Evaluation of Jing Ke's Stabbing the King of Qin

Different comments on Jing Ke's stabbing of Qin Wang: Su Xun criticized his trip to Jing Ke in the Northern Song Dynasty and said, "It was a disaster at first." . In the Southern Song Dynasty, Bao Biao wrote a note for the Warring States Policy, saying, "It's not enough for Tao." Zhu believes that "one person's courage is not enough", but there are more people who are sure of Jing Ke. The first one is Sima Qian. At the end of Historical Records Biography of Assassins, it said: "Its meaning is quite smooth, and it will not deceive its ambition, and its name will remain in future generations." Zuo Si's Fu on Jing Ke praised him as "although there is no brave day, it is also very different from the world", and "humble people feel inferior, but they are extremely important". Tao Qian said that he "has lost his life for thousands of years". In modern times, Gong Zizhen praised him as a "chivalrous man in the Jianghu". Most critics believe that although Jing Ke didn't understand that it was difficult to turn the tide by one person, nor did he understand that the unification of the Qin Empire was an inevitable trend of historical development, his spirit and spirit of standing up in the troubled times of the country without fear of violence and sacrifice was still commendable. General Liu Bocheng holds Ye Ting's poem "Let's stop the Yellow River, a tragic man, go out and shout for the general", which does not contain praise for Jing Ke. At that time, when Tang Ju denounced the king of Qin, he said: "Zhuan Xu stung, and the comet hit the moon; Nie Zhengzhi stabbed Han Yu and Bai Hongguan; If you want to leave a thorn, Cang ying will hit the temple. These three sons, all men in cloth, were furious, but they just went down to heaven and joined the ministers. "Jing Ke is one of the famous The Four Assassins in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The assassinations of Zhuan Zhu, Nie Zheng and Li Li were purely "a scholar died for his bosom friend", and Jing Ke basically did it not for his own self-interest, but for "state affairs". A brief introduction of Jing Ke stabbing Qin Wang Qiu's historical story of Jing Ke stabbing Qin Wang comes from Yance Warring States Policy. Sima Qian wrote historical records and included them in Biography of Assassins. He embellished Jing Ke's life story, saying that he was a patriot, calling him a good reader and swordsman, saying that Wei had skill, but Wei didn't have to; He also wrote two little things about him. On one occasion, "on the sword with Nie Gai, Nie Gai got angry. "Let's do it again." Kenji Lugou argued with Jing Kebo. Kenji Lugou got angry and scolded him. " Twice, Jing Ke walked away. It seems that this is a smart, knowledgeable and rational person, not an impulsive and competitive person. These supplements by Sima Qian, though a little too brief, are still very useful for us to understand Jing Ke. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period, Qin and Han Dynasties, some famous assassins appeared. They were not afraid of death. I think it can be simply divided into two types. His motives for assassination are basically out of pure gratitude (the so-called "death for a confidant"), which can be classified into one category, such as stabbing Yu Rang in Zhao Xiangzi and Nie Zheng in Han Jing (known as "Xia Lei" in history books). Basically, the motive of his assassination is not personal gain, but so-called "justice" (such as state affairs), which can be counted as one. For example, when Cao Mo robbed the United altar, "Duke Huan invaded Lu" (Biography of Assassins), he "learned to invite guests to stab the king of Qin with their wealth and avenge North Korea. "And his fiery red big iron vertebra" attacked the Bolangsha of Qin Shihuang and accidentally hit the vice car. " (Shi Hou) No matter what happens (Cao Mo) or what happens (Sean), its spirit may have something to recommend it. What about Jing Ke? I think it can be classified as Cao Mo Sean. This story happened in 227 BC. At that time, Qin Jun's crusade was invincible, and the six Shandong countries were tottering and the future was uncertain. Faced with this grim situation, Yan Taizi Dan felt powerless. All kinds of military, political and diplomatic means are probably difficult to save the urgent need, and they are not willing to do nothing (should he do nothing! ) finally thought of assassination. He naively thought that no matter whether he robbed or stabbed the king of Qin, he could immediately change the overall situation. In fact, this is just a helpless move to save an opportunity in case. Jing Ke said, "I'm afraid I can't do anything great in this country. "In addition to general humility, pointing out the arduousness of the task, the most important thing is to regard the assassination as a' national event', clarifying Jing Ke's ideological understanding of this plan, and emphasizing the fundamental purpose of the act and the justice and seriousness of this purpose. (2) In order to gain the trust of the king of Qin, and strive for opportunities to get close to the king of Qin to assassinate him, Jing Ke made careful preparations. First, I asked for Du Kangtu, and second, I asked for Fan's head (plus Tian Guang committed suicide and lost two lives before leaving, which was expensive. Some ancient moral concepts are somewhat separated from us. In order to assassinate him, he had to wait for a capable person. Unfortunately, the impatient Taizi Dan urged him to go on the road. " Time is running out, Jing Qing has no intention! "A word angered Jing Ke. Generally speaking, this kind of person pays the most attention to keeping promises and values credit over life. "Are you not going to" is equivalent to saying: Do you regret it? For Jing Ke, there is nothing more insulting to human dignity! It's a pity that Jing Ke, who always knows what to do, can't control himself at this juncture. In a rage, he left with a useless Qin Wuyang (later Qin Wuyang really missed something). It is Jing Ke who cannot tolerate any doubts about his character and forgets that "national affairs" cannot be impulsive; It was Jing Ke who categorically said "please resign" knowing that such a move was "perverse". People's temperament is so complicated. Yi shui farewell dinner, about autumn. "The prince and the guests who knew about it were given to them for nothing. "White mourning, meaning the disaster of national ruin is just around the corner, meaning Jing Ke is gone forever. How sad this scene is! " Gao Jianli crashed into the building, and Jing Ke sang, which is the voice of change. "The ancients said that it is sad to change it into a business. The sad song deeply touched the people who saw me off. "All the scholars cried. "They have tied a little hope of saving the country and saving themselves on Jing Ke's dagger. Jing Ke fully understood their feelings, so he went on to express his determination to die: the wind blows and the water cools, and the strong man is gone forever! Feather sound, its sound is angry. This passionate and angry song echoed in the bleak autumn wind, echoed in the sobbing autumn water, and then spilled into the white crows like a cavity of blood, making the people present turn from "sobbing" to glaring. Jing Ke, the spiritual strength of ordinary flesh and blood, could be so shocking. The emotions of the farewell and the farewell are mutually infected, such as the stimulation of Feng Shui, which soon reaches a climax. " So Jing Ke got out of the car and finally ignored it. "How determined and heroic it is, even readers under one thousand years will be moved by it. In Qin Ting, Jing Ke's performance is both regrettable and admirable. Jing Ke's swordsmanship and martial arts are really poor. When he presented this painting, he was only a stone's throw away from the king of Qin. It is really too late, and then it will be soon. " Send a picture, the picture will be poor, but the dagger will see it. Because the left hand holds the sleeve of the king of Qin and the right hand holds the dagger. "(3) a well-thought-out, conspiracy for a long time; Something happened suddenly, and I was caught off guard. However, this stab actually missed, and later it was "missed, in the middle column." "At the initial moment when the ministers were' weakened' and the guards were afraid to go to the temple, the assassin and the stabbed were one-on-one. Even with his bare hands, it's a life-and-death battle, but Jing Ke can't succeed. After a chase, there are many people. Jing Ke was wounded eight times, his leg was cut off, and the king of Qin was unscathed. I always suspected that Jing Ke was not only poor in fencing, but also poor in martial arts. Even the "brute force" that people often say is not great. Otherwise, how could he lose so badly? When he died, he argued: "If you don't do something, if you want to rob it with your life, you must make a Covenant to repay the prince. "However, look at his initial action, his left hand put his sleeve and his right hand inserted the knife. Obviously, he wanted to stab each other to death with a knife, and there was no meaning of' life and death' at all. Jing Ke is not afraid of death, and he is afraid of being laughed at for incompetence. As far as Jing Ke is concerned, the above confession is absolutely indispensable. In our opinion, there is quite a suspicion of "shattered glass". After all, Jing Ke is a hero. The King of Qin gave nine gifts to welcome the Yan emissary. The spectacle was spectacular and the weather was harsh. Even Qin Wuyang, who was 12 years old and didn't blink, was "scared" to a nervous breakdown. This description is not so much a mockery of Qin Wuyang as a fake hero with a silver wax gun, but rather a rendering of Qin Ting's breathtaking majesty with Wuyang's disorder. It can be seen that Jing Ke can talk and laugh and needs superhuman courage. He was alone, holding a dagger, stirring the huge Qin Ting up and down, and it was a mess. The mighty king of Qin was so scared that he couldn't even pull out the sword around him (when he finally became the winner, he was "dizzy for a long time" in the face of the dead assassin! The ministers were so scared that they didn't know what to do. The doctors were so scared that even the medicine bags that couldn't hurt people were thrown out as weapons. Among hundreds of people, only Jing Ke is not afraid of death. If the assassination fails, he will die very close, and his spirit of "laughing against the bar" and "scolding from the basket" will never be faked. In a word, Jing Ke's courage and heroism of taking risks and keeping calm in the face of difficulties are admirable. The author described a tense and thrilling scene with a compact and short language rhythm. Qin Ting's prestige shocked Qin Wuyang, and Jing Ke's prestige shocked Qin Ting. Jing Ke's actions triggered a series of actions by the king of Qin, ministers and doctors, which were rapid, tortuous and coherent, just like the sudden rotation of the engine shaft and turbulent surges. It's really thrilling, and it's hard to avoid some dizziness for future generations to see it. The pen and ink of this story are extremely condensed. Writing Taizi Dan, writing Qin Wuyang, writing white clothes by the water, and writing Qin Junchen of the imperial court all write Jing Ke in comparison. While writing Jing Ke's words and deeds, we also pay attention to revealing his inner world. The image is flesh and blood, plump and touching, and occupies a very eye-catching position in the gallery of literary figures in China. Throughout the ages, from Tao Yuanming (Ode to Jing Ke), who is known as a reclusive poet in ancient and modern times, to Qiu Jin, a famous modern woman revolutionary and a woman who built a lake (Bao Dao Ge), Jing Ke's poems have been sung through the ages. Generally speaking, the story of Jing Ke mentioned by later generations is not only lamenting that he failed to achieve great success, but more importantly, his spirit and spirit of daring to stand up and work hard in the troubled times of the country and nation. Xia Wanchun, a young anti-Qing hero in the late Ming Dynasty, wrote "Song of Yishui", "Xiao Shui falls in the daytime, which is sad. It is a pity that Jing Qing failed to enter Qin Gong, and Mount Li is foggy. ...... Alas, Jing Qinglei has fallen. " Obviously, Jing Ke's aboveboard image gave Xia Wanchun great encouragement and encouragement. There is no doubt that Jing Ke, an ancient man, didn't know as much about the process and laws of history and the fact that it was difficult for a person to turn the tide. But today, when the world is not peaceful, once something happens to the country, it still needs the spirit and spirit of not being afraid of violence and sacrifice. This, perhaps, is the inspiration from Jing Ke's story. Note (1) In 230 BC, Qin destroyed Korea; In 228, Qin defeated Zhao and Zhao Wang moved; In the same year (the first 227 years) when Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin, the State of Yan was in jeopardy. Note (2) Any country among the Seven Heroes of the Warring States can take it for granted that it is its duty to unify the world, or it can take it for granted that it opposes the violent annexation of other countries; As far as the six countries in Shandong are concerned, it is more just to oppose Qin, which is known as the "country of tigers and wolves". Limited to space, I don't know. Note 3 "Historical Records" Sima Zhen Suoyin: "Hey, it was stabbed in the chest with a sword. Another (Guangxu) cloud, a resistance. Hold back the bitter waves, hold back the words. Its meaning is not correct. "How to know and evaluate Jing Ke? Yang Yimin's correct analysis and evaluation of Jing Ke must clarify the following issues: First, some people say that since Qin unified the world in line with the direction of historical development, Jing Ke's assassination actually played a role in hindering historical progress. How to understand this? Whether Jing Ke's actions can be regarded as hindering the development of history should be analyzed concretely and objectively from a historical perspective. In the late Warring States period, people suffering from war longed for reunification, and social and economic development also needed to establish a unified and stable country. Therefore, Qin's unification of the world is in line with the historical development direction; Qin Shihuang played an important role in unifying the world, and we should fully affirm his historical achievements. However, can it be concluded that in the process of Qin's unification of the six countries, all countries and individuals who have resisted should deny it? Of course not. Because, after all, the rulers of Qin were feudal landlords, and the main form of their unification of the world was the annexation war, which was full of predatory and destructive, thus causing profound disasters to the people of the annexed country. For example, in the famous battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao, General Qin killed Zhao with 400,000 soldiers, most of whom were farmers. In the war, "the people are poor and the families are scattered, which is called concubines." "("The Warring States Policy and Qin Ce ") The defeated country paid tribute to the victorious country, and the burden on the people was heavier. Therefore, for the annexation of Qin, the people of the six countries often cried and mourned and resolutely resisted. In a word, the process of history is an extremely complicated phenomenon. Therefore, we affirm Qin's achievements in unifying the six countries, and also highly value Qu Yuan's lofty patriotism. Of course, we also fully affirmed Jing Ke's just action against the Qin violence and his heroism. In other words, from the perspective of historical development and social progress, Qin's achievements should be affirmed; From the perspective of resisting the invaders and representing the interests of the oppressed people, what Jing Ke has done should be fully affirmed. Second, some people say that Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin only to repay the kindness of the king of Qin in meeting him. So Jing Ke is not worthy of recognition. Whether this view is correct or not should also be analyzed in detail. It is undeniable that Jing Ke is willing to risk his life to kill the king of Qin in Qiang Qin. Until his death, he remembered: "You must make a contract to repay the prince. "But, can the meaning of Jing Ke stabbing the king of Qin be limited to this? Of course not. When Taizi Dan first met Jing Ke, he hoped that Jing Ke could contribute to saving the peril of Yan State and resisting the annexation of Qin State. Jing Ke's answer at that time was: "I'm afraid I can't do anything big in this country." Thus, Jing Ke mainly wanted to serve Yan. Later, when Jing Ke encouraged Fan to commit suicide and offered his first sacrifice, he said that he could solve the problem of Yan State, and the person who avenged the general also showed that Jing Ke was mainly concerned with state affairs. Therefore, Jing Ke's assassination of the king of Qin, although there are factors to repay the kindness of Taizi Dan, is mainly to resist the tyrannical Qin Dynasty and save the Yan State and even the six countries from peril. It can also be said that Jing Ke repaid the Prince on the basis of resisting Qin and saving the weak Yan, or on the basis of resisting Qin and saving Yan. This action has its justice, so Jing Ke has been admired and praised by people for thousands of years. Therefore, it is neither desirable nor objective to deny Jing Ke by separating Jing Ke's thought of repaying the prince with his desire to resist the Qin Dynasty and save the Yan State. Some people think that it is cruel for Jing Ke to persuade Yuqi, a fan, to commit suicide. So, is that it? When Jing Ke went to the State of Qin to assassinate the King of Qin, he had to get close to the King of Qin first, so the token became the key. Therefore, encouraging Fan to commit suicide is the last move to stab the king of Qin. And for Fan, if Yan dies, not only can he not avenge his parents' clan, but he also has nowhere to live. Therefore, if you want to drag out an ignoble existence, there is no way out, but it is obligatory to lay down your life. Obviously, this is not an absolutely bad plan for General Fan. Moreover, there is no selfish element in Jing Ke's actions-"The enemy of the general, the shame of the grave, and then quickly". What's more, he himself will "take a dagger and take it by surprise". Therefore, Jing Ke's actions are beyond reproach, which shows Jing Ke's foresight and shrewdness. In a word, Jing Ke is not only the past of the United States, desperate, but also far-sighted, witty and calm, and can be called a hero!