Can you briefly describe the ins and outs of the Chechen issue?

Chechnya is the territory of the Russian Federation, located on the north side of the Caucasus Mountains, facing Georgia across the mountain, with an area of about 1 0.5 million square kilometers and a population of110,000. Grozny, the capital, was developed on the basis of the Grozny Castle built in 18 18. Chechens are brave and good at fighting and believe in Islam.

The earliest record of Chechens was before the beginning of the 7th century. The word "Chechnya" originated from the village name of "Greater Chechnya" on the argon River and gradually became the national name of Chechen people. Chechens call themselves "Nakacho people", which means "ordinary people". Chechens were invaded by Mongols and Tatars in the13rd century, and were ravaged by Timur imperial troops in Central Asia at the end of14th century. It was not until 15 to 16 that the Golden Horde disintegrated that Chechen talents began to migrate from mountains to plains. From 16 to 19 century, Islam began to be introduced into Chechnya. 17 to 18 at the turn of the century, Chechnya began to be the object of contention among the three empires of Persia, Osman and Russia. Since then, Chechnya has experienced a bloody and cruel war for more than two centuries.

19th century, after nearly half a century of Caucasus war, Russia incorporated Chechnya into the empire territory in 1895. Chechnya Autonomous Prefecture was founded in June 1922+0 1. 1In June 1934, Chechnya merged with its western neighbor Ingushetia, and in February 1936, 1936, it was changed to the Chechen-Ingushetia Autonomous Republic. During World War II, the Soviet government forced many Chechens to move out of their homes on the grounds that Chechens cooperated with German aggressors. At that time, more than 387,000 Chechens were deported to Central Asia and Siberia. It was not until 1957 1.9 that supreme soviet of the ussr decided to restore the organizational system of the Chechen-Ingushetia Autonomous Republic and put it under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.

199 1 On September 6, 2000, shortly after the "8 19" incident in the Soviet Union, dudayev, a major general of the Soviet Air Force and a Chechen, overthrew the local Soviet regime by force. On June+10, 5438, presidential and parliamentary elections were held in Chechnya, and dudayev was elected president. 165438+ 10, that is, on the eve of the disintegration of the Soviet Union, dudayev ordered the establishment of the Chechen Republic as a "sovereign state" and soon established the Chechen National Guard. Since then, Chechnya has neither signed the Russian Federation Treaty of 1992 nor participated in the Russian parliamentary election of 1993, and has gone further and further on the road of "independence".

In order to safeguard national unity and territorial integrity, the Russian authorities sent troops to Chechnya on 1994+02. However, Chechen armed forces refused to lay down their arms, which led to a civil war lasting for 20 months, in which dudayev was killed. 1At the end of 1996, Russian Chechen illegal armed forces committed two major hostage-taking incidents in Russia, and the Russian army was forced to leave Chechnya. 1997 65438+ 10, after maskhadov was elected president of Chechnya, he still insisted that Chechnya was an "independent country". 1In May 1997, the Russian Federation and Chechnya signed a treaty on principles of peace and mutual relations. However, Chechen leaders never gave up their "independence" proposition.

In order to completely solve the Chechen problem, the Russian federal authorities dispatched 654.38 million soldiers to blockade Chechnya and launch a military strike in 1999. After aerial bombing and ground encirclement and suppression, a large number of illegal Chechen armed forces were eliminated, and Russian troops almost controlled the whole territory of Chechnya. However, the remaining illegal armed forces in Chechnya are fragmented, guerrilla tactics are adopted inside and outside Chechnya, and assassinations and terrorist activities are frequent. Especially in the past two years, illegal militants in Chechnya have been rampant, constantly creating terrorist attacks, causing a large number of casualties and property losses.

On June 23, 2002, dozens of Chechen militants held more than 800 spectators and cast members hostage in Moscow's Du Brovka Theatre. Three days later, Russian special forces successfully rescued most of the hostages after releasing hypnotic gas into the war zone, but 130 hostages were still killed. Russian troops immediately launched a large-scale clean-up operation in Chechnya.

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The earliest record of Chechens was before the beginning of the 7th century. The word "Chechnya" originated from the village name of "Greater Chechnya" on the argon River and gradually became the national name of Chechen people. Chechens call themselves "Nakacho people", which means "ordinary people". Chechens were invaded by Mongols and Tatars in the13rd century, and were ravaged by Timur imperial troops in Central Asia at the end of14th century. It was not until 15 to 16 that the Golden Horde disintegrated that Chechens began to migrate from mountains to plains. From 16 to 19 century, Islam began to be introduced into Chechnya. 17 to 18 at the turn of the century, Chechnya began to be the object of contention among the three empires of Persia, Osman and Russia. Since then, Chechnya has experienced a bloody and cruel war for more than two centuries. 19th century, after nearly half a century of Caucasus war, Russia incorporated Chechnya into the empire territory in 1895. Chechnya Autonomous Prefecture was founded in June 1922+0 1. 1In June 1934, Chechnya merged with its western neighbor Ingushetia, and in February 1936, 1936, it was changed to the Chechen-Ingushetia Autonomous Republic.

Chechens have always been brave and good at fighting. They have never obeyed Russian rule, and the national independence movement has never stopped.

1. Stalin era:

In the late 1920s, the Soviet Union launched Stalin's "all-round collectivization" and industrialization movement. At the expense of farmers' interests, it brought agricultural production into the track of national centralized planning and management, forcibly carried out agricultural collectivization movement throughout the country, and divided "rich farmers". In Russia, ordinary poor farmers can't afford horses, while Chechens have horses in almost every household because they are engaged in nomadic industry. In this way, task forces composed of Russian workers often classify Chechens with horses as "rich peasants", and they will not only confiscate their property, but also destroy it. This almost absurd division method aroused the general resistance of Chechens. According to statistics, since 1929 ~ 1935, there have been 286 protests against the establishment of collective farms in Chechnya alone. In 1929, 65438+February,1930-April and1932-April, the Soviet army took encirclement and suppression actions in Chechnya more than once until 1936. But before the German invasion, there was a small gang in Chechnya-Ingushetia.

1On February 23rd, 944, Commander Stalin sent an urgent order from Moscow, the capital of the Soviet Union, to evacuate all Muslim residents in these two areas, and "Chechnya" was erased from the map of the Soviet Union.

The Soviet Red Army immediately dispatched troops to surround all towns and villages, burned down their houses, and drove the old, weak and sick Chechens to the main road in the cold wind and distributed them to all parts of the Soviet Union. He who hesitates is killed instantly. The great migration turned into genocide, and 500 thousand people died of shooting, flogging, cold, hunger and disease. The inhuman scene will never be erased. The living were sent to the coldest Siberia and the desolate Central Asian steppe. According to Stalin's national transformation plan, this nation will never turn over and disappear completely from the world overnight, because the Soviet government decided not to keep Chechnya as a stubborn nation. The Ministry of Civil Affairs of the Soviet Union was informed to cancel the name Chechnya from all relevant materials such as government documents, yearbooks, maps and Soviet encyclopedias, because this place does not exist in the world at all, and the powerful Soviet Union nationalized a ghost and evaporated from the earth. In 2004, the European Parliament passed a resolution, 1944. The extermination of Chechnya in the former Soviet Union was the most serious genocide in the 20th century.

2. Khrushchev era:

1in the summer of 956, Khrushchev made a report that shocked the world and criticized Stalin's personality cult. One of the evidences is that Stalin violently exiled ethnic minorities in Chechnya and Ingushetia during World War II, forcing them to emigrate to Kazakhstan and other parts of Central Asia. 1957 65438+1On 9 October, supreme soviet of the ussr decided to restore the organizational system of the Chechen-Ingushetia Autonomous Republic, which was under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.

3. Brezhnev era

Although the whole Soviet Union was in a problematic stage during the Brezhnev era, the Chechen people spent the most stable 30 years from the late 1950s to the late 1980s. The central government of the Soviet Union gave Chechnya-Ingushetia a lot of economic aid and subsidies, and the capital Grozny gradually developed into an industrial city. Among all ethnic groups in the Soviet Union, the birth rate of Chechens is the highest, and the population of Chechnya is rapidly recovering and increasing.

However, in the "quiet 1970s", Chechnya still showed its uniqueness: the crime rate in this Republic was extremely high, and there were a large number of idlers and idlers. 1973 65438+ 10, a large-scale riot occurred in Grozny, the capital of Chechnya. Later, in February of 13, andropov, chairman of the Soviet National Security Council, pointed out in his report to the Central Committee of the Soviet Union: "From 1958 to 1972, 1 15455 people were investigated for criminal responsibility by the organs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs according to law for various criminal acts. By the way, During a short period of 14 years in the calmest 1960s and 1970s, one sixth of the urban residents of a nation (including women, children and the elderly) were punished for criminal offences, and one tenth of the urban residents (Grozny had a population of about 300,000 at that time) did nothing under the Soviet system in which the government guaranteed full employment.

4. Gorbachev era

Although 1957 to 1989 experienced the "golden age" of Chechen history, "ethnic grievances, prejudices, prejudices and even discrimination caused by the past years and even centuries have always existed in this country and have been handed down from generation to generation. With the collapse of the suppression machine, generate came out, and some radical dignitaries who felt that the "day of success" had arrived strongly incited it. " Successive leaders in the late Soviet Union ignored their national problems, especially in the Brezhnev era. In fact, the top leaders believe that the ethnic problems have been solved, forming a "new historical identity-the Soviet people", thus relaxing their vigilance against ethnic problems. Minority leaders who joined the Republic of China took the opportunity to train their own cadres to replace other ethnic cadres, laying the foundation for the disintegration of the Soviet Union in the future. Nationalism has tenacious vitality. Once the pressure disappears, it will gush out like rushing magma, causing disaster.

Gorbachev, the last leader of the Soviet Union, did not realize the seriousness of the ethnic problems in the Soviet Union. Until 1988, Gorbachev believed that there were no serious ethnic problems in the Soviet Union. However, Gorbachev was really unlucky. He happened to meet the torrent of global nationalism in the 20th century. Because there has never been a similar situation in the Soviet Union and there is no experience to follow, the main leaders of the Soviet Union at that time lacked the necessary preparations for the sudden ethnic problems. First, they didn't give the necessary attention; When the situation is out of control, it is panicked, in a dilemma, constantly changing, paying attention to one thing and losing another.

199 1 On June 8th, the National People's Congress of Chechnya held its second session, announcing the establishment of an independent "Chechen-Ingushetia Republic". However, it must be pointed out that the "independence" declared by Chechnya at this time refers to independence from the Russian Federation, not independence from the Soviet Union. In other words, Chechnya wants to be a member of the Soviet Union, not a truly independent country. It was not until the disintegration of the Soviet Union that Chechnya became a real demand for independence.

5. Yeltsin holds the real power:

When the "8 19" incident happened, the Chechen authorities arrested yandarbiyev, a "thinker" of Chechen separatist forces, in order to cooperate with the "emergency committee". Yandarbiyev's arrest caused riots among some people. The rioters occupied the Grozny Municipal Committee Building of the Soviet Union and turned it into their own headquarters. Powerful institutions can't contact Yeltsin, which leads to the inaction of powerful state institutions.

The gangsters became more and more unscrupulous in the face of the inaction of powerful institutions, and the leader of the Republic, Zavzayev, was ousted.

On August 28th and 29th, armed bandits blocked the streets and squares in Grozny, and seized the Council of Ministers of the United Nations, the radio and television center and the airport building. Yeltsin, who was already in power in Moscow at that time, and Russian Supreme Soviet Chairman Haz Blatov (note that Ruslan Khasbulatov was from Chechnya, but he resolutely opposed Chechen independence) sent an investigation committee composed of "radical Democrats" to Chechnya to talk with militants. At that time, the Russian "radical democrats" regarded dudayev gangs as "democratic forces". Therefore, the report of the Committee reads as follows: The opposition demands that the Supreme Soviet dissolve itself, elect the Chechen-Ingushetia President, and then dissolve the government. "The demands of democratic forces are well-founded, and any further delay in these demands will lead to civil war and ethnic conflicts in the region.

Because of their opposition to the "emergency committee", Chechen bandits were praised and supported by "radical Democrats" in Moscow. On September 4th, dudayev announced that the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of China was overthrown. On September 6th, a group of armed thugs occupied the Chechen-Ingushetia Supreme Soviet building, and the people's representatives who tried to resist were beaten, and the Soviet chairman of Grozny, Vi Kutsenko, died on the spot. As for the cause of Kutsenko's death, there are different accounts. Some people say that he committed suicide by jumping off a building, but the investigation committee of the Russian Parliament concluded that Kutsenko, who was nearly sixty years old, was thrown out of the window of the Soviet building by thugs and died alive. On September 15, the Chechen Supreme Soviet was forced to declare its own dissolution.

19911kloc-0/On October 27th, the Chechen People's National Congress led by dudayev held presidential and parliamentary elections in its own designated area, and dudayev was elected as the "president" of Chechnya. His first presidential decree was on June 5438+0991111declaring Chechnya a sovereign and independent country.

199 1 year 12.25 19.30: The flag of the Soviet Socialist Union flew over the Kremlin for more than 70 years, and the Soviet Union officially disintegrated.