Interpretation of three kinds of words

"Three cardinal principles" means "the monarch is the minister's cardinal principle", "the father is the child's cardinal principle" and "the husband is the wife's cardinal principle"; The "five permanent members" refer to "benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith".

Because of the need to spread new ideas, people have always regarded the "Three Cardinals and Five Permanent Members" as the bane of modern China since the New Cultural Movement, and even distorted the meaning of "Three Cardinals and Five Permanent Members". Recently, many people who know the "three cardinal guides and five permanent members" have recognized the value of the "five permanent members", but they still regard the "three cardinal guides" as a legalist thought, but they don't know whether it is because they don't understand the meaning of the "three cardinal guides" or what. Ban Gu led the Li Weihan literati and said, "Your master is Zhang Ye." The explanation of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is even more thorough. "The user has a discipline, a program, and its discipline is cited by the public." Generally speaking, the outline is the general rope that ties the fishing net. If you want to lift the fishing net, just lift the ordinary rope, which is very thorough. Its origin is very early, "Shi Ya Pu Pu": "Tracing its chapter is rich in gold and jade. Encourage my king and be strict with yourself. " "Zuo Zhuan Xiang Gong Twenty-one Years": "What the husband does, the people return." "Book of Rites and Music": "If you are good, I will be good." It is precisely because the Three Cardinals are so natural that many pre-Qin philosophers formulated their thoughts according to this principle, and many Confucian thoughts were also based on this principle. For example, according to the Analects of Confucius, Confucius said, "His body is upright and he doesn't make it; His body is not right, although he does not obey. " "If you are honest, what about politics? Can't you be honest and act like an honest man? " Mencius said, "The monarch is ruthless, the monarch is righteous, the monarch is righteous, and the state is determined." Put forward "right and wrong in Ge Jun's heart." "The Punishment of Widowhood" means that you and your husband should make a good program and set a good example. "Confucius' Family Language" said: "The person above is also the appearance of the people. If the form is positive, what is the problem? "Han Shi Zhuan Volume 5": "Jun is the source of the people, the source is clear, and the source is turbid. "Xunzi Zuozuo records that Confucius is Scott. Confucius ignored a father to sue his son for three months, and the father dropped the lawsuit. Hearing this, Ji Sun cursed Confucius and said, "This old man lied to me. He used to tell me to govern the country with filial piety, but now I don't kill that unfilial son. You Ran, a servant of Ji Sun and a disciple of Confucius, told Confucius that Confucius said, "If you lose something, kill it. How can it be? "I think the people are guilty", but the crime is not in the people. "Whether this story is true or not, it at least shows Xunzi's attitude, and its premise is that" the monarch is a minister ". Zhu said: "if the human heart is right, everything in the world will be right;" "Nothing in the world is right when people are not right." It is also based on the premise that you are a minister. Therefore, what Confucianism derives from the Three Cardinals is to limit the monarchy, that is, to ask the king to follow the Tao. Because Confucianism, in Xunzi's words, means "following the Tao instead of following the monarch", and the Tao is in the monarch, so it follows the Tao, not from the monarch, but from the Tao. What if you don't follow the Tao, that is, you are not a good "program"? That is, Mencius said: "The monarch regards the minister as dirt, and the minister regards him as an enemy." Mozi also has the theoretical presupposition that "the monarch is the minister". Mozi knew that people would be skeptical about his idea of "universal love" In order to prove its feasibility, he cited three examples, namely, King Chu Ling had a thin waist, so everyone ate less, and the King Yue was brave, so everyone was willing to die. Jin Wengong had a good suit, so he came to the conclusion that "those who have substance in words should be advised to enjoy their reputation and be threatened by punishment." I think people love each other and love each other. "

Let's talk about the loyalty of Confucianism. Loyalty does not mean loyalty to someone. As mentioned earlier, Xunzi said, "By the way, it's not suitable for you", so what does "loyalty" mean? Ceng Zi said: "The way of a master is loyalty and forgiveness." Zhu said in "Notes to Four Books": "Doing one's best is loyalty, and urging oneself is forgiveness." It can be said that it is not published. In other words, doing what you should do is loyalty, which has its ideological origin. "Zuo Zhuan Huan Gong Six Years" Liang Ji said: "Think of the people and be loyal." "Zuo AD" Zhao Meng said, "Don't forget your country when you are in danger, be loyal to the monarch." "Ten Years of Zuo Zhuan and Zhuang Gong" Cao Gui praised Lu Zhuanggong's "small prison, although it can't be observed, it must be treated with affection." Belongs to loyalty. You can see the connotation of "being true to yourself".

Some people say that Confucianism discriminates against women and values men over women. It's a joke. The so-called "one yin and one yang" is the Tao. Only by reconciling Yin and Yang Can can the world be stable, the Yang will be heavy and the Yin will be light. The disharmony between Yin and Yang will inevitably lead to chaos in the world. Therefore, the Yuan of Gan Kun is praised, and Guan Ju is the head of the Book of Songs, while the Spring and Autumn Annals values the princess more than people. On the contrary, Mohism criticized the Confucian greeting ceremony in Mo Zi Fei Ru, thinking that it "subverted the upper and lower levels and rebelled against parents." Three programs of "University" are put forward: to be well-known, to be close to the people and to stop at perfection.

At the beginning of "University", it said: "The way of a university is to show virtue, to be close to the people, and to stop at perfection." This is what later generations call the "three programs" of universities. The so-called "mingde" is the mingde that promotes people's innate endowment. The so-called "being close to the people" means letting people abandon the old and seek the new, and go from evil to good. The "pro" and "new" here are innovation, abandoning the old and drawing new pictures. The so-called "stop at the best" is to achieve the best state of Confucian feudal ethics. "A gentleman stops at benevolence, a minister stops at respect, a son stops at filial piety, a father stops at kindness, and making friends with Chinese people stops at faith." This is the educational planning and training goal put forward by the university. Three-character classics: three cardinal guides, monarch and minister, father and son, husband and wife.

Confucianism's "three cardinal guides" is actually another summary of Mencius' "five ethics" of "father and son are blind, monarch and minister are righteous, husband and wife are different, young and old are orderly, and friends are trustworthy". The loyalty of monarch and minister, the affinity of father and son, and the harmony of husband and wife in the Three Cardinal Programmes, that is, the loyalty of monarch and minister, the filial piety of father and son, and the harmony of husband and wife, is actually the embodiment of the thought of "benevolence". Refers to the three positions in the temple that command the public and maintain the outline track. That is, the main hall, the main hall and the temple.

This is a professional title from India. In a big temple with dozens or hundreds of monks, these three positions are set up for the convenience of running temple affairs, but not every temple has this title. Sthavira refers to the monks who maintain virtue. Vihara-svamin is responsible for the construction and management of the main hall. (A Brief History of Monks says that the name of Brahma is Sitina, and the owner of the temple is Momodi. ) Tsuina is abbreviated as Vena, and Brahma is called karma-dana, which is also translated as the second place to teach and please the public; The main duties are: to teach the public daily affairs according to the temple rules.

On the volume "Biography of Monks Seeking Dharma in Western Regions", the situation of Nalanduo Temple in China is described, with moire (Dazheng 5 1.5c):

However, in the temple, the oldest person is the Lord, regardless of his virtue. Every night all the doors and keys are sealed, and they will be paid to the upper seats, not to mention the temple owner and Na Wei. However, the name of the person who built the temple is the temple owner, and Brahma is like Rosa. If you are in charge of the temple gate and work with monks for nothing, your name is Vikhoro Polo, which translates to protecting the temple. If you are a child and a food supervisor, it's called Karmatona, which translates as teaching and a little bit. The monk has something to say to them, to protect the temple. Before going to patrol and confess a person, everyone should hold hands and spread out their things. If a person doesn't allow it, nothing can be done. There is no way to grasp the truth by beating the gavel in front of everyone. If you see it, you are not allowed to reason it out. If you don't insist, there will be pressure. Wang Qi quoted "The Name of Translation": "The temple has three basic instructions: the throne, the vein and the Canon."

Tang Li Bai's Preface to Ode to the Buddha Peak in Chongming Temple and Victory over Dalagni Mansion: "The three cardinal guides are all poor, which is beneficial to Zhan Qing." As for when the system of three cardinals was established in China, we can't know in detail. According to the volume of Translation of Names, Sui established this system. However, it is said that before this, Liang Wudi used Fayun as the temple master and founded the Buddhist system. In 648, the 22nd year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang was appointed as the seat of Ji 'ang Temple. In the second year of Xianqing (657), Ximing Temple was completed, with Daoxuan as the seat, Shentai as the temple owner and Huai Su as Na Wei. It can be seen that the temples in the Tang Dynasty set up a third class to manage monks and nuns.

In other words, the system of the Three Cardinals and the Five Permanent Members seems to have existed since the Yao and Qin Dynasties. But in later generations, the names of the three classes were slightly different. For example, the History of Buddhism is forty-one, and the temple owner, governor and Na Wei are third-class; The first volume of The Collection of Translated Names is divided into three categories: Seated, Na Wei and Canon.

◎ Attachment: Lan Jifu's "On the History of Buddhism in the Sui Dynasty and the Responsibilities of Temples in the Sui Dynasty"

Regarding the personnel institutions attached to monasteries, Wang Chang in Qing Dynasty once summarized the rubbings of statues and inscriptions he obtained, and * * * got more than ten kinds of monasteries from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty. On Jin Cui Shi, Volume 39, An Introduction to Statues and Monuments in the Northern Dynasties;

There are more than 100 kinds of rubbings of Chang, from the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty. (omitted) Its temple posts are called Shang He, Bhikkhu, Bhikuni, Trina, Na Wei, Dianlu, Dianzuo, Xiang, Mantuo, Duyiyina, Yiyina, Hangweina, Left and Right Boxvina, and Left and Right Boxes Xiang. It has too many names. "

According to the inscriptions or statues in Wang's Collection of Scholars and Lu Zengxiang's Supplement to Scholars in Baqiong Room, temples in Sui Dynasty can be divided into two categories. One kind is monks, such as temple master, viceroy, judge shaman, Chuna (the word "autumn" in the inscription is often engraved as "autumn"), equal shaman, Zhengding shaman, city teacher and so on. Secondly, the laymen are Trina, Na Wei, Yifa, Dianzuo, Dianlu and Ying Si laymen. Among them, Na Wei is one of the three principles in temples (temple master, attendance and Na Wei). From the inscriptions or statues, we can know that the temples in Na Wei in the Sui Dynasty could serve both monks and customs.

The temple master (Dojo master) is in charge of the whole temple affairs, and his responsibilities can be imagined. There are two types of temple owners: folk temples and government temples. The former is the host of a folk temple. The latter is the host of the inner Dojo or official temple established by each state. Most of the temple owners and important temple posts in government temples were appointed by the emperor. According to the "Continued Biography of Monks", some important temple posts held by the Sui emperor are as follows:

As can be seen from the above table, most important temple posts in official temples are held by emperors. However, some of them were recommended by monks. "Continued Biography of Monks" Volume 24 "Biography of Mingshan" said (Dazheng 50.633a):' (Emperor Yang) ordered (Mingshan) to live in Zen (Temple) and worship virtue. The public insisted on supporting the correct color, did not avoid the powerful royal family, and elevated it to the position of governor. Arrange the monk's affairs and prepare the time. "

┌───┬───────┬────────┐

Number of monks │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │ │

├───┼───────┼────────┤

│△ Kuang Hui │ Master of Daxing National Temple │ Ten biographies │

│△ Bao Gong │ Zen Dojo Master │ Volume 11 Biography │

│△ Innocence │ Great Zen Dojo Master │ Volume 12 Biography │

│△ Linggan │ Seating of the Grand Meditation Dojo │ Volume 12 Biography │

│△ Yin Hui │ Meditation, Governor Seats │ Volume 13, Biography │.

│△ Fazang │ Taiping Palace Seats │ Volume 19 Biography │

│△ Fa Yuan │ Bing Daxing Temple Master │ Volume 21 Biography │

│△ Juelang │ Great Meditation Dojo Master │ Volume 21 Biography │

└───┴───────┴────────┘

In the temples at that time, besides the temple owner and Na Wei, there were other important temple posts, such as the position of governor, shaman of judges or equal shaman, and their positions were also quite important. The governor's seat seems to be the manager of monk affairs in the temple. In addition to the previous Biography of Mingshan, Volume 13 Biography of Yin Hui of the Continued Biography of Monks also contains (Dazheng 50.522b):' Zen Temple began in Renshou for three years. (omitted) (Yin Hui) is regarded as the seat of the governor. Disciplining Zen, inducing it smoothly, and clarifying the authority of Buddhism, Buddhism, ethics and affairs. "

Judge shaman and equal shaman are both law enforcement monks in the temple. The duty is to judge monks who break the law. Miscellaneous Staff in A Brief History of Monks (Dazheng 54.245a) reads: "In the Sui Dynasty, there was Hongzun (the original text was a legal guide, revised according to the biography of Hongzun, which was continued by monks). ) specialize in law. Since the Lord of the Northern Qi Dynasty respected the law, those who broke the law were ordered to obey it, so that they could become shamans. In the name of breaking things, Shuntong (later promoted to reunification) began. " Continue the Biography of Zhi Lin (Dazheng 50.504a):' In the 16th year of Ming Emperor's reign, Lihaiyouqu (Zhi Lin) was the final decision and Gang Wei was the imperial edict.'

The status of equal shaman is the same as that of judge shaman. The Biography of Tan Yan (Dazheng 50.489b):' I once again worship (extend) as an equal Samana. Anyone who has committed a criminal offence will cry for it. "

This is an important temple post, and other items are not described because of lack of literature.