What are the characteristics of the filial piety and honesty election system in Han Dynasty? And explain its historical background.

1. Filial piety is a Chaju examination subject established by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, which belongs to a system of selecting and appointing officials. Filial piety means "filial piety, honesty and integrity". The word "filial piety" has also become an elegant name for juren in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

2. Filial piety in Han Dynasty is the most important system in selecting and appointing officials. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Dong Zhongshu's suggestion was adopted, and the imperial edict was issued in the first year of Yuanguang (BC 134), and people were sent to the county every year to inspect a filial person and an honest person. Soon, this kind of inspection was commonly known as "Ju Xiaolian" and became the most important annual inspection subject in the inspection system of the Han Dynasty. "There are many famous officials" is an important source of government officials in the Han Dynasty. After Lian Xiao was promoted to the central government, according to the system, he was not immediately given a real role. Instead, he was appointed as a Langguan in the Langguan Office and served as a palace bodyguard. The purpose was to let him "know the ability of ministers" and be familiar with the administrative affairs of the court. Then, after selection, they were appointed to different positions according to the grade results, such as local county magistrate, governor, minister, or relevant official positions of the central government. Under normal circumstances, people who advocate filial piety and honesty can be awarded different sizes of official positions. In the first year of Yang Jia, Shun Di, Emperor Gaozu (132), according to Zuo Xiong's suggestion, people who want to be filial must be at least 40 years old; At the same time, an important system of "scholars try their best to learn the law and take notes on official teaching" was formulated, that is, the central government should test the filial piety of Confucian scholars and the officials should take notes. Since then, there has been a formal examination method, and filial piety has also begun to transition from the recommendation system of local governors to the central examination system. Shigu said: "Filial piety is a person who is kind to his parents, and honesty is a person who is honest and clean."

3. Living in Xiaolian is a system that was implemented after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty praised Confucianism. At the beginning of the implementation of the system, it did play a role in promoting Confucianism and changing customs, so many writers stood out. Confucianism believes that emphasizing filial piety is the foundation of human beings, and honesty is the principle of being an official in politics. Therefore, the inspection of filial piety has been identified as the most important subject in selecting talents, and it has become the most representative and typical subject in the inspection system of Han Dynasty. However, in the late Han Dynasty, Lian Xiao was often confused with the same theme. Most of the cited people are state and county officials or Confucian scholars who are familiar with Confucian classics. After being quoted, those who did not have official positions were given official positions, and those who were originally small officials were promoted to big officials. From Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, many people, from local officials to court officials, were born with filial piety, which had a great influence on the politics of the Han Dynasty. Through the promotion of filial piety, the public opinion and fashion of being a dutiful son at home and being an honest official in society have been created, which has played a role in social education. In the Western Han Dynasty, the examination of Chaju Xiaolian was stricter and the management of officials was clearer. The selection of talents in the Han Dynasty pays attention to learning and character, and does not exclude the employment of those with literary creation talents. Many writers stand out mainly because of their literary talent, not because they are trained. Although it was not dominant in the employment system of Han dynasty, it was only an auxiliary means, but it promoted the formation of writers in Han dynasty. In the Han dynasty, not only the central court, princes and princes, but also some consorts in important positions chose their talents.

Ju Xiaolian was easily abused and controlled by local strongmen, so it played a very bad role in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Tea houses are easy to monopolize one family, flatter each other and cheat. At that time, there was a nursery rhyme sarcastically saying: "Give a scholar, but don't know the book; If you are filial, your father will live separately. "After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, the examination was lax and the investigation was untrue. Many people make it a big joke to inspect the departure of Xiaolian's father, which is mutually causal with official corruption and forms a vicious circle. At that time, in order to enter the official career through filial piety, scholars all pretended to be very good, and invited powerful people to gain the reputation of filial piety. A man named Wu Xu was chosen as Lian Xiao. Considering that his two younger brothers are not famous yet, in order to make them famous, after consulting with them, he convened the whole clan and divided the property into three parts. His own part is fertile land and a wide house, and the two younger brothers get little and poor property. However, the two younger brothers didn't quarrel with their older brothers at all. The clan and the villagers praised their modesty and accused their brother of greed. As a result, the two younger brothers were chosen as filial piety. Afterwards, Wu Xu summoned clan members to explain the truth to them, and said, "My property has tripled since I was at home, and now I have all my property with my two younger brothers. So Wu Xu's reputation soared, and he was later transferred to the central government to be a Changle Shaofu.

5. Because the negative impact of promoting filial piety is too great. Therefore, later generations have been perfecting the system of selecting officials. The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties were based on the Nine-grade Zhengzhong system, and the imperial examination system prevailed after the Tang Dynasty.

Ju Lian Xiao