Ask the names of a lot of cold weapons! Sure!

Generally speaking, cold weapons refer to the direct killing of enemies and the protection of their weapons and equipment without using thermal energy attack systems such as gunpowder and explosives, thermal power mechanical systems and modern technologies in combat. Cold weapons in a broad sense refer to all combat equipment in the era of cold weapons. Cold weapons can be divided into stone, bone, clam, bamboo, wood, leather, copper, steel and so on. According to the purpose, it can be divided into offensive weapons and protective equipment, and offensive weapons can be divided into three categories: fighting, long-range shooting and defense; According to operational purposes, it can be divided into infantry weapons, vehicle weapons, cavalry weapons, water weapons and equipment for attacking and defending cities. According to the structure, it can be divided into short weapons, long weapons, projectile weapons, binding weapons, protective equipment, instruments, personnel carriers, warships and so on. Many cold weapons are made of composite materials and have more than two uses and performances. Because of its main materials, uses and properties, it is classified. Cold weapons appeared in the early stage of the development of human society and evolved from labor tools such as farming and hunting. With the development of war and production level, they have gone through a process of development and perfection from low to high, from single to diverse, from complex to unified. The development process of R cold weapons in different countries and places in the world has its own characteristics, but it can basically be summarized as the age of stone and wood weapons, bronze weapons, iron weapons and cold weapons and firearms. Among them, the era of stone and wooden weapons lasted the longest. The era of bronze weapons and the era of iron weapons are the heyday of cold weapons, and the era of combining cold weapons with firearms is the era of gradual decline of cold weapons. But with the development of science and technology, cold weapons are more sophisticated and more reasonable to use. The performance of cold weapons is basically based on melee damage. In the era of cold weapons, there is only an increase in quantity, not a qualitative change. Cold weapons have not been the main weapons in combat since the age of firearms, but they have continued to this day due to their special functions and different development processes in various countries and regions.

[stone tools]

A tool or weapon made of clothing. Main finger blade. The Paleolithic Age was used to make hundreds of tools, and the Neolithic Age was popular to grind hundreds of tools, and a certain amount was also used. Hundreds of instruments continued to be used in the pickaxe era of the Qing Dynasty, and were not replaced by tools until the Iron Age. The era of weapons and tools is an era of integration of weapons and tools. Yin Baiqi has dual functions of military engineering, and Lang weapon was separated from tools only after primitive times. Stone tools are the source of weapons.

[stone chisel]

Refers to the stone tools made of stone pieces. Such as scraper, pointed device, etc. , usually has the dual function of weapon primary tools. It was the main tool for human production and combat in the Paleolithic Age.

[making stone tools]

Stone cores or rafts made of stones are processed into stone tools with certain shapes. Types of stone cutters, scrapers, pointers, etc. Is the main tool or weapon of the Stone Age,

[Stone grinding tool]

Refers to the smooth surface of the actuator. First beat or cut the stone into a suitable shape, and then grind it on the stone. There are many kinds, such as axe, rust, chisel, knife, inlay, cluster and so on. Local polished stone tools began to appear in the Mesolithic Age, and they were widely used in the Neolithic Age, and continued to be used in the Bronze Age. It has the dual functions of weapon and tool.

[stone weapon]

Weapons made of natural stones by ancient people. This is a cold weapon. It was transformed from stone tools. At first, it was rough and crude, but it was well-made in the Xia Dynasty, and there were many kinds, such as stone knives, shovels, stone sickles, Shi Mao and Shige. It took a long time because of the slow development of productivity at that time. Until the era when bronze weapons prevailed, there was still a mixture. Later, because of the rise and progress of bronze weapons, they basically disappeared.

[Bronze weapon]

The ancient bronze weapon is a kind of cold weapon, which prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties and the Spring and Autumn Period. With the improvement of pottery-making and smelting technology, copper weapons first developed into bronze weapons. Bronze is an alloy of copper, tin and chromium. When casting bronze weapons, with the increase of tin content, the melting point of the alloy gradually decreases, but the hardness increases accordingly. According to the test, the bronze knives of Shang Dynasty contained about 80% copper, and about 15% tin and lead. Germanium contains about 80% copper, 20% tin and 20% lead. The jealous copper content is between Doug and Gege. Besides copper, tin and lead, it also contains trace elements such as iron, silver and silicic acid. Bronze weapons are exquisitely made, engraved with various exquisite patterns and inlaid with carbon, and some weapons are also engraved with inscriptions. According to ancient records and archaeological excavations, bronze weapons are very popular in the north of the Great Wall in China, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Shandong and Shaanxi. Offensive bronze weapons such as bronze ge, spear, knife and halberd, and protective weapons such as bronze armour. The appearance and technological level have also been continuously developed and improved. It was not until the appearance and development of iron weapons that copper weapons were replaced by iron weapons.

[Iron weapon]

The ancient steel weapon is a kind of cold weapon. It began in the late Spring and Autumn Period and prevailed in the Warring States Period and even the long period of the invention of firearms. Mainly including iron sword, iron bar, iron cone, iron whip, iron mace, iron gun, etc. With the continuous progress of steelmaking technology, the quality, shape and types of iron weapons have been continuously developed and improved, and their shapes have gradually become unified and stereotyped, but their performance has not left the scope of direct killing in melee. It was not until the appearance and development of firearms that iron weapons disappeared.

[long weapon]

Ancient long-armed combat weapons. The title of long weapon is compared with that of short hand-held fighting weapon. In ancient times, there was no strict size standard for the division of long weapons and short weapons. Generally speaking, cold weapons equal to or greater than the body length are classified as long weapons.

[short arms]

A short weapon held in ancient times. The title of short weapon is compared with that of long hand-held fighting weapon. In ancient times, there was no strict size standard for the division of long weapons and short weapons. Generally speaking, cold weapons that are shorter than the body are classified as one-handed short weapons.

[Projecting weapons]

Use the inertia of the object to fly a certain distance independently in the air, killing the enemy's cold weapons. There are many kinds of projectile weapons, which can be divided into hand-throwing weapons, throwing instruments and ejection instruments according to the form of flight power. Projecting weapons originated from stones and sticks used for hunting in primitive society. Then a bow appeared, bending the branches and tightening them with ropes. With the development of labor and war practice, metal hand-thrown weapons and more complex throwing and ejection devices have appeared. After the appearance of shooting weapons, the role of projecting weapons gradually declined, and now it has become hunting, sports and special equipment. Projectile weapons use human arm strength, gravity, the elasticity of wood and the elasticity of rolled or elongated fibers to throw various projectiles, killing the enemy's effective strength and destroying its fortifications. Commonly used about: throwing nitrogen.

Spike hammer, flying inlay, slingshot, spear thrower, bow, bow, Greek arsonist, throwing machine, bow and arrow, self-launcher, javelin, javelin, Derride spear and projector.

[armed]

In ancient times, weapons were thrown with ropes, which could be recovered after hitting the enemy. Weapons are divided into killing, hook cutting and binding according to their killing methods. Strike, hook and chop weapons were also called dog soldiers in ancient China. Bound weapons are generally called assault ropes. Binding weapon is a combination of projection weapon and long and short weapon, which has unique functions. This kind of weapon is not the main weapon of the army, and it is often used for specific personnel and tasks.

[sanitary equipment]

In ancient times, it was directly used to protect people.

[horse]

Body, accessories and instruments, to prevent the enemy's weapons, collective. It can be divided into dependents.

[horse]

Body protective equipment and hand-held protective equipment are two categories. mankind

[horse]

Personal protective equipment includes helmet and armor. Armor can be divided into human body and personal protective armor, such as face armor, breastplate, hand armor, armor skirt and so on. In ancient countries, hand-held protective equipment generally used shields. According to the materials, the equipment can be divided into wood, bamboo, rattan, leather, metal and other types; According to the function, it can be divided into simple defense type and combination of attack and defense type.

[Like a fire shield]

Two kinds.

Rong (name)

The floorboard of ancient weapons in China. Such as bow, Zhang, spear, ge and Ji are called five honors. "The Book of Rites": Rongqi is not a market porridge. Zheng Xuan Note: Military weapons are also military weapons. "

[Five soldiers]

A group of weapons. In the twenty-seventh year of Zhao Gong's Zuo Zhuan, the records of five soldiers were first discovered.

[515 BC]

The son of Yin Qing, the evil of Chu, was Chang and Zeng. Bring five sets of armor and five soldiers ... only the door is left. " There are five soldiers in the chariot and five soldiers in the infantry. According to Kao Lu, the five soldiers on the chariot are Ge, Ji, Ji, Chief Spear and Yi Spear. These five weapons are inserted on the track of the chariot for the army to fight.

Used for. Five infantry soldiers, according to "Zhou Li Shimonoseki Thinking of Friends" Zheng Xuan

The records in Sima Fa quoted in the annotation include bows, arrows, spears and weapons and equipment deployed by Wu army in China during the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. At that time, it was thought that the five methods of killing infantry were Ge Heji. At that time, it was a basic unit of infantry and a combination of weapons with different killing distances, which could give full play to the synergistic power of various weapons, that is, the principle of "soldiers only mix, soldiers don't mix, which is unfavorable" expounded in Sima Fa. The word has gradually become a general term for weapons.

[eighteen weapons]

China folk's general name for ancient weapons. Originated from the theory of "eighteen martial arts", eighteen martial arts refer to the skills of using weapons. Because most of them are weapons names, the theory of "eighteen weapons" has evolved over time. There are as many as eight or nine specific forms of expression, and there are probably two common ones. A knife, a gun, a sword, a stick, a stick, a beam, a mirror, an axe, a shovel, a plating, a whip, a mallet, a mallet. Another way of saying it, in the architectural sketches of Wu Zazu and Zhu Guozhen, refers to bows, honeymoons, guns, knives, spears, swords, shields, axes, hungry, halberds, whips, mallets, old people, recipients, forks, crawling heads, cotton ropes and self-defeating. The first 17 is the name of the weapon, and 18 is unarmed boxing.

[ancient combat equipment]

The general name of ancient equipment used for combat engineering support. According to the size, it can be divided into large, medium and small musical instruments; According to the function, it can be divided into attack type, defense type, mobile support type and maintenance support type. According to the scope of use, it can be divided into equipment for riding and fighting, equipment for attacking and defending the city, equipment for water warfare, equipment for vehicle warfare, etc.

[Koroma]

Some sharp-pointed stab weapons recorded in ancient Indian books. Among them are:

[ 1]

Tweezers have a bottom, four arms long and are made of metal.

[2]

Palos, 24 angur u angur equals 1 inch]

A long iron weapon with two handles;

[3]

Gunter, a javelin, has about 7 arms, or 6 arms, or 5 arms;

[4]

Invited by Kazakhstan, triangular spear;

[5]

Medipala, giant javelin;

[6]

First, Luo, pointed spear; Diao]

Damolo, a wooden stick with an arrow-shaped front end and four arms, or four and a half arms, or five arms;

[8]

Pig ears, with sharp sticks like pig ears at the top;

[9]

Died there, iron weapon, triangular at both ends, 20, 22, 24 Angur long, double handle in the middle;

[ 10]

Yinglopana, the throwing object in his hand, namely spear, weighs 7, 8 and 9 respectively.

[1 inviting Elsa equals 16g]

, you can throw stones to carry Nusa.

[1 Tonusha is the length of the L bow]

;

[ 1 1]

Tracy camp, pointed iron weapon.

[kitchen knife]

Stone age tools or weapons, irregular in shape, turned the edge of gravel or stone core into a thick blade for chopping. Common in Paleolithic and Neolithic sites.

: the weapon spectrum of the six shooters guards the weapon.

[armor]

The general name of protective equipment for all parts of the head and trunk in the era of cold weapons. It has many names, but it is basically divided into two parts: helmet to protect the head and armor to protect the body. A can be divided into clothes, skirts, sleeves and accessories. In the early days, people used wicker with animal skin, cloth with filling materials, wood and so on. Fix them on the trunk to protect them from weapons. With the development of production technology, leather armor, knee armor and bronze armor gradually appeared.

Cast armor (bronze). Plate armor made of a whole piece of metal, chain mail woven with metal and so on. Earlier bronze armor appeared in Asia. Around 2600 BC, bronze armor appeared in the two river basins, China in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties and India in the Vedic era. Assyrians in the Middle East were the first to use armor in large quantities. In the process of popularization of armor, there are also supporting armor to protect specific parts, such as neck armor, face armor, wrist armor, breastplate, gloves and so on. Armor in some feudal Asian countries and medieval Europe was highly valued.

Extremely exquisite and expensive, armor made of gold, silver and rare leather appeared. With the extensive use of modern firearms, the protective effect of ancient armor stubble on the battlefield gradually decreased, and finally bulletproof vests were made by modern technology.

Helmet, etc.

[mirror armor]

Protective armor to protect a breach. Shaped like a shirt, the secret is to sew some belts or thin metal sheets on the leather coat. Sometimes the armor is covered with velvet and decorated with pressed patterns and carved patterns. Chain mail and fish scales appeared in the first century, and were gradually replaced by chain mail and Lepidoptera from13rd century. In Russia, armor is a robe closely connected by small rings, usually small iron rings.

[chain mail]

Ancient protective equipment to protect the body. Generally, iron is forged into small pieces, and then the small pieces of iron are connected by chains. They are interlocked to form a garment, which is soft and light to wear. Prevalent in the Tang Dynasty in China.

[Blade nail]

A protective device against cold weapons and firearms. At first, use a strong linen or leather coat. With the development of metal, copper sheet, back copper sheet, iron sheet and steel sheet are installed. In ancient times, various ethnic groups in the East had blade armour, which was made of gold and metal, and was later widely used by the Romans. Leaf beetles are divided into leaf beetles and scale insects. After the widespread use of firearms

(14th century) Blade armor became a thick metal partial armor to protect the trunk and limbs respectively.

[Sun visor]

The front of the helmet is used to prevent cold weapons from attacking the soldier's face. Face armor was used in ancient and medieval times. The visor is closely connected with the helmet, and some of them are movable. Made of iron or steel, in the form of whole tiles or scales. The visor of the French cylindrical helmet is an extension of the front wall of the helmet. It has two eyelets and 1-2 nostrils. The ancient Russian helmet actually had no visor, only a narrow arrow-shaped metal piece hanging in the center of the face. Ancient Russian soldiers also wore spherical helmets; Sometimes this helmet is equipped with chain mail shoulder pads, which can cover the back of the head, neck, shoulders and face when put down.

[neck nail]

Accessories for protective gear. It was used in ancient and medieval times to protect rabbits with swollen bones in soldiers' heads, necks, shoulders and the back of shoulders from cold weapons. In the collar armor, the neck armor is locked and round, and the side of the military helmet hangs over the shoulders. In the blade armor, the neck armor is composed of a whole iron plate or several metal plates connected by a ring rope. In the medieval seamless knight armor, the neck armor is the main component of protective equipment. The neck armor connects the blade armor, shoulder strap and helmet, and is made according to the body shape and warrior figure. Divided into two parts, the left side is connected by a movable hinge, and the stone surface is connected by a hidden racket.

[breastplate]

Shanghai furniture used to protect soldiers' chests and backs from cold weapons and firearms. It consists of two solid curved plates-chest plate and back plate. Ancient breastplates were made of dense felt covered with leather. Later, the iron breastplate appeared. The first half and the second half were connected with a ring racket and a hinge or an iron belt, and the lower half was fastened with a belt. The chest is decorated with embossed patterns or inlaid ornaments, gold-plated or electroplated. It weighs 6- 10 kg and is 1-3.5 mm thick. In the Russian army, the breastplate was equipped with heavy cavalry at 173 1, but it stopped for a short time.

(180a one! After 8 12), it was used as a protective device until the 65438+ 1960 s,

Later, it was only used as a dress in the regiment of the First Guards Division. The breastplates of soldiers, officers and other personnel of the Guards Cavalry Corps are different in structure and the number of ornaments. The guard's breastplate has a smooth surface and is decorated with bronze. Russian armored cavalry only apply for armored in the array. Due to the continuous improvement of firearms, breastplate has become the ceremonial dress of guards.

(to 19 17).

[Armored gloves]

Hand protectors in ancient armor. In ancient times, the mirror armor had no gloves, and then the back of the hand was protected by leather and felt. Exquisite metal chain mail and forged armor appeared, and a knife blade jumped out from the lower end of the armguard to protect the back of the hand. Europe became chain mail mittens at the beginning of13rd century, and then armor gloves with five fingers separated were made.

[China Real Armor]

Armor appeared in China around the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Armor, also known as armor, "Release the Soldiers by Explaining the Name": "Armor is still armor." Armor, if strong, is Wei's armor. "Each generation of real armor is often made of different materials and different shapes. In the Han dynasty, armour was called xuanjia, which was different from golden armour and bronze armour. In the Han dynasty, the army generally avoided armored equipment when applying. Fish scales in the tomb of Liu Sheng, King Jing of Shenshan Mountain in Mancheng, Hebei Province. It weighs about 16 people, 5 kg, and * * * is decorated with 2859 pieces of armor. According to the determination, the iron plate was forged into a plate by ironmaking, and then annealed and decarburized, which had toughness. The wearer's torso and debris are surrounded by armor, which is bell-shaped like a half-sleeved shirt. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Xian's cheese-beating line was called carving light armor as a mirror. The shape of armor is similar to that of clothing, and it is named beautiful. It consists of breastplate and carapace. There are large mirror-like metal rings on the chest and back of the bright armor. There were various types of armor in the Tang Dynasty. According to the Six Classics of Tang Dynasty, there are thirteen kinds of armor: bright armor, scale armor, mountain armor, black hammer armor, white cloth armor, soap silk armor, cloth back armor, infantry armor, leather armor, wooden armor, chain armor and vest, which are mainly used by foot cavalry. After the Song Dynasty, although firearms appeared, armor was still an important protective equipment. In the Song Dynasty, several kinds of mirror armor appeared, such as steel chain mail, black lacquer Linshui Mountain Spring Armor, Bright Fine Mesh Armor, Mingju Armor and Buren Armor. Song Dynasty History Saw: A set of mirror armor in Song Dynasty weighs 45 kg to 50 kg and has 25 nail blades. Manufacturing time 120 working days, and the cost is three and a half. In the Ming Dynasty, the compliance of mirror armor was reduced to 40 kg to 25 kg, mostly iron valve armor and chain mail. The armor equipped in the early Qing Dynasty inherited the craft tradition of the Ming Dynasty. It also absorbed the advantages of nail making technology of various nationalities, and the armor protection ability and external decoration were improved. Therefore, the Fu Museum preserved the royal armor of the Qing emperor, including bronze helmets and protective equipment. It consists of eight parts: bra, shirt, breast protector, bronze mirror, skirt and boots. The armor is lined with steel sheets, and the Ming-ha sheet, the border and the robe edge are closely decorated with copper stars. It is an ordinary warrior armor and is made into waistcoats and horseshoe sleeves. This shirt is embroidered with steel stars. At the end of Qing Dynasty, we trained new troops, changed western military uniforms and abolished real armor.

[cotton beetle]

Nails made of textiles. Mainly used in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and ancient Persia. Made of cotton, linen, woven and other materials, it consists of nail body, nail sleeve, nail skirt, forearm, calf sheath and other accessories. The nail surface may be stained with color, and there are large copper-iron foam nails. Cotton armor is light and soft, and the clothes are wide. It can move more freely in battle than armored armor, and it can also resist the shooting of primary firearms when it is wet. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing Dynasty trained a "new army" and used new guns. Cotton nail is no longer used with other nails.

[easy]

China helmet. Zhou, after the Warring States period, was called helmet after the Song Dynasty. The earliest legend of China was created by Zao You. People make helmets out of horns and rattan skins. At present, the earliest bronze week unearthed is the Shang Dynasty bronze week, all of which are made of bronze and decorated with animal patterns. Bronze helmet, also known as helmet, was used in ancient times to prevent the head from being protected. It is shaped like a hat, which can protect the top of the head, face and neck at the same time. It was popular in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. The bronze Zhou Dynasty was also cast as a whole model, with the left and two sides extending downward to form ear protectors, and some peripheral broadband protruded a round foam nail of lamb chops. The unearthed Zhou Zhou is simple in shape. During the Warring States period, there appeared a pocket mirror with iron mouth, which was made of layers of armor plates. From then on to the Song Dynasty, helmets were generally cast with a whole model, or a piece of armor, or a combination of the two. "In the Ming Dynasty, the helmet was generally inherited from the Song Dynasty and improved. In the Ming dynasty, the imperial army used helmets with locks. The iron bowl is like a hat, and the lower edge is equipped with a lock net. The helmet is eight inches high and the mesh is about a foot long. The mesh ring is very thin. Soldiers' iron helmets are simple in shape, with few decorations, high iron bowls and wide shoulders. The whole helmet is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom, and looks like a minaret. Iron helmets used by officers are engraved with dragon and tiger patterns, and some are inlaid with gold and silver. There are rewards on the helmets and tassels can be inserted. After firearms are widely used, the shape of iron helmets tends to be light. After the mid-Qing dynasty, armor became an ornament for etiquette and proofreading, and was rarely used in actual combat. In the late Qing Dynasty, western helmets were introduced into China and became the general protective equipment for infantry. A pimp made it. Armor is painted, and the leather is mainly rhinoceros skin, charm skin, turtle skin and buffalo hide. Almost every soldier is equipped with armor, and some horses also have armor. At the turn of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, after the appearance of iron weapons, leather armor could not resist the attack of sharp weapons and gradually gave way to iron armor, but for thousands of years, leather armor was still used as personal protective gear.

praseodymium (Pr)

China ancient leather breastplate. "Guan Zi Xiao Kuang": "Misdemeanor Blue Shield, Shi Ge, Jill." Yin Note: Lan, the so-called, is also a soldier. Pick up the skin, double skin, be careful, you can resist the arrow. "

[ancient Egyptian helmet]

Before the New Kingdom era, the Egyptian army fought without armor and relied entirely on shields. Later, metal and sewn armor appeared. Helmets are made of bronze, but more are sewn. The helmet is sewn very thick, usually to the lower part of the ear, and a little longer to the shoulders, just like the shape of the head, and attached to the head. The king's helmet protrudes with a spire. Some helmets have a round ornament on the top, like a bird's crown.

[ancient Egyptian armor]

The appearance of ichthyosaurus in the New Kingdom era was composed of about 1 1 rows of horizontally arranged metal sheets, which were fixed with bronze nails. The width of scales exceeds 1 inch. Sleeves are short, sometimes less than half of the elbows. Most of the breastplates are glue-free, and the sleeves are very long, almost reaching the elbows. The breastplate is generally not less than 2.5 feet in length. In order to reduce the pressure of the breastplate on the shoulders, the Egyptians tied the breastplate tightly around their waist with a belt and sewed a vest made of linen.

[Assyrian pointed helmet]

Assyrian pointed helmet is conical, with 1-2 rings at the bottom and a semicircular shield outside the forehead. Some helmets have drooping neck guards covered with metal sheets to protect the forehead, neck, ears and back of the head. This kind of neck protector is complicated to make, sometimes it is a simple metal sheet, which is connected with the lower edge of the helmet and only protects the ears and cheeks, and is semicircular or semi-oval. The Assyrian minaret helmet discovered by archaeology is made of iron, and its lower ring and forehead shield are made of copper.

[Assyrian Crown Helmet]

There are many kinds of crested helmets, all made of metal. The helmet itself is a semicircle and a large semicircle, and the lower edge of the helmet is connected with the drooping neck protector and earmuffs. There is a crown at the top, some are metal, some are tufts of fluff, some are bent forward into hooks, and some are bent back and forth into double hooks.

[china leather A]

Armor is the protective equipment for men and women in ancient battles. China Legend Museum specially invented armor, and the standing army was equipped with armor in the Xia Dynasty. Early nails were made of rattan, sawdust, leather and other raw materials, mainly leather. In Shang dynasty, the trunk of donkey was generally protected by whole skin, and its limbs were not armored. Because the whole skin is not easy to hit, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, there appeared an armor composed of small pieces of skin. In the Zhou Dynasty, the whole armor was composed of bulletproof vests, armor blocks and armor sleeves, and each part was connected by small pieces of leather with ribbons.

[Assyrian armor]

Assyrians were the first people to use real armor. Assyrian armor can be roughly divided into two types according to its length. Early armor was very long, some reaching to the feet and some reaching to the knees. In this period, the armor only sewed mill scale and copper pieces in rows on linen or felt. Later, the armor was shorter, and the length did not exceed the waist. According to the length of the scale, it can be divided into old and new. One end of the balance is square, while the other end is round. The balance is made of iron and copper. The old nail scale is about 2-3 inches long, and the new one is no more than 1 inch. Assyrian armor is usually short-sleeved, reaching between the shoulders and elbows.

[Byzantine cavalry armor]

Byzantine cavalry armor. A can helmet or cone helmet with ear protectors and a tuft of colored horse hair on the top of the helmet. Wearing a chain mail, made of pimps and metal sheets, wearing iron shoes, leather boots or light armour to protect the calf, and iron gloves for hands and wrists. A cotton cloak or robe with a thin coat. Full armor weighs 30-50 pounds. The mane color of each cavalry helmet is uniform to distinguish it from other troops. The horse in front of the queue is equipped with head, chest and shin spacing.

Persian ichthyosis

A Persian armor. Persian scales have sleeves. Persian and Medes infantry and cavalry wore such armor. Armor consists of rows of connected metal sheets, some of which are bronze and some are iron. The armor of aristocratic cavalry is usually plated with gold. These armor are produced by the king's arsenal. There are several types of scales. The first one is made of metal scales. The top of the scale is right angle and the bottom is round. There are various sizes, ranging from 1.5cm to 5cm. Use metal

In 2000 BC, Syria and Palestine produced armor made of (bronze) scales. Production form

There are two kinds: the first one is that there are holes in the upper, middle and lower parts of the fish scales, and the whole plane is fixed on the soft bottom; The second form is that the scale only has holes in the upper part, sometimes there are holes in the middle, and only the upper part of the scale is fixed on the soft bottom. The second type is made of rectangular metal sheet. This kind of sheet is rectangular, 2.5-9 cm long and 1.2-3.2 cm wide. Most rectangular thin plates have four holes, one at each corner, for threading ropes.

(or pimp) to fix. The third type is usually made of gold-plated square thin iron sheets. The fourth is a bronze right-angle piece with many holes on the side. The Persians in Ahmenid's time also had armor made of nonmetallic soft materials, such as linen, felt and leather.

[ancient Indian armor]

There are many kinds of ancient Indian armor according to local conditions. According to "On Politics", there are the following 1) Roja Galik, made of iron wire; (2) Rohapatuo, an armor covering the whole body except the hands; (3) Hello Yingpu,

Iron armor covering the head, chest and arms; (4)rojasutra, made of iron wire and tied to the waist or legs; (5) Rostra, helmet; (6) Gandotrana, throat nail; (7) Golopas, breastplate; (Gan Mingjia, kneepad; (9) Borna, full body armor to the feet; (10) Pato, bare arm armor; (1 1) hold up the Torikka gloves; (12) Patty, armor made of plant fibers; (13) Yin Moro, hide armor.

[spherical helmet]

A combat helmet made of iron, steel or copper. It consists of a helmet ring, a helmet head and a tube with an apple-shaped or pine ball at the top. The helmet ring is attached with a shield, ear protection, nose protection, hat tile and neck protection. The dome helmet12-17th century was first used in eastern countries, and later spread to Russia and western Europe.

[shield]

An ancient hand-held defensive weapon. At first it was made of wood, bamboo and leather, and later it was made of copper and iron. Most of them are rectangular, circular or trapezoidal in shape. The surface is painted with colors and patterns. There is a grip on the back, which is generally used in conjunction with weapons such as knives and swords. In the East, ancient Greece, ancient Rome and other ancient countries, shields were widely used. After the appearance of copper in 2000 BC, the iron shield appeared later. A protruding metal plate-iron armguard is usually fixed in the center of the outer surface of a wooden shield. The shield is covered with one or several layers of leather, which can prevent the damage of arrows, spears and swords. When fighting, you can tie the shield to one arm with a belt or hold its handle; When marching, hang it on your back with the belt on the inside of the shield. The front of the shield is usually painted with various colors of patterns, signs, badges and so on. 9-13rd century, almond-shaped, triangular and round wooden shields with iron armrests were widely used in western and eastern Europe. By the middle of 1 3rd century, with the development of cold weapons and the improvement of armor, the height of almond-shaped shield of infantry was reduced from17 meters to 0.75 meters, and the diameter of circular shield of cavalry was also reduced to 0.75 meters. From 15 to 16 century, circular iron shields with a diameter of about 0.5 meters began to occupy the majority. In the primitive society of China, there were simple shields. Later, the types and shapes became more and more complete. They are also called "dry" and "platoon", and the names, shapes and sizes of shields are also different. As recorded in Shi Ming, the flat shield of Wu is called "Wu Kui" and the ridge shield of Shu is called "Dian Shield". For example, after the infantry steps with a shield, the car is called a "sub-shield" with a shield, and the cavalry is called a shield. Willow "and so on. In the Ming dynasty, some shields were also invented to be used in conjunction with firearms. Firearms or arrows are hidden in the shield, and when they are close to the enemy, they can be fired, which not only protects themselves, but also kills the enemy. With the development of fire weapons, shields are gradually abandoned. However, in some ethnic groups in Central Africa, South America and Oceania, shields are still in use today.

[China shield]

China's ancient shield is also called "grasping armor". Use others to fight, defend yourself with a shield in your left hand and kill the enemy with a blade. Shields are generally less than three feet long, mostly rectangular or trapezoidal, and some are round. The larger shield is called "Wu Kui", or Wu Ke. The shield used for chariots is small, which is called contradiction. There is a handle behind the shield, which is convenient for hand-held combat. Large shields are called. Peng Pai ",about eight feet high, is a defensive weapon, leaning on the ground with a spear and a board. It is a big shield for guarding the city, drawing water and setting up camps. Most shields are made of wood, rattan and bamboo, and some are wrapped in raw cowhide. Because of their heavy weight, bronze and iron shields are rarely used on the battlefield except for ceremonial purposes. The surface of the shield is painted with dragons and tigers, monsters and birds and animals. During the Yin and Shang Dynasties, the shields were decorated with bronze ornaments, and most of them were made into ferocious animal faces or human faces to frighten the enemy. Rectangular wood was popular in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, and its surface was painted with exquisite patterns. In the Spring and Autumn Period, shields became the main protective equipment for guards. In Song Dynasty, cavalry used small round side cards, while infantry used rectangular pointed side cards. "The Ming army used light shields, such as hand cards and rubbing.

Touch cards, swallowtail cards, etc. Each side is five feet long and made of poplar and pine, and about two feet wide. There is also a circular rattan card woven with rattan, which is about two feet in diameter and slightly higher in the periphery. After the arrow hits, it will prevent the arrow from slipping and hurting people. After the appearance of firearms, shields were gradually eliminated.

[Assyrian wicker shield]

This shield is very similar to that of the ancient Persians described by Herodotus. The shields they use are woven with branches. The length of wicker shield is equal to or greater than the height of soldiers; The width can cover two or three people. Some of these big shields are rectangular; Some are square, with the top protruding backward and at right angles to the shield; Others start from a certain height (about 2 or 3), bend inward and gradually narrow, and finally form a spire, which is the most common one. In battle, the shield bearer and the archer are paired. The shield holder carries a dagger or spear and stands the shield on the ground to cover the archers; Archers can give full play to their archery efficiency under the cover of shields. This kind of large wicker shield is most suitable for siege warfare. The spire shield with the upper part bent inward and the rear part protruding backward like a roof can effectively stop the stones thrown from the city head. When a man uses this big shield, he leans against the wall and hides in it to attack the city. There is also a slightly smaller wicker shield, about half a person's height. This little wicker shield is used to cover one or two people.

[Assyrian round shield]

Assyrians widely used round shields. Chariots often use round backs, and infantry spearmen and attendants of early emperors also use this shield. Shields are usually made of metal, so they are relatively small, and their diameter rarely exceeds 2 feet or 2.5 feet. The edge of the circular shield is bent inward. The metal materials of the round shield are bronze, iron and a few gold and silver. The Golden Shield is made for a few upper-class people, such as kings and high officials. Later, the round metal shield was replaced by a round wicker shield with the same shape. The edge of the shield is made of hardwood or metal, and sometimes the center of the shield is decorated with protrusions.

[Assyrian convex]