The story of the world

The Roman emperor sent an ambassador. Not far away, Wan Li came to China, knelt down to Confucius and asked for writing. At this time, Confucius was eating, unable to answer, so he put some bean sprouts in the ambassador's hat with chopsticks. When the ambassador brought it back to Rome, it became the Roman alphabet that is popular all over the world today.

In addition, it is said that the story of Noah's Ark in the Western Bible has long been reflected in Chinese characters. It is said that the word "boat" on the left is Noah's Ark, and the words "eight" and "mouth" on the right are Noah's family of eight.

Chinese characters are created by our ancestors, which are "looking up at the sky and overlooking the earth", "looking at the hoof tracks of birds and animals from a distance" and "taking things near and taking things far away", which embodies our ancestors' unique way of thinking about everything in the world. Looking at today's Chinese characters, we can get a glimpse of historical humanities from their evolution.

"crouching"-the spirit of breaking through the sky

The "husband" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions vividly shows a gentleman's image. Start with "big" and add a horizontal line to the word "big". "Fu" means an adult, and the horizontal one is a hairpin. In ancient times, boys, that is, underage men's hair was covered with hair. After adulthood, that is, after the age of 20, men hold a coronation ceremony, tie their hair in a bun and tie it on the top of their heads with hairpins. After the hair is crowned, it means that the man has become a "husband", that is, a big man. It can be seen that the original meaning of "husband" is adult man. In fact, "husband" is this man who has matured and grown up. For example, Han Jiayi's "On Accumulation": "The husband does not plow, or suffers from hunger." It means that if an adult man doesn't farm, some people will starve to death.

In ancient times, a man ten feet tall was called "husband", which means big man. However, we should not think that the ancients were taller than modern people, because the ancient system of 1 foot is about 0.6 feet today, which means that the ancient gentleman, even the tallest man, was only 2 meters. Men will engage in all kinds of manual labor when they are adults, so "husband" is extended to people who engage in different manual labor. Like Zuo Zhuan? Yin gongyuan: "for the country, see evil as agriculture." This means that when governors and doctors want to manage their fiefs well, when they see those evil things, they must eradicate them like a farmer sees the evil grass in the field. One of the farmers is a man engaged in agricultural production. There are also fishermen, boatmen and drivers.

Some scholars have put forward different views on the word "husband": "husband" refers to a person who has passed a certain height. Among them, "big" is a positive human image. Add a picture on "big" to show that people who reach this height can be called "husbands". "Zhou Li? According to Village Doctors, the ancient conscription system stipulated that men over seven feet in the countryside (capital city) and men over six feet in the wild (equivalent to today's countryside) could serve, that is, they were within the scope of conscription. From this point of view, the conditions for conscription at that time only looked at height, regardless of age. This is why there are two Mao soldiers in Zuo Zhuan.

The shape of the word "husband" not only represents ordinary men, but also shows people the elegance of people with lofty ideals. Therefore, some scholars believe that the word "fu" is constructed like this: the word "person" in the word "fu" is an pictographic character, that is, the image of "person". When people open their hands, they become "big", that is, "adults". But in people's eyes, no matter how big things are, they are no bigger than "Tian", so the word maker added a horizontal line to the word "Da" and became the word "Tian". However, people are always unwilling to be slaves of "heaven" and crawl at God's feet. They have the courage to break through the sky, so the word "heaven" stands out and becomes the word "husband" of a gentleman.

My wife was robbed.

The wife was robbed in ancient times. Some people think that the word "wife" does not exist in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, but Mr. Chen Weizhan thinks that the word "wife" already exists in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the meaning of the spouse of "wife" is also obvious. Both Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jin Wen can see at a glance that there is a enslaved female image in the ancient word "wife". This woman's hair is obviously floating, and she has an evil hand. This hand is reaching out to the woman's head and grabbing her hair. It can be seen that "wife" is a knowing word, which means: grab a woman's hair with your hand. The word "wife" in ancient Chinese vividly describes the custom of robbing other people's women as spouses in ancient society.

It was a common phenomenon in ancient times to rob other people's women of their wives. In ancient times, there were many ways to rob a wife, some were openly seized through war, and some were robbed of women as spouses from defeated tribes. Also have a plenty of dark rob, or at night to rob another tribe's woman as his wife.

With the progress of society, this custom of robbing marriage will of course withdraw from the historical stage, but in people's marriages, there are still cases of fake robbing marriage. The so-called fake robbery means that this marriage is a "robbery" agreed by the woman and her parents. Nowadays, the popular custom of getting married before dawn or after dark in many places has left traces of the ancient custom of stealing wives.

Shuo Wen Jie Zi? Women's clothing department: "A wife is also a husband, from a woman, from a woman, from a woman. Also, take things, and so does the wife. "Xu Shen's explanation tells us that' wife' and' qi' are two words with similar pronunciations." "Living in harmony with husband" means that among wives and concubines, only the wife and husband enjoy the same status. Look from the glyph, "wife" comes from "you", and "you" is a hand, so it can mean "defending the wife's duties". The reason why the ancient man-made word "wife" tries every means to show its higher status and master status is, of course, because there are concubines in the family who are inferior to and dominated by their wives. However, in ancient families, the wife was always in a dominant position for the husband, which meant that the "wife" could not be "neat" with the husband and could not enjoy equal status.

"Wife" is extended from "spouse" to a verb, which refers to a woman who marries a woman or someone else. Like the Analects of Confucius? Gongye Chang: "My son's name is Gongye Chang,' but being a wife is urgent. "With his son and wife." Confucius said that Gongye Chang was a (good) person who could marry his daughter. Although he is in prison, it is not because he is guilty. So (Confucius) married his daughter to him.

Li Hongzhang was a famous minister in the late Qing Dynasty. Once, he had a distant relative to take an exam. This man is so ignorant that he doesn't know how to answer a question when he receives the test paper. At this time, he had a brainwave and suddenly thought that he was a relative of nave adult Li Hongzhang, so he wrote on the test paper: "I am the wife of nave adult Li Hongzhang." This ignorant relative actually wrote "Qi" as "wife". The examiner smiled, so he approved on the test paper: "As nave's own wife, I dare not marry." Therefore, this relative is still at the end.

"Orchid"-the fragrance of kings

Neither Oracle Bone Inscriptions nor he saw the word "Lan". Shuo Wen Jie Zi? Grass department: "orchid, vanilla also." "From the grass, the sound is very loud." The original meaning of the pictophonetic word "LAN" is bluegrass. Such as "Is it easy? On the copula: "A word of one heart stinks like blue. "The' smelly' here is the smell, and' orchid' obviously refers to vanilla. It means a common language from the heart, as fragrant as an orchid. The word "Lan" has a special usage in ancient Chinese, that is, it is an elegant name, also known as a good name, between scholars and scholars. For example, "blue house" refers to the housing of literati; " "You Lan" and "Lan Jiao" refer to the friends made by the literati. "Lan Yan" refers to both the words with the same mind and the words or letters of the literati. Another example is "Lin Yuling" by Liu Yong, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty: "There is no mood in the Doumen account, and there is nostalgia, and Lanzhou urges it. "It means: I was in a bad mood when I set up a tent and gave a banquet on the outskirts of Beijing (Bianjing). When I was reluctant to go, the people on board urged me to start quickly. " Lanzhou "Some people say that it may not be appropriate to take a boat made in Mu Lan." Lanzhou means "boat". The word "LAN" has been blurred, but it doesn't mean anything.

In addition, there is the so-called "Blue Dream" or "Zhao Lan", which is even more legendary. According to Zuo Zhuan, many concubines in Zheng Wen longed for their children, but no one gave him a son. There is a concubine named Yan Gu. One day, she dreamed that an angel gave her a bunch of orchids. Soon, she became pregnant and gave birth to a boy. Wen Gong was overjoyed and named the child Lan, which was later Mu Gong. It can be seen that "blue dream" is a beautiful dream, also known as "blue omen", which is a good omen for pregnancy and childbirth. "Lan" is graceful and fragrant. The ancients called it "Xiangzu", "the first fragrance in the world" or "the fragrance of kings". "Lan" is called the king's fragrance and has a touching story. According to Confucius' family story, Confucius traveled around the world and returned to Shandong from Weiguo. When he saw the "Landuxiang" in the valley, he said with emotion, "Landang is king." Therefore, later generations called "Lan" "Xiang Wang".

China has a long history of planting orchids. After being defeated by Fu Cha, the King of Wu, Gou Jian, the King of Yue in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, retired to Huiji Mountain to practice his internal skills and planted many bluegrass on the mountain to confuse the enemy. This is the earliest record of planting bluegrass in Chinese history.

Zheng Sixiao, a poet and painter in the Southern Song Dynasty, is good at painting flowers and birds, especially orchids. But it is such a master who paints orchids. When he lived in seclusion in Suzhou after the fall of the Southern Song Dynasty, the orchids he wrote were uncharacteristic: the flowers and leaves were scattered and there was no soil and no roots. One day, a good friend of his looked at the orchid he painted and suggested, "How can this orchid live without soil and roots?" Let's draw a root! Unexpectedly, after listening to his friend's advice, Zheng Sixiao was filled with grief and indignation. He threw down his brush and sighed, "The land has been taken away by outsiders. Where can my orchid grow? "It turned out that he painted Rootless Orchids to express his patriotic feelings and the pain of national subjugation.

Orchid people also call it "the beauty of the empty valley". Besides its beauty, it also has its temperament and character of "being neither arrogant nor impetuous" and "being firm and embracing oneself", which is more praised by the world. Therefore, some people put orchids on the pines, bamboos and plums of the "Three Friends in the Cold Year", saying that "Three Friends in the Cold Year, bamboos have knots without flowers, plums have flowers without leaves, pines have leaves without fragrance, and orchids are unique." Because of this, orchids have won people's wide love.

"Wind"-Endless wind and moon

"Wind" is like the legendary Phoenix in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. This word is actually the original word of Phoenix, pictographic. Wind, an intangible and invisible thing, is difficult to express with a symbol and draw a specific shape, so the word "Feng" is borrowed as "Wind". For example, the "strong wind" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is "Taihō", "small wind" is "small wind" and "no phoenix" means that it won't be windy today.

In the era of Xiao Zhuan, people returned the word "Feng" to "Feng" and created a word "Feng", which is the traditional Chinese name for "Feng". Shuo Wen Jie Zi? Wind Department: "Wind, eight winds also. ..... Wind-driven worms are born, so eight-day worms turn into worms. From worms, every sound. " "Six books? Animal 4: "The spirit of heaven and earth boasts the life of the agitator, which is called the wind." It can be seen that the original meaning of "wind" refers to the phenomenon of air flow in nature. The ancients thought that "wind" moved and insects were born, so they used "insect" as the signifier of the word "wind" and "fan" as the silent symbol, thus coining the word "wind". Zhuangzi? The theory of everything: "a large piece of gas is called wind." This means that the air from the earth is called wind.

Because of the close relationship between "wind" and "air", the meanings of "ethos" and "custom" have been extended. Such as "Lu Chunqiu? Yin Chu: "You can know its wind by hearing its voice, and your ambition by observing its wind." Gao: "Wind, custom. "It means: Therefore, you can understand the customs of that place by listening to the music there and understand the interests of the people there by studying the customs there. Because "wind" refers to "custom", it is extended to "folk songs". For example, the poems in The Book of Songs can be divided into three categories: style, elegance and ode. From "Nan Zhou" to "The Wind of the Wind", they are collectively called "The Wind of Fifteen Countries", with 60 poems/kloc-0. Biography of Song Zhuxi's Poems? National Wind 1: "Wind is a poem of folk songs." "Wind" refers to folk songs and ballads.

There are many stories about "wind" in history. Fan Zhongyan, a great essayist in the Song Dynasty, built the ancestral temple of Yan Ziling on the hook platform of Fuchun Mountain when he was a local official in Zhejiang. After the ancestral hall was completed, Fan Zhongyan wrote the article "Mr. Yan's Ancestral Hall" for it. The record reads: "Yunshan is gray, the rivers and seas are vast, the gentleman is highly respected, and the mountain is high." After writing the article, I sent it to my friend Li Taibo. After reading it, Li was full of praise. Then he said to Fan Zhongyan, "If you change a word in the poem, it will be more perfect." Fan Zhongyan hurriedly asked. Li Taibo said, "If this poem is about Yunshan, it will be very artistic. If it is followed by the word' de', it feels a little small and too rigid. What do you think of changing the word' Germany' to the word' wind'? " Hearing this, Fan Zhongyan repeatedly said yes, and immediately changed the word "virtue" to the word "wind", honoring Li Taibo as a centralized teacher.

Li, a famous painter in Qing Dynasty, once visited a friend's house. During the dinner, the topic suddenly turned to painting. Some people say: "Everything in the world is easy to draw, but there is one thing that can't be drawn!" " "Another man asked him what was difficult to draw, and that man only answered one word:" Wind! " "

Everyone present was silent after listening to it, and everyone admitted that the wind is really a difficult thing to draw.

Then Li stood up and said, "Yes! The wind can also draw. "

Everyone present was startled. Li painted on the spot, and after a while, he did draw the "wind". This is the wind bamboo map we saw today. After reading Li's Wind Bamboo Map, someone commented: "Li not only painted the wind, but also painted the wind."

The enjoyment of visiting Mount Tai is not only the natural scenery, but also the inscriptions and stone carvings of literati in the past dynasties on their way to Mount Tai. In the late 1950s, several Japanese scholars visited China. One day, they climbed Mount Tai and saw the word "two" engraved on the stone wall on one side of Panshan Road, which aroused the great interest of these Japanese guests, but they didn't understand the meaning. So he asked the accompanying China scholars. Unexpectedly, the accompanying people were stumped by these two strange words, so they had to promise the guests to go back and inquire.

Japanese scholars came back from a mountain tour and questioned the pronunciation and meaning of "two", so their entourage rummaged through ancient books and visited many experts and scholars, but failed to solve the mystery.

Soon, the matter spread to Beijing. Someone took these two words to the Chinese Academy of Sciences to consult Guo Moruo. Lao Guo read these two words, thought for a while, and drew two strokes outside the word "two", so it became the word "romantic". Lao Guo said with a smile, "These two strange words mean' infinite romance'. This is just a word game of ancient celebrities. " Later, Xie, a contemporary calligrapher, used the word "two" as the upper couplet and wrote the lower couplet. His bottom line is "time", and a box is added on "year" and "China" to indicate "limited time". This kind of word game is really good.

Respondent: Chi Shengshao-Grade 4 2008-11-813:14.

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The report will give you a website, and you can read it yourself:/question/39579444.html.

Respondent: Yu Yiji 2008-11-10 20: 04

There was a Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty. When she became emperor, she wanted to take a new name, but she felt that the existing words were not enough to express her present glory, so she wanted to create a word herself. At that time, she had a feudal superstition about the sun and the moon, and everyone thought the sun and the moon were sacred. Wu Zetian compared herself to the sun and the moon and wanted to hang high in the sky like the sun and the moon forever, so she got the word, the sun and the moon are above the sky:.!

Respondent: 76764 1482- Level 1 2008-1-1819: 58.

The mystery of the source of the accusation.

Regarding the origin of Chinese characters, there are many sayings in China ancient literature, such as "knot rope theory", "gossip theory", "picture theory" and "calligraphy contract theory". Ancient books also generally recorded the legend of Cang Xie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor who created Chinese characters. Modern scholars believe that systematic writing tools cannot be completely created by one person. If Cang Xie really exists, he should be a text organizer or publisher.

The earliest carved symbols were more than 8000 years ago.

In recent decades, Chinese archaeologists have published a series of unearthed materials about the origin of Chinese characters earlier than Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Yin Ruins. These materials mainly refer to the carved or painted symbols that appeared on pottery in the late primitive society and early historical society, and also include a few symbols engraved on Oracle Bone Inscriptions, jade and stone tools. It can be said that they together provide a new basis for explaining the origin of Chinese characters.

Wang, a doctoral supervisor of Zhengzhou University, made a systematic investigation and comparison of the carving symbols on pottery pieces unearthed from more than 100 archaeological sites in China, and thought that the earliest carving symbols in China appeared in Jiahu site in Wuyang, Henan Province, with a history of more than 8,000 years.

As a professional worker, he tried to comprehensively sort out these original materials by comprehensively using scientific methods such as archaeology, ancient Chinese character configuration, comparative philology, scientific archaeology and high-tech means, so as to compare some clues about the occurrence and development of Chinese characters before Shang Dynasty.

However, the situation is not so simple. In addition to the existing small-scale data of Zhengzhou Shangcheng site and Xiaoshuangqiao site (in recent years, more than 10 cases of Zhu Shutao's early characters of Shang Dynasty have been found), other symbols before Shang Dynasty are scattered and lack of contact with each other, and most of them are out of touch with Shang Dynasty characters. There are also some symbols with heavy regional colors and complex backgrounds.

The Chinese character system was formally formed in the Central Plains.

Wang believes that the formal formation of the Chinese character system should be in the Central Plains. Chinese characters are a writing system of independent origin, independent of any foreign language. However, its origin is not single. After many times and long-term running-in, probably in the early summer, our ancestors creatively invented the writing symbol system of recording language on the basis of extensively absorbing and using early symbols. At that time, the Chinese character system matured rapidly.

According to reports, according to the written materials unearthed from archaeological excavations, China had a formal written language at least in the Xia Dynasty. For example, in recent years, archaeologists found the word "Wen" for writing brush and bamboo calligraphy on a flat pottery jar unearthed from Taosi site in Xiangfen, Shanxi. These symbols belong to the basic configuration in the early writing system, but unfortunately such unearthed writing materials are still rare.

Characters first matured in Shang Dynasty.

As far as the written materials of Yin Shang Dynasty are known and seen at present, there are many kinds of written carriers. At that time, in addition to writing on simplified Chinese characters with a brush, other main writing methods were carved on tortoise shells and animal bones, and pottery, jade and Tao Zhu were carved on bronzes. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and bronze ritual vessels used in Yin Ruins are the earliest mature written materials found in China.

The Shang dynasty characters reflected in Yin Ruins are not only reflected in the large number of characters and rich materials, but also in the way of creating characters that has formed its own characteristics and laws. The structural characteristics of basic characters in Shang Dynasty can be divided into four categories: based on the physical characteristics of human body and a certain part of human body; Based on labor creation and labor object; Taking the images of animals and livestock as the basis of word formation; Taking natural images as the basis of word formation. Judging from the cultural connotation of the configuration, the objects selected by these early mature hieroglyphs are quite close to the social life of our ancestors and have strong realistic characteristics. At the same time, the content described by these hieroglyphs involves all levels of people and nature, so it also has the characteristics of extensive sources of configuration.

References:

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Respondent: lvshjie- level 1 2008-11-2019: 45.

It is reported that Cang Xie is an official under the Yellow Emperor. Officials at that time were not imposing, just like ordinary people, but with different division of labor. The Yellow Emperor assigned him to be in charge of the number of livestock in the fence and the number of food on the chariot. Cang Xie is a smart man. He does everything with all his heart. He soon becomes familiar with the animals and food he is in charge of, and has a good mind, so he seldom makes mistakes. But slowly, the storage of livestock and food is also gradually increasing and changing, and my head alone can't remember it. At that time, there were no words, let alone paper and pens. What shall we do? Cang Xie was puzzled.

Cang Xie tried to tie a knot on the rope all day and all night. He used ropes of different colors to represent different animals and foods, and knots tied with ropes represented each number. But over time, it won't work. It is easy to tie a knot on the rope for this increased number, but it is troublesome to untie a knot on the rope when reducing the number. Cang Xie thought of winding the rope and hanging all kinds of shells in the circle, instead of what he was in charge of. If it increases, a shell is added; if it decreases, a shell is removed. This method works best and has been used continuously for several years.

Seeing that Cang Xie was so capable, the Yellow Emperor put him in charge of more and more things, such as the number of sacrifices each year, the distribution of hunting and the increase or decrease of tribal population, all of which were called Cang Xie. Cang Xie has made another mistake, which is no longer a matter of hanging a shell with a rope. How can I not make mistakes?

On this day, he took part in collective hunting and came to a fork in the road. Several old people were arguing about which way to take. An old man insisted on going east, saying there were antelopes; An old man wants to go north, saying that he can catch up with the deer not far ahead; An old man insisted on going west, saying that there were two tigers, and if they were not killed in time, they would miss the opportunity. Cang Xie, it turns out that they are all looking at the footprints of underground beasts. Cang Xie suddenly felt happy: Since a footprint represents a wild animal, why can't I use a symbol to represent what I am responsible for? He ran home happily and began to create various symbols to represent things. Sure enough, manage things well.

When the Yellow Emperor knew it, he praised it and ordered Cang Xie to teach this method to all tribes. Gradually, the usage of these symbols has been popularized. In this way, the text is formed.

Cang Xie made a word, and the Yellow Emperor attached great importance to him. Everyone praised him, and his reputation is growing. Cang Xie's mind was a little hot, and his eyes slowly moved to the top of his head. No one looks down on him, his handwriting is very scrawled.

This word reached the ears of the Yellow Emperor, who was very angry. Courtiers have no room for deterioration in his eyes. How did Cang Xie realize his mistake? The Yellow Emperor called the oldest old man around him to discuss. The old man has tied more than 120 knots on his long beard, which shows that he is over 120 years old. The old man hesitated and went to Cang Xie alone.

Cang Xie is teaching people from all tribes to read. The old man sits quietly at the end and listens as carefully as everyone else. After Cang Xie finished speaking, everyone else dispersed, and only the old man was still sitting in his old place. Cang Xie was a little curious and asked him why he didn't go.

The old man said, "Cang Xie, your words have become a household name, but I am old and dizzy, and a few words are still unclear. Will you teach me again? "

Cang Xie looked at such a tall old man and respected him very much. He is very happy, urge him to speak quickly.

The old man said, "Are there four legs in the words horse, donkey and mule?" ? Cows also have four legs. Why didn't you invent the word' cow' with four legs and only one tail? "

Cang Xie was a little flustered when he heard this: when he first coined the word "fish", it was written like a cow, and when he coined the word "cow", it was written as a fish. It's all my own carelessness, and I actually taught it backwards.

The old man went on to say, "The word' heavy' you made means that you have to pronounce the word' out' from a long distance away, but you taught people to pronounce the word' heavy' as weight. On the other hand, the word "out" when two mountains are combined should be the word "heavy" for weight, but you have taught it to be the word "out" when going out. These words really puzzle me, so I have to ask you. "

At this time, Cang Xie was ashamed and knew that he had made a big mistake because of his pride. These words have been taught by all tribes and spread all over the world and cannot be changed. He quickly knelt down and expressed his regret with tears.

The old man took Cang Xie's hand and said sincerely, "Cang Xie, you have created words, so that the experience of our older generation can be recorded and passed on. You have done a great thing, and people will remember you from generation to generation. You can't be arrogant! "

From then on, every time Cang Xie made a word, he always scrutinized the meaning of the word, but he could ask people's opinions, and he was not careless. Everyone agreed, then decided, and then gradually spread to every tribe.

There is also a legend that Cangjie succeeded in creating characters and strange things happened. That day, it rained like millet during the day, and at night, I heard ghosts crying. Why does it rain like rain? Because Cang Xie created words, words can be used to convey ideas and record things, which is naturally worth celebrating. But why do ghosts cry? Some people say that, because of words, people's wisdom is growing, people's morality is dividing, and deception and cunning are born. The world will never be peaceful, and even ghosts will not be at peace, so ghosts will cry.