Experts can help me list some interesting and major historical events.

The success of the American moon landing and the failure of the Soviet moon landing

The key to the success or failure of the manned moon landing is whether a giant rocket with sufficient thrust and high reliability can be developed. The United States developed The rocket that launched the manned lunar landing spacecraft is Saturn 5, and the one developed by the Soviet Union is N-1.

The first stage of the Saturn 5 rocket uses five liquid oxygen kerosene engines with a thrust of 694 tons, with a total thrust of 3470 tons, with a low-Earth orbit carrying capacity of 127 tons. The Saturn 5 rocket was successfully launched for the first time on November 9, 1967. By the time Skylab was launched on May 14, 1973, all 13 launches were successful.

N- 1. The first stage of the rocket uses 24-30 (the first two have 24 and the last two have 30) liquid oxygen and kerosene engines with a thrust of 154 tons. The total thrust is 3696-4620 tons. The rocket uses 30 engines for low-Earth orbit. The carrying capacity is 95 tons. From its first launch on February 21, 1969 to November 23, 1972, it was launched 4 times, all of which ended in explosions.

The failure of the Soviet Union's moon landing was not so much a defeat. Technically, it is better to say that it was defeated economically.

For the Soviet Union at that time, there was something more important than the moon landing: the strategic nuclear power caught up with the United States. In the mid-1960s, the Soviet Union The number of intercontinental missiles is far less than that of the United States. Since 1966, the Soviet Union has deployed intercontinental missiles at a rate of about 200 per year, almost at the same time as the American Apollo 11 spacecraft landed on the moon. In the second half of 1969, the number of Soviet intercontinental missiles exceeded 1,000. Catching up with the United States.

Since the Soviet Union's economic scale was significantly smaller than that of the United States at that time (the United States generated 1,639.8 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity in 1970, while the Soviet Union had 740.9 billion kilowatt-hours). In addition, the Soviet Union focused on developing intercontinental missiles. The allocation for the Moon Program was far less than that of the United States. As of 1970, the Soviet Union’s cumulative allocation for the Moon Landing Program was only 2.9 billion rubles, while the United States’ cumulative investment at that time had exceeded US$20 billion. In 1970, the Soviet Union’s funding for the Moon Landing Program was only 600 million rubles. Rubles, while the peak allocation of the United States in 1966 was US$5.93 billion. Due to insufficient funds, the Soviet Union was unable to build enough test equipment like the United States, and was unable to develop a high-thrust engine. It could only try to rely on the original equipment conditions. As the saying goes, you get what you pay for. The Soviet Union’s manned lunar landing plan ultimately failed due to too many rocket engines and poor reliability. After the United States stopped manned lunar landing activities in December 1972, the Soviet Union’s lunar landing program also lost its value. Because of its political significance, it was finally disbanded. Although the Soviet Union's manned moon landing failed, it was not without achievements. On September 12, 1970, the Soviet Union used a Proton rocket to launch the Lunar 16 unmanned probe, which landed on the moon on September 20. It dug soil, left the moon on September 21, flew for three days, and landed in the Soviet Union on September 24, successfully achieving the world's first unmanned probe to return samples to the moon.

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(UK) Magna Carta/Great Chart

Signed by King John in 1215. Its main content is to protect the rights of the nobility from the king's infringement. Its main spirit is to limit the royal power. The positive significance is that it protects certain rights of urban citizens and for the first time treats the citizen class as a political force that must be considered. This incident embodies the struggle between the feudal nobles and the king.

The Hundred Years' War between England and France

In the 14th century, France had not yet been unified. Britain held some territory in France. In order to further expand its land on the mainland, the British seized Flanders, an important city with a developed wool processing industry at that time, and launched the "Hundred Years' War" between 1337 and 1453 under the pretext of inheriting the French throne. The heavy taxes, frequent military service and rising prices brought about by the war brought public dissatisfaction to the extreme.

In the end, the British army failed, territory on the European continent was lost, and feudal lords and merchants also suffered losses, which seriously weakened British feudal rule.

Black Death

In 1348, the Black Death (a plague) swept across Europe, killing almost half of the British population, resulting in a shortage of labor and food. Prices rose, but King Edward III issued an edict in 1394 stipulating that workers should still be employed at pre-Black Death wages. In 1351, Parliament enacted the Labor Act, which stipulated that those who violated employment laws would be jailed. Class relations became increasingly acute.

The Reformation

In the 14th century, the contradiction between urban and rural areas in England intensified, and the Reform Church Movement emerged. John Wycliffe, a professor at the Divinity School of Oxford University, and some other clergymen put forward ideas for reforming the church that met the demands of the lower classes, such as opposing the church's imposition of taxes, denying the special status of clergy, and eliminating feudal aristocrats, etc., and contributed to the Taylor Rebellion. Be mentally prepared.

Tyler's Revolt (Tyler's Revolt)

In May 1381, in order to oppose the increase in taxes, a rebellion involving the mason Watt took place in southeastern England. The Peasants' Revolt was led by Wat Tyler. On June 13, the rebel armed forces occupied London, and King Richard II was forced to negotiate with the peasants. Although the uprising ultimately failed, it dealt a heavy blow to the feudal system.

The Wars of the Roses

In the mid-15th century, two large feudal nobles in northern England, namely the House of Lancaster and the House of York (House of York) fought for dominance for 30 years from 1455 to 1485. During the war, the Lancaster family wore red roses as their emblem, and the York family wore white roses as their emblem. History called this war the "War of the Roses." The result of the war was that both sides suffered losses, paving the way for the emerging bourgeoisie to enter the historical stage.

Glorious Revolution (Glorious Revolution)

At the end of June 1688, the Whigs in Parliament represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and the new aristocracy, and the Tories represented the interests of the feudal aristocracy. A palace coup planned by the Party (Tory) without the participation of the people. The purpose was to overthrow the reactionary restoration rule of James II. After this coup, Britain entered a capitalist society with serious remnants of feudalism and established a constitutional monarchy.

Industrial Revolution (Industrial Revolution)

Refers to the historical process of transition from the stage of capitalist handicraft industry to the capitalist factory system using machines. The invention of machines and the emergence of the factory system marked the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, and the mechanization of the machine manufacturing industry marked the completion of the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution in Britain began in the 1760s and completed in the 1830s and 1840s, lasting 70 to 80 years.

The Chartist Movement

Driven by the economic crisis of 1836-1837, the British working class launched the "People's Charter" in 1837 with universal suffrage as its main content. ” (The People’s Charter) struggle. This struggle is known as the "Chartist Movement" in history. This was the first mass, political proletarian revolutionary movement. The movement developed in waves and lasted for 12 years until 1848. This movement has great historical significance not only in the history of Britain, but also in the history of the international labor movement.

(Soviet Union) 1. Khrushchev’s Reform

Briefly introduce Khrushchev’s life and present some materials about Khrushchev to enhance students’ interest and make them understand This is a controversial figure in history.

“In the years after World War II, the success or failure of no world leader could change the course of history so drastically and decisively as Helu’s success or failure.”

——Nixon

“N.S. Khrushchev, a special pensioner of the Soviet Union, passed away.”

——Obituary of Khrushchev’s death in 1971

For the reforms during Khrushchev’s administration, students were first guided to read the fine print about the Soviet Union’s “Twentieth National Congress” and asked the question “What did Khrushchev’s reforms do to Stalin? Consequences?" pointed out that Khrushchev's secret report was of great significance in exposing and criticizing the cult of personality, but the total denial of Stalin caused ideological confusion and had a great negative impact on the Soviet and international communist movements. Understand two major measures in Khrushchev's reforms (corn planting and land reclamation). Then, on the basis of supplementing relevant information, let students summarize: What measures did Khrushchev take to reform?

Discuss "Why are Khrushchev's reforms a failure?"

The reforms carried out during the Brezhnev period after Khrushchev are introduced according to the fine print of the textbook. This enables students to better connect the previous and previous history without the need for supplementary information.

2. The disintegration of the Soviet Union

The relationship between Gorbachev’s reforms and the disintegration of the Soviet Union is a difficult point, so teachers can use textbook knowledge to learn about the background of Gorbachev’s coming to power, reforms measures (especially the promulgation and proliferation of new thinking in political reform and democratic socialist trends, which caused confusion in people's minds) and other contents to supplement relevant information, and enable students to have their own evaluation of Gorbachev's reforms through conversations and discussions. .

The "August 19th Incident" and the final disintegration of the Soviet Union

Organize a discussion with all students based on the topic "Would the Soviet Union still exist if there was no August 19th Incident" in the brainstorming question . When summarizing, we can appropriately add an analysis of the causes of the Soviet Union's disintegration, pointing out that the "August 19 Incident" was originally intended to safeguard the Soviet Union, but it became a catalyst for accelerating the Soviet Union's disintegration. After the incident, Yeltsin took control of the overall situation, but it was not the fundamental reason for the Soviet Union's disintegration.

The original intention of the "August 19 Incident" was to safeguard the Soviet Union, but it directly led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union. However, it only became a catalyst for accelerating the collapse of the Soviet Union. Even if there was no "August 19th Incident", the Soviet Union would eventually disintegrate, because the final disintegration of the Soviet Union was the result of a variety of complex factors: the inability to change the rigid political and economic system; severe economic crisis; social unrest; denial of history and counterattack The proliferation of various Marxist trends of thought; the rise of right-wing forces and national separatist trends; the sharp intensification of social and ethnic conflicts; the influence of Western forces, etc.

The establishment of the "Commonwealth of Independent States" marked the initial disintegration of the Soviet Union. At the end of December 1991, the Soviet Union officially disintegrated.

Summary: During the Khrushchev period, the Soviet Union carried out a series of reforms. Due to objective and subjective factors, the reforms failed and the shortcomings of the Stalin model were still not overcome. After Gorbachev came to power, he successively carried out economic reforms and political reforms. The reforms intensified various contradictions in Soviet society, triggered social turmoil and division, and directly led to the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the collapse of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union completely collapsed at the end of 1991. The development of socialism is not smooth sailing. The disintegration of the Soviet Union shows that socialism has suffered setbacks, but this is only the failure of the Soviet model. We must learn from the experience and lessons of the Soviet Union, and we must unswervingly adhere to and actively explore the path of socialism with Chinese characteristics.

On the evening of December 25, 1991, Gorbachev gave a televised speech for the last time as President of the Soviet Union, announcing his resignation as President of the Soviet Union and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces, and transferring the "nuclear box" to Yeltsin.

At 7:32, the Soviet flag that had been flying over the Kremlin for 69 years was lowered in the cold wind; at 7:45, the flag of the Russian Federation was raised, the Kremlin changed its owner, and history opened a new page.

The disintegration of the Soviet Union was a major event in world history. It ended the practice of a development model that had a profound impact on human society in the 20th century, and also ended the development model that dominated international politics in the 45 years after the war. The bipolar pattern and its multifaceted significance have left a rich historical legacy for people moving into the new century.