Seeking/kloc-introduction of French writers' works in the 0 th and 9 th centuries

Author: (France) André Maurois

Completion time: 1954.

Victor hugo (1802-1885) was the most outstanding French writer and political activist in the 9th century. He is famous in the literary world for his famous literary works such as Notre Dame de Paris, Les Miserables and 1993, but his influence goes far beyond the literary world. In several revolutions in France from 65438 to 2009, he was a leader deeply loved by the people. 1885, after Hugo died, the French government held a state funeral for him, and 2 million people spontaneously attended the funeral. People use "an empty lane" to describe the grand occasion at that time. In French history, Hugo was the only writer who was solemnly commemorated by the government and deeply mourned by ordinary people. Until today, Hugo is still a figure admired by people. 1952, on the occasion of Hugo's birthday150th anniversary, the World Peace Council announced that he was one of the four famous people commemorated by the whole world that year. From 65438 to 0985, UNESCO designated that year as "Hugo Year". Hugo's fame spread to almost every corner of the world.

Victor hugo lived for 83 years, almost the whole19th century. His life is full of romance and fighting atmosphere. The Biography of Hugo by André Maurois, a contemporary French writer, shows us the whole picture of this great man. It not only introduces Hugo's literary creation activities in various periods in detail, but also describes his family life and emotional entanglements with a lot of pen and ink, as well as his transformation from royalist to liberal and socialist.

The political process of the transformation of radicals, democrats and * * * pacifists. Readers seem to be in the changing situation of France in the19th century, and go in and out of all walks of life with Hugo, from which they can appreciate Hugo's strong inner feelings and have a more real understanding of themselves.

The author of this book, André Maurois, is a famous French biographer. He skillfully combined novels with historical facts and wrote a series of biographies of politicians and writers, such as Shelley, chateaubriand and Balzac. Hugo Biography is the most difficult and successful biography in his opinion. Among contemporary Hugo biographies, Mo Luoya's works are the most striking. This biography has the characteristics of appealing to both refined and popular tastes, and it was highly praised by experts soon after it came out. After reading this biography of Hugo, Henrio, an academician of the French Academy, sighed: "Thanks to Mo Luoya, I was immersed in Hugo's eight days, as if I were immersed in the sea." For Hugo's researchers, such detailed background information in books is rare; Even ordinary readers will be attracted by its strong plot. Therefore, this biography of Hugo is a good book worth reading.

abstract

1802 On February 26th, Victor Hugo came to earth. Father Leopold Hugo was an officer in the French Revolution, and mother Sophie Trey Boucher was the daughter of a captain. Hugo was very weak at birth. He has a big head and a small body, and his crying is weak. The midwife didn't think he would live. However, due to Sophie's stubbornness, victor hugo Jr. miraculously survived. He is the youngest child, so his parents love him very much.

Protect and take care of him.

Hugo's father, who fought abroad all the year round, couldn't help flirting; While her mother Sophie was in Paris, she had an unusual friendship with her close friend Ollie when she was young. The gap between their husband and wife is deepening. Finally, at 18 14, the relationship between the two people broke down completely. Sophie asked for a separation, while Leopold just wanted a divorce. He took advantage of patriarchy to take his children out of the house and send them to boarding schools in Cordie and Decote in the name of strengthening discipline. I also told the Guardian that children are absolutely forbidden to see their mothers.

Victor and his brothers live in a dark and cold school. However, his strong interest in poetry was cultivated by his mother earlier, not only did it not weaken, but it became stronger. He used his spare time to write a lot of poems with considerable level. 18 17 On New Year's Day, 15-year-old Victor took part in the poetry competition organized by the French Academy and won the ninth place. The genius began to make his mark in poetry. His poems won three consecutive prizes and he was hired as a young academician of Toulouse College of Paris University. Even the famous poet chateaubriand was deeply impressed by Victor.

When his mother recovered from pneumonia, Victor began his first love for Miss Adele. Adele is the dry goods of Hugo's friend Fu Xie and his wife, who married Victor a long time ago. After Victor graduated from a boarding school in semi-imprisonment. I saw my long-lost sweetheart again. The two secretly tryst and privately booked for life. This matter was finally known by Victor's mother, who expressed her firm opposition, because she felt that Victor had a bright future and should not be bound by his family so early.

1821June, Victor's strong mother died. Victor was deeply saddened by his mother's death, but he didn't give up his pursuit of Adele. Finally, with the consent of Mr. Fu Xie and his father, Victor officially married Adele on June 1822+00. However, newly-married Hugo never slackened off in his literary creation. He is the author of a collection of poems, Ode to Poetry and Others, and a novel, The Devil in Iceland. King Louis Stanislas Xavier admired Hugo very much and decided to give him an annual salary of 2,000 francs, so that Hugo would not have to worry about his livelihood.

Hugo became a frequent visitor to the romantic salon, where he often recited his works to his friends. 1827 Hugo wrote the drama Cromwell, which tells the story of Cromwell, the British bourgeois leader in the 7th century. In order to express his romantic thoughts, Hugo wrote a long preface. The preface to Cromwell became the platform and banner of romantics, which triggered a big debate between French romantics and classicists at that time. Soon, Hugo's famous poetic drama Ainani premiered in the French theater. This work attracted the abuse and attack of the classical school, but the romantic school fully defended it, and the two factions actually fought at the beginning of the poetic drama performance. Surprisingly, as the play went on, the noise became less and less, because everyone was deeply shocked by the sensational plot. Ainani was a great success, and it was still full after forty or fifty performances.

1830, the people of Paris were disturbed by the rumble of the "July Revolution". However, Hugo stayed at home and buried himself in writing the first draft of Notre Dame de Paris. After 1 year's efforts, this long masterpiece was finally published. It immediately attracted wide attention from all walks of life, and people praised it as "Shakespeare-style work" and "medieval epic", and all kinds of praises came from all directions.

1840, Hugo finally passed the election and became his dream academician of the French Academy. However, Hugo suffered a double blow from his creation and family: the castle guard he wrote for his lover, actress Juliet, was completely destroyed; His eldest daughter, Leo Pottina, fell into the water and died while spending the weekend with her husband. The death of my beloved daughter left a wound in Hugo's heart that will never heal.

1844, Hugo was appointed president of the French Academy. He is closely related to a young woman Leoni who is 65,438+08 years younger than him. Soon, they were all caught by Leonie's bitter husband, which caused an uproar in Paris. Hugo had to hide in his old lover Juliet, where he began to conceive and write the novel Les Miserables.

1848, Hugo participated in the "February Revolution" of the people of Paris and was elected as a member of the Parliament of the Second Republic of France. At this time, Napoleon's nephew louis bonaparte took the opportunity to participate in the presidential election of the Republic of China. His sweet words won the support of most lawmakers, including Hugo, and finally came to power. But soon his ambition to restore monarchy was exposed. Hugo turned to the left from the right who supported Bonaparte. He discussed and mobilized the people in Paris against the monarchy with other parliamentarians. However, before he could act, he was brutally suppressed by Bonaparte's army.

Hugo fled to Brussels, Belgium. During his exile, he finally finished Les Miserables, which had been shelved for many years. After the novel came out, it received an unprecedented social response, and people in the street were talking about it. The fate of the protagonists Jean Valjean and Fantine has become the focus of attention. Hugo also thinks that this novel represents the peak of his creation.

Time is ruthless, Hugo is old. However, he still maintains a strong creative energy, the source of ideas has never dried up, and his pen is still trekking thousands of miles every day. As soon as he came to his desk, Hugo seemed to have youthful vitality again. He has successively completed william shakespeare, Marine Labor and other works. At the same time, his beloved wife Adele left him because of a heart attack. Hugo recalled his affection with Adele in those days, and all his five internal organs burned, from which his sorrow came. ,

1870, Hugo finally returned to Paris after leaving his motherland for many years. Unfortunately, at that time, civil riots in Paris and repression by government forces broke out one after another. Hugo couldn't understand the revolutionary action of the Paris Commune, and couldn't stand the rebellion and betrayal of the French government and the crazy slaughter of the rebels by the government forces. He left Paris again. On a quiet island, Hugo officially began to write his last novel "Jiu San". In the last few years of his life, although Hugo is old, he still participates in various activities in the literary and art circles and political circles as always, and his passion is undiminished.

1885 On May 22nd, Hugo finally passed away, and the French people held a grand funeral for him. /kloc-a superstar in the 0/9th century has fallen, but his brilliance will always illuminate the whole world.

This book was written by romain rolland.

Whose Biography, also known as Biography of the Giant, was a famous French critical realist writer, musician, novelist, playwright and social activist from the end of 65438 to the beginning of the 20th century. Written by Roland, he collected three biographies of heroes: Beethoven, Tolstoy and Michelangelo.

The three men in Biography, although one is a musician, one is a sculptor and one is a novelist, have their own gardens. All three biographies focus on recording great geniuses. On the journey of life, they devoted their lives to seeking truth and justice and created immortal masterpieces that can express truth, goodness and beauty.

3: Dumas

Dumas (1824- 1895) is a French novelist and playwright. Representative works include La Traviata, Three Strong Men, Diana de Liss, Mr Alphonse, Denisa and so on. He is the illegitimate son of writer Dumas and the same seamstress. Dumas didn't admit that he was his son until he was seven years old, but he still refused to admit that his mother was his wife. The life experience of an illegitimate child made Dumas ridiculed by the world in his childhood and adolescence. As an adult, I deeply felt that the debauchery of French capitalist society caused many people who were insulted and hurt like their mother and son, and decided to change social morality through literature. He once said: "Any literature is morbid and unsound if it does not aim at the perfection of morality, ideals and interests." This is the basic guiding ideology of his literary creation. The discussion of bourgeois social morality runs through his literary creation. The painful family environment had a profound impact on Dumas' life, so most of his later literary creations focused on discussing social and moral issues. 1848, Dumas published La Traviata, which became famous. 1852, he adapted it into a play of the same name, which was a great success, so he began his drama creation. .

My best work is you. This is a joke told by the famous French writer Dumas to his son Dumas.

◆ A story: I don't want to sit on my father's shoulder and pick apples.

At first, the manuscripts sent by Dumas always hit a wall. His father said to Dumas, "If you can attach a short message to the editor with the manuscript, or just say' I am Dumas son', maybe things will be much better." Dumas stubbornly said, "No, I don't want to sit on your shoulder and pick apples. The apples picked in this way have no taste. " Young Dumas not only refused to use his father's fame as a stepping stone to his career, but also quietly gave himself more than a dozen aliases of other surnames. After the publication of his novel La Traviata, he finally shocked a senior editor with his wonderful creativity and excellent writing style. It was not until later that the editor learned that the author was Dumas' little-known son, Dumas, that he asked doubtfully, "Why didn't you sign your real name on the manuscript?" . Dumas said: "I just want to have a real height."

◆ Two comments: The choice of history is stricter and fairer than that of some people.

On February 2 1875 and February 2 1 day, Dumas was elected to the French Academy of Sciences with a majority of 22 votes and became an "immortal" figure. The title of academician of French Academy of Sciences was the highest honor at that time. Dumas is much luckier than his father and Balzac in this respect. The two of them struggled all their lives and never crossed the threshold of the Academy of Sciences. But the choice of history is stricter and fairer than that of some people. Now probably no one will compare Dumas with Dumas, let alone Balzac. Hugo thinks Dumas is a genius, and Dumas is just talented. This comment is correct, but incomplete.

-more keen to stay in your own small world.

Dumas' name is closely related to La Traviata. La Traviata is his masterpiece, and his novels and scripts are very touching. Unfortunately, Dumas did not expand his creative path and broaden his horizons on this basis. On the contrary, she takes La Traviata as a sample and is keen on writing her own little world. Plus, he can't see through the essence of things, and only writes moral issues from a moral point of view. This makes his works lack depth and breadth, especially in the later period.

Besides La Traviata, he wrote two novels and more than a dozen plays in his life. These works are almost all about the marriage and family problems of the upper class or semi-upper class. Some of these works are obviously autobiographical. La Traviata recreates his love affair with Mary Du Pulei. The careers of beaded wives Diana de Lise and Kerry Duhamel Du Monceau are basically based on his pursuit of Lydia. "bastard" is about your own life.

-Became a moralist after becoming famous.

Another content of his works is to criticize the corruption of life morality. Show sympathy for women who have been cheated and abandoned. This is undoubtedly related to his life experience. Dumas always stood by his mother in the struggle between Dumas and Katrina. He has always expressed deep sympathy for his mother's misfortune. These ideas are reflected in plays, such as the views of Mrs Aubrey, Mr alphonse and Denisa.

Dumas became a moralist after he became famous. There is a didactic role in the play. For example, Delean in Friends of Women knows everything and becomes the director of women's life.

In a word, in the end, Dumas' creative theme is narrow, and this "true height" is limited to moral issues such as marriage, family, unfair relationship between men and women. As Ferdinand Brunais Thier pointed out: "At a certain age, or more accurately, after achieving certain achievements, many writers isolate themselves from the world around them, stop observing and only look at themselves. They ended Goethe's "learning era" and indulged in fantasy. ..... However, fantasy cannot fly in a vacuum. ..... What does the overlord on the stage know when he matures? Just the literary world and the upper class. This is just a trivial part of Paris, just a sinful and elegant upper class. In this small world, the literary works created by writers can't be anything else, just a list of pathological events ... there can't be any really healthy and really simple literature. " "True feelings revealed" —— Dumas and La Traviata

Stories about famous prostitutes circulated in history seem to be found in all countries, such as Su Xiaoxiao in China and Li in Nanjing, while in France, there are several La Traviata.

La Traviata embodies eternal love.

1in September, 844, Dumas fell in love with Marie Duplessis, a famous Parisian prostitute. Mary was born in poverty, lived in Paris and was forced into prostitution. She cherishes Dumas sincere love, but in order to make a living, she still has to keep in touch with rich old people. Dumas angrily wrote a dear John letter to travel abroad. Dumas 1847 returned to China and learned that Mary, who was only 23 years old, was no longer alive. When she was seriously ill, all her former suitors abandoned her, and only two people were buried after her death! After the auction of her relics, she paid off her debts and gave the rest to a poor niece on condition that the heir never came to Paris! Dumas was deeply shocked by the tragedy of real life. Full of regret and thinking, he imprisoned himself in the suburbs, closed the door and began his creative journey. A year later, La Traviata, which embodies eternal love, came out. At this time, Dumas was only 24 years old.

La Traviata truly and vividly describes the story of a young girl who is as pure and beautiful as white camellia in appearance and heart. Margaret, the hero, is a country girl and looks very beautiful. She came to Paris to make a living and unfortunately became a prostitute. Amang, a rich boy, loved her sincerely, which aroused her yearning for love life. But armand's father opposed the marriage and forced her to leave armand. Armand didn't know the truth, looked for opportunities to humiliate her, and finally let her die of poverty and illness. The artistic expression of the work is unique and novel. In organizing the plot, narrative tracing, supplementary narrative, flashback and other techniques are used, which are varied and vivid. The suspense setting is too exciting for people to let go. In particular, the works are full of rich lyrical colors and tragic atmosphere, with touching artistic charm.

The success of La Traviata is undoubtedly great.

It is said that La Traviata caused a sensation throughout the country as soon as it was published, although the upper class angrily criticized that exaggerating the life of prostitutes was "lewd, depraved" and "low-level". But more people are conquered by real and touching stories. The tragic fate of Margaret, the prostitute, the wailing of the soul and the heartfelt regret of Armand, the protagonist, strongly touched the readers' heartstrings and made people "fly by".

Dumas became famous in one fell swoop. He adapted the novel into a play. 1852 staged a five-act drama La Traviata. The theater was full and empty. When Dumas told his father in Belgium that La Traviata was a great success, he wrote in the telegram: "The grand occasion on the first day of the performance was enough to make people mistake it for your work." Father immediately called back: "My best work is you, son!" " "

Dumas debut La Traviata is undoubtedly a great success. Although Dumas later published countless excellent problem dramas, and now there are few fans, this work is enough to make him as famous as Dumas. La Traviata may not win a good evaluation for Dumas in social morality, but it does make the author immortal after his death. Dumas, which people talk about, constitutes a rare spectacle of "father and son with two walls" in the history of French literature and even in the history of world literature.

La Traviata was later adapted into an opera, composed by Verdi, a famous Italian musician, with far-reaching influence. Soon, both scripts and novels quickly crossed national boundaries and spread to European countries. It took the lead in bringing a prostitute wandering in the upper class into the center of literary description, and created the series of "Suffering Girls" in French literature. However, his concern about the social problem of love depravity had a far-reaching impact on the emergence of European realistic novels and the rise of realistic custom dramas in the second half of the19th century.

La Traviata is also the first western literary masterpiece introduced to China. 1897, the famous translator Lin Shu introduced it to China. At that time, it was translated into The Legacy of La Traviata, which produced a great response of "pity a roll of La Traviata, destroying the soul" and was deeply loved by our people. 1907, Japanese students studying in China organized the "Spring Willow Society" and adapted the novel into a script, which was first publicly staged in Tokyo, Japan. This performance also marks the beginning of China's drama.