emergence of Chinese dialects.

There are various dialects in modern Chinese, which are widely distributed. The differences between modern Chinese dialects are manifested in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, especially in pronunciation. But these dialects and homophones are not independent languages, because they have certain corresponding rules in pronunciation and have many similarities in vocabulary and grammar. According to the characteristics of dialects, the history of their formation and development, and the results of the current dialect survey, dialects of modern Chinese can be divided. At present, Chinese linguists have different opinions on the division of modern Chinese dialects. Most people think that there are seven dialects in modern Chinese.

Our country has a large population and complicated situation, and the dialects that can't be spoken are divided into regions. According to the modern popular distribution, modern Chinese dialects can be divided into seven dialect areas. Namely Northern Dialect (Mandarin), Wu Dialect, Xiang Dialect, Hakka Dialect, Min Dialect, Cantonese Dialect and Gan Dialect.

At the same time, in complex dialect areas, some dialects can be further divided into several dialects (sub-dialects), and even can be divided into "dialects". These dialects are dialects that know every place (a certain thing, a certain county, a certain town, a certain village), so they are called local dialects. For example, Guangzhou dialect and Changsha dialect.

Chinese characteristics

Characteristics of putonghua

① The consonants of affricates and affricates are divided into voiced and unvoiced sounds, but there is no opposition between voiced and unvoiced sounds, which reflects the characteristics of more voiced consonants and fewer voiced consonants. With a few exceptions, ancient voiced initials are pronounced as voiced initials in almost all branches of modern Mandarin dialects. Generally speaking, the ancient voiced pronunciation is aspirated to clear the initial consonant, while the ancient voiced pronunciation is not aspirated to clear the initial consonant.

② The most prominent feature of vowels is that there are few consonants ending.

③ The most prominent feature of tone is that the number of tone categories is relatively small. Except for Jianghuai Mandarin, the northern part of the Yellow River in Henan Province in North China Mandarin, the southern end of Shanxi Province in Northwest Mandarin, parts of northern Shaanxi Province and western Inner Mongolia, most of the mandarin in other places have no tone. There are 4-5 tones in the whole Mandarin dialect area, especially 4 tones, ranging from 4 to 5. Among these four ancient tones, the differentiation and development of Pingsheng, Shangshang and Qusheng in Putonghua are similar, that is, most Putonghua words with voiced initials are pronounced as Bao, Zhou, Ji, Fu, Gan, Zun, Dang, Jiang and Guang. Gu Ping's mandarin with voiced initials mostly reads Yangping, such as climbing, apprentice, hoe, strange, strip, forest, heavy, group, same, red and so on. In ancient times, the initial consonants of Qing consonants and consonants of sub-voiced consonants were mostly pronounced as initial consonants, such as complement, early, brave, pink, party, well, list, selection, warmth, dyeing and old. In ancient times, there were full-voiced initials, and in ancient times, there were many full-voiced initials in local mandarin, such as "Fu", "Dao", "Anger", "Dang" and the ancient full-voiced initials, as well as the words "Guo, Afraid, Bu, Dai, * *, Yao". The pronunciation of ancient Rusheng characters in Mandarin dialect is complicated. Except Jianghuai Mandarin in Northwest Mandarin and parts of Shanxi and Shaanxi, and parts of Henan north of the Yellow River in North China Mandarin, the attribution of ancient Rusheng characters is different in other Mandarin dialects where Rusheng tones have disappeared. Generally speaking, North China Mandarin, like Beijing dialect, is divided into flat, rising and falling tones after entering tone disappears, which is the so-called "three tones of entering tone": full voiced initial consonant entering tone, sub-voiced initial consonant entering tone and voiced initial consonant entering tone. A few places (such as Jinan and Dalian) are slightly different from Beijing: the initials are ancient voiced or all belong to Yin Ping (such as Jinan) or all belong to Shangsheng (such as Dalian). There are two distributions of ancient tone words in places where there is no entering tone in Northwest Mandarin: either the entering tone words of ancient voiced initials belong to Yangping, and the rest belong to Yin Ping, such as Xi 'an; Or the initials of ancient voiced consonants belong to rising tone, and the rest belong to falling tone, such as Lanzhou. The distribution of ancient Rusheng words in Southwest Mandarin is the most uniform: as long as they are ancient Rusheng words, no matter what the initial consonant is, they are all pronounced in the rising tone, with almost no exception.

And mandarin

Mandarin is the lingua franca of modern Han nationality and the common language of all ethnic groups in China. Putonghua takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.

The word "Putonghua" appeared as early as the late Qing Dynasty. 1902, Wu Rulun, a scholar, visited Japan, and the Japanese suggested to him that China should carry out Putonghua education to unify the language. The name "Mandarin" was mentioned in the conversation. 1904, when Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, was studying in Japan, she organized a "lecture liaison meeting" with students studying in Japan, and drew up a booklet, in which the name "Putonghua" appeared. 1906, Zhu, a scholar who studied word segmentation, divided Chinese into "Chinese" (classical Chinese), "Putonghua" and "common sayings" (dialects) in his book Jiangsu Xin Xin. He not only put forward the name of "Mandarin", but also gave a clear definition of "Mandarin". In 1930s, Qu Qiubai put forward in the article "War beyond the Gate of Hell" that "the task of literary revolution is by no means limited to creating some new styles of poems, novels and plays. It should establish a modern Mandarin accent for China. " "Modern Mandarin, a new Chinese language, should be used in all parts of China, with modern" people's words ",polyphony and ending ..."

geographical distribution

The definition of "Putonghua" has been unclear for decades before liberation, and there are also different views. After the founding of New China, during the "National Character Reform Conference" and the "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in June 1955, the Chinese homonym was officially named "Putonghua", and at the same time, its definition was determined, that is, "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation and northern dialect as the basic dialect". 195510/On October 26th, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Strive to Promote Chinese Character Reform, Popularize Putonghua and Realize Chinese Standardization". The article mentioned: "Chinese homonyms are Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation." 1956 On February 6th, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua as "taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm". This definition clarifies the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, which makes the definition of Putonghua more scientific and thorough. Among them, the word "Putonghua" means "universal" and "accessible".

Mandarin is a homonym of modern Chinese, with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. This was decided at 1955 National Conference on Character Reform and Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese. This definition essentially puts forward the standards of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, so how to understand these standards?

"Taking Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation" means taking the phonetic system of Beijing dialect as the standard, and not copying all the pronunciations of Beijing dialect. Putonghua is not equal to Beijing dialect. There are many local accents in Beijing dialect. For example, old Beijingers regard the conjunction "he" as "Han", "Hu Die" as "Hudier" and "Gaosu" as "Gaosong", which is difficult for people in other dialect areas to accept. In addition, there are different pronunciations in Beijing dialect, such as "aggression", which is pronounced as "q τ n lue" and "Q τ n lue". Some people pronounce the word "nearby" as "Fujin" and others as "fǔjin", which also brings a lot of trouble to the popularization of Putonghua. Since 1956, the pronunciation of Beijing dialect has been revised many times, and the standard pronunciation of Putonghua has been formulated. Therefore, at present, the phonetic standard of Putonghua should be based on the Pronunciation Table of Putonghua with Different Pronunciation published by 1985 and the Modern Chinese Dictionary published by 1996.