Hot information

The pinyin of hot is rè, and its basic meaning is high temperature. It can be extended to mean noisy, lively, affectionate, and very popular or popular.

Re Traditional Chinese character: 热

Pinyin: rè Pinyin: ㄖㄜˋ

Simplified radical: 灬, strokes outside the radical: 6, total strokes: 10

Traditional radical: fire

Wuba 86amp; 98: RVYO Cangjie: QIF Zheng code: DQSU

Heat

热rè

〈Shape〉

⑴ (Phonetic. The traditional Chinese character Cong埶 (yì) comes from fire, and 埶 also sounds. "埶" means "drying balls on high soil". "Huo" means "heating". The combination of "fire" and "埶" means "to fully heat an object on a plateau". Original meaning: to heat an object while being close to the sun. Escape: to heat an object. )

⑵ Same as the original meaning. Opposite of "cold" [hot]

Hot, warm. From the fire, the sound of Shao. ——Xu Shen of the Eastern Han Dynasty, "Shuowen"

The lungs are very afraid of heat. ——"Su Wen·Wuchang Chang Da Lun"

Warmth, coldness and heat have to be rescued. ——"Han Feizi Youdu"

Like water getting deeper, like fire getting hotter - "Mencius · King Hui of Liang"

Between the servants and horses in the stable,... That is, the hunger, cold, poison, and heat are unbearable and will not go away. ——Ming Dynasty Zongchen's "Book of Reporting to Liu Yizhang"

This is not hot for those who are near, but cool for those who are far away. ——"Liezi·Tangwen"

⑶ Another example: hot weather; hot cauldron (hot pot); heat wave; blazing hot; boiling hot; fiery heat

⑷ Full of enthusiasm; warm-hearted [enthusiastic] . Such as: Remang (hot python. Feelings are too passionate to control); hot air for cold air (good intentions are not rewarded); hot combination (enthusiastic)

⑸ Powerful, powerful [with power and influence] . Such as: Reguan (a powerful official); Reshi (prominent power); Recuocuo (powerful and prominent appearance); Redi (a metaphor for a place with prominent power)

⑹ To describe extreme envy [envious ]. Such as: hot eyes (eager gaze); hot thoughts (eager wishes)

⑺ New; recent [new]. Such as: Hot words (dialect. New topic); Hot corpse (the corpse of a recently deceased person. Refers to the recently deceased)

⑻ Deep affection [ardent; discovered]. Such as: hot-hearted (reluctant to leave); hot-hearted (warm-hearted); hot words (enthusiastic, intimate words)

⑼ noisy; lively [noisy]. Such as: hot chaos (noisy; chaotic); hot noise (describing lively and noisy); lively place (busy place)

⑽ Intimate [intimate]. Such as: Reluan (intimacy, affection); Rehuo (intimacy); Reluo (intimacy); Hotu (intimacy); Rezui (verbal affection); Reluo (intimacy; warmth)

⑾ Very popular or popular [be acceptable; be well received].

Such as: hot goods; hot

Edit the part of speech changes in this paragraph

hot

n.--heat

adj.--hot

Edit common phrases in this paragraph

◎White hot

1200℃~1500℃　

◎Red hot

500℃~1200℃

◎Red hot

lt; 500℃

◎ 爱rè'ài

[ardently love; have deep love for] Describe the degree of love that is very deep

Love people

Fever rèbìng

[fever] In traditional Chinese medicine, it refers to an acute attack, mainly characterized by fever Symptoms

Hot patching rèbǔ

[hot patching] refers to repairing the hot refractory lining in the furnace, usually by spraying paste refractory material

热热rècháng

[warmheartedness] Enthusiastic; willing to help others

热热rècháo

⑴ [upsurge]: passionate heart surge

Concern The current upsurge in teaching quality

⑵ [vigorous mass campaign]: Describes a vibrant and vigorous situation

Set off a craze for mass physical exercise

Hot-selling rèchǎo-rèmài

[teach what someone just learn] is a metaphor for using what you just learned to teach others

My basic skills are not good, so every day in class is a hot sale

◎ Zeal rèchén

⑴ [zeal]: Enthusiasm; Enthusiasm; Enthusiasm; The excitement and urgency to support someone or a goal; Positive enthusiasm reaching the level of fanaticism

Revolution Enthusiasm

⑵ [warmheartedness]: the quality or state of being enthusiastic, generous, sincere or compassionate

Extreme enthusiasm for comrades and people

Warm rèchéng

⑴ [warm and sincere; cordial]: warm and sincere

Warm welcome

⑵ [ardent sincerity]: warm sincerity

What it expresses is the enthusiasm of an art apprentice.

——Lu Xun's "Second Collection of Qiejieting Essays"

Heat treatment rèchǔlǐ

[heat-treat] Use heating and cooling to treat (such as metal) to produce the required properties (Such as hardness or ductility)

Heat conduction rèchuándǎo

⑴ [heat conduction]

⑵ Heat is transferred from one part of the medium to another part, and the medium is not visible Movement, and thermal energy is transferred between molecules

⑶ Thermal energy flows through matter from high-temperature area to low-temperature area

⑷ [thermal conduction]: Using conduction ( For example, heat energy transfer through the bottom of a kettle

Tropical rèdài

[the Tropics] The area between the south and north Tropics of Cancer on both sides of the equator

Tropical storms

Thermal conductance rèdǎo

[thermal conductance] The heat transmitted through a certain material divided by the temperature difference between the two surfaces of the material, similar to the conductance in electricity

Heat island rèdǎo

[heat island] An urban area that absorbs and retains much more heat (eg due to buildings and streets) than the surrounding area

heats up quickly rèdekuài

[liquids electric heater] Common name for liquid electric heater. Can cook simple food

hot spot rèdiǎn

⑴ [hot spot]

⑵ In physics, it refers to a place where the temperature is higher than the surrounding environment

⑶ Things that attract widespread attention

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has become a hot topic of discussion

⑷ Areas that are fiercely contested or the focus of debates

Thermoelectricity rèdiàn

⑴ [pyroelectricity]

⑵ Thermoelectric phenomenon; the charging of various crystals due to temperature changes

Thermoelectric effect

⑶ Thermoelectricity Science; a branch of science that discusses thermoelectric phenomena

⑷ [thermoelectricity]: thermoelectricity, the electricity involved in thermoelectric phenomena; specifically refers to the electricity accumulated by thermoelectricity or the electricity that moves it

⑸ That is, thermal power generation

◎ Thermal power plant rèdiànchǎng

[thermo-eletric plant] A fire-powered power plant that supplies electricity and heat

◎ Heat rèdù

⑴ [degree of heat]: The degree of heat

The heat required to burn various substances is different

⑵ [temperature]: Body temperature

Has your heat gone down?

◎ Hot wind rèfēng

[hot wind] A general term for wind characterized by high heat and low relative humidity, such as in summer deserts Regional wind or extreme foehn, also refers to wind that feels warm

◎ Hot compress rèfū

[stupe] Use a moist hot hand towel (sometimes with medicine) for external application to stimulate local blood Circulation

turpentine hot compress

◎ Heat radiation rèfúshè

[heat radiation] The energy radiated in the form of electromagnetic waves produced by solids, liquids and gases due to their temperature.

The higher the temperature, the stronger the radiation

◎ Hot dog règǒu

[hot dog] is an American simple food, with hot sausage, sauerkraut, mustard oil, etc. sandwiched in the middle of the bread. It’s named because it looks like a dog sticking out its tongue and blowing out air

◎ boiling règǔngǔn

[boiling hot] The temperature of water, airflow, etc. is very high

◎ Hot pot cooking règuō-chǎocài

[ready] is a metaphor for using ready-made conditions to do things

You are just cooking in a hot pot, it is too convenient

◎ Ants on the hot pot règuōshàng mǎyǐ

[ants on a hot pan] is a metaphor for being anxious, confused and at a loss

Zhao was as anxious as an ant on a hot pan behind the screen. ——"The Scholars"

◎ Thermonuclear reaction rèhé fǎnyìng

[thermonuclear reaction] The nuclei of light elements produce huge movements at extremely high temperatures and collide with each other, eventually fusion The process of forming another type of atomic nucleus

Thermonuclear reactor

◎ rèhōnghōng

[very warm] describes a very hot furnace

The fire is very strong and the room is very hot

◎ 热热rèhu

⑴ [nice and warm]: warm

The food is still hot

⑵ [affectionate]: affectionate; intimate

⑶ [hot]: still hot. Metaphor for being extremely powerful

◎ 热热rèhūhū

⑴ [warm] Kind, sincere, sympathetic or affectionate

Feeling warm in the heart

⑵ Also known as "heating"

◎ 热火rèhuǒ

⑴ [lively]: lively, lively, enthusiastic

The labor competition in our factory is really hot

⑵ [flame]: burn a fire; blazing flames

⑶ [affectionate]: make out

◎ in full swing rèhuǒ -cháotiān

[buzzing with activity] Describes the vigorous development of mass work or movements and the enthusiastic atmosphere

The enthusiastic movement to join the army

◎ 热和rèhuo

⑴ [heat]: hot. Refers to the temperature of objects

⑵ [intimate]: intimacy

It was very warm when the two met

◎ 热机rèjī

[heat engine] A general term for various machines that convert thermal energy into mechanical energy, such as internal combustion engines, etc.

◎ Hot working rèjiāgōng

[hot-work] Rolling, forging, and pressing while the metal is hot or take shape

◎ 热气, 热动 rèjìn, rèjìnr

[warm feeling] warm feeling

When two people meet, there is that warmth Don’t mention it

◎ Thermal diffusion rèkuòsàn

[thermal diffusion] Thermal noun.

Refers to the spread of heat energy

◎ rèkuáng

[fanatical] fanatical

◎ 热 spicy rèlàlà

⑴ [burning hot]∶ Describes that the weather is very hot, as if it is burning

The weather is hot and the heart is burning

⑵ [be excited]: Describes the excitement

◎ Heat wave rèlàng

⑴ [heat wave or hot wave]

⑵ Intense heat

⑶ Thermal radiation wave

◎ Hot tears rèlèi

[warm tears] Tears shed due to excitement, excitement or sentiment

Hot tears lingering alone

◎ Hot tears rèlèi-yíngkuàng

[one's eyes brim over with warm excited tears] Tears filled the eyes, describing being very moved or excited

◎ Heat rèlì

[heating power] The power of doing work produced by thermal energy

◎ 热面rèliǎn

[warm complexion] A passionate expression; an expression of approval

◎ 热情rèliàn

⑴ [be passionately in love ; be head over heels in love]: fall in love passionately; the passion of love cannot be divided into stages

⑵ [deeply in love]: deeply attached to it

My hometown of passionate love

◎ Heat rèliàng

⑴ [heat quantity]: energy transferred due to temperature difference

⑵ [fire]: heat of a substance (such as wine)

⑶ [heat; function]: metaphor for the role played by people

◎ warm rèliè

[warm] with strong feelings, passion or enthusiasm

Warm patriotism

◎热流rèliú

⑴ [warm current] refers to the feeling of excitement and excitement

I feel a heat spreading throughout my body

⑵ Also refers to the tendency to arouse people's interest and attention

◎ Popular rèmén

[in great demand] Metaphor of fashionable eye-catching or attractive things

Real estate has become a hot spot

◎ Bustling rènao

⑴ [bustling with activity]: The scene is prosperous and lively

The lively vegetable market

⑵ [fun]: interesting people (or things)

Watch the excitement

◎ lively rènao

[lively] grand, lively atmosphere

The party was very lively

◎ lively rènao

⑴ [liven up]: to liven up, [to make] happy

You Tell a joke to make everyone happy

⑵ [have a jolly time]: cheerful and cheerful

They had a lot of fun together that day

◎ Thermal energy rènéng

[thermal energy] The energy released when an object burns.

It also refers to the energy released when parts of an object move irregularly

◎ 热气rèqì

[heat] hot air, a metaphor for atmosphere and emotional enthusiasm

Steamy Military camp life evokes my thoughts

◎ eager rèqiè

[fervent; earnest] eager, enthusiastic and sincere

He expressed his fervent wish

◎ Enthusiastic rèqíng

[enthusiasm] Warm feelings

Enthusiasm

◎ Enthusiastic rèqíng

[fervent; warm ] Characterized by strong feelings, passion or enthusiasm

Use warm words to persuade

◎ Enthusiastic rèqíng-bēnfàng

⑴ [zealous]: passionate

Enthusiastic employees

⑵ [yeasty]: full of energy, initiative or adaptability

Interviewing reporters are all enthusiastic bohemians亚人

◎ 热狠rèsāng

[the period immediately after the bereavement of one's parent] refers to the period immediately after the death of one's parent, grandparent or husband

During the period of hot bereavement

◎ Warm-up match rèshēnsài

[warm-up match] Adaptation match before the official game

◎ Hot room rèshì

[hot laboratory cave] A laboratory with thick shielding and special handling equipment that can be used to study high-intensity radioactive materials.

Usually controlled by remote control

◎ Hot water bag rèshuǐdài

[hot-water bag] A stoppered rubber bag or ceramic bottle filled with hot water for heating

◎ Thermos rèshuǐpíng

[thermos bottle; vacuum bottle] A thermos bottle that can keep water at a certain temperature

◎ 热热rètēngtēng

⑴ [steaming hot]: describe the way the heat evaporates

hot noodle soup

⑵ [be excited]: describe the excitement

◎ hot weather rètiān

⑴ [hot weather; hot season; hot days]

⑵ Days with higher temperatures

⑶ Hot weather; refers to summer

Hot days in the south Not so easy

◎热地rètǔ

[hometown] A land that makes people feel warm, usually refers to hometown

I will never forget the hot land where I was born and raised

◎ ardent expectation rèwàng

⑴ [ardent expectation; aspiration]: fervent hope

⑵ [ardently wish; fervently hope]: fervent wish

◎ Hotline rèxiàn

⑴ [hot line]: A direct telephone line that is always ready for immediate calls

⑵ [heat ray]: Infrared ray, wavelength ratio Electromagnetic waves whose length of visible light is shorter than radio waves

◎ Hot-selling rèxiāo

[sell well] Goods are in short supply and sales are good; best-selling

This kind of men's T-shirt this year Very hot-selling

◎ rexiao rèxiào

[be in mourning] used to refer to grandparents, parents or husbands who have just died, and also refers to the mourning clothes worn at this time

◎ enthusiastic rèxīn

[enthusiastic; warmheated] warm-hearted, enthusiastic; love whatever you do

enthusiastic about collective welfare

◎ enthusiastic rèxīncháng

⑴ [warmheatedness]: refers to people who are enthusiastic about others and willing to do things for others

⑵ [ardour; enthusiasm]: refers to people who are enthusiastic about doing things or have such a temperament

◎ Hot show rèxiù

[popular shows] Popular performances

All-weather hot show by film and television superstars

◎ Hot-blooded rèxuè

⑴ [righteous indignation] A metaphor for the lofty ideals of being willing to sacrifice for justice

Hot-blooded youth

⑵ [blood] blood

◎ Hot-blooded animal rèxuè dòngwù

[warm-blooded animal] See "warm-blooded animal"

◎ blood boiling rèxuè-fèiténg

[burning with righteous indig-nation] metaphor for rising passion

How can the noble mission of building a strong motherland not make a young man's blood boil?

◎ Thermal cycle rèxúnhuán

[thermal cycle] A working cycle in which heat is transferred from one part to another.

In reactors, the heat transfer loop is usually separated from the power to prevent liquid from becoming radioactive as it flows through the heat transfer loop and then contaminating its power loop

◎ hot drink rèyǐn

[hot drinks] refers to hot drinks, such as hot tea, hot coffee, etc.

◎ Heat source rèyuán

[heat source] Any device or natural object that supplies heat

◎ Hot rolling rèzhá

[hot-roll] Rolling while the metal is hot or heated

◎ Hot war rèzhàn

[hot war; shooting war] Armed conflict; war with live ammunition

◎ keen on rèzhōng

⑴ [hanker after]: eager to obtain things related to oneself

keen on Second occupation

⑵ [be fond of]: fond of certain activities, hobbies

Enthused in skating

⑶ Also referred to as "passionate".

Edit this paragraph about "hot" related music albums

Album: Hot

Singer: Jacky Cheung

Language: Mandarin album 1CD

Company: Shanghua Records

Date: 2001.09.26

It has been ten months since the Christmas English album "Touch of love". Two years after the Mandarin album "Someone", singer Jacky Cheung's new Mandarin album "Jacky Cheung" was finally released on September 26.

This "Jacky Friends Hot" is the first album co-produced by Jacky Cheung, IOI Production Company and Shanghua Records, so he pays more attention to it. In addition to participating in the collection, production and absorption of new music styles throughout the process, he also learned rock, Ramp; tune. Allowing Jacky Cheung to come back from the ashes after losing his voice also added more diversified musicality to the album.

During the two-year song collection period, producers Ou Dingyu and Jacky Cheung widely invited excellent works, and then carefully selected 10 songs from more than a thousand songs, including many works by Wu Bai and Jay Chou. It is worth mentioning that six of the songs in the album are composed by new generation musicians, giving Jacky Cheung's music a completely new look.

The title song "The Weather Is So Hot" is an example of newcomer creation. The rock style, dense lyrics and heavy rhythm make people increasingly like it from being unacceptable to it; Wu Bai's "This It’s not even love” makes the whole album richer musically. In constant attempts, Jacky's high-pitched singing voice, which is different from Wu Bai's, was interpreted with a bass; Jay Chou's "Fortune Telling" was expressed in a way of singing and reciting the song, and the rap lyrics in it made Jacky, who is not very good at Mandarin, in the recording studio. He sang repeatedly for seven hours; Jacky’s favorites were “I’m Really Hurt” and “Look Away Girl”. The simple and ordinary melody allowed him to get involved naturally without having to worry about too many music and rhythm changes. emotion.

In addition, this album is also Jacky Cheung's most independent one. In order to make the album, in addition to being cautious and striving for perfection, Jacky Cheung even did not hesitate to re-record and mix the album two weeks before its release, causing the record company to The production line was temporarily suspended, resulting in the scrapping of 25,000 finished products. In all the efforts he has made for the new album, Jacky has shown his sincerity to go all out and make the music the best it can be. In an environment where it is cold outside and hot inside, Jacky faces the sluggish market, but his inner love for music remains the same. Even though he is surrounded by the aura of the God of Songs, he continues to learn and make progress to meet the test of the environment. I hope he will continue to thrive in the music world. Effort and enthusiasm win everyone’s applause.

[01]The end is not the result I want

[02]I am the same as you

[03]I am really hurt

[04]All I think about is her

[05]Let Me Go

[06]Love

[07]Exile

[08]Look away! Girl

[09]If this is not love

[10]Fortune telling

[11]The weather is so hot

Edit Section physical meaning (basic concept of thermal science)

Work or heat transfer (including convection, radiation, and heat conduction). Heat travels in the form of waves from high-temperature objects to low-temperature objects. Heat accelerates the random motion of molecules. A large amount of heat is emitted during a nuclear explosion.

What is heat? There have been different views since ancient times. After the sixteenth century, the issue of the nature of heat again attracted the attention of scientists and researchers.

"Heat" is a kind of motion

Bacon concluded from phenomena such as frictional heat generation that "heat is an expansion, constraint that acts on objects in its struggle. motion on smaller particles”, this view influenced many scientists.

Boyle saw that iron nails would generate heat after being hammered. He thought that strong movement occurred inside the nails, so he believed that heat is "strong and chaotic movement of various parts of an object"; Descartes Think of heat as a rotational motion of matter particles. Hooke observed sparks with a microscope and believed that heat "is not something else, but the very active and extremely violent movement of various parts of an object." Newton also pointed out that the particles of an object "are heated by motion." Locke even recognized that "extreme cold is the cessation of the motion of imperceptible particles."

Russian scholar Lomonosov proposed two papers on physics in the 1840s. The first one was about the foundation of thermodynamics, titled "On the Causes of Heat and Cold." Thoughts" (1746); the second article is about the theory of molecular kinetics, entitled "A Trial on the Elasticity of Air" (1748). In these two papers, Lomonosov put forward the following insights: "The sufficient source of heat lies in motion", that is, heat is the motion of matter, and what moves are the tiny particles in the object that are invisible to the naked eye; The particles themselves are spherical, because only in this way can the solid maintain its shape when it gets hot; the reason why heat is transferred from a high-temperature object to a low-temperature object is because the particles in the high-temperature object transfer motion to the particles in the low-temperature object. Moreover, the amount of motion given is equal to the amount of motion received. When one object heats another object, it itself will become colder. This confirms the correctness of the conservation of motion in thermal phenomena; the motion of gas molecules shows a This kind of "chaotic and intertwined" state is chaotic and irregular.

"Heat" is a kind of substance

But generally speaking, the view that heat is motion lacks sufficient experimental basis, so it cannot be formed into a scientific theory. With the revival of atomistic thought in ancient Greece, the view that heat is a special material entity also spread. French scientist and philosopher Gassendi believed that moving atoms are the most primitive and irreducible elements of the world that constitute all things. Similarly, heat and cold are also caused by special "hot atoms" and "cold atoms" of. They are very detailed, have the shape of balls, and are very lively, so they can penetrate into everything. This concept leads people to the "heat theory".

Boyle also wavered between the motion theory of heat and the caloric mass theory. When investigating the phenomenon that a piece of hot iron placed in a vacuum container can cause the walls of the container to feel heat, he thought that this seemed to be explained only by the transfer of "heat" itself. Borhaave believed that the origin of heat is material particles drilled into the pores of objects, which are highly plastic and penetrating. They are weightless, repellent to each other, and permeate the entire universe. In 1789, Lavoisier also included "heat" and "light" among the twenty-three "elements" of the inorganic world.

Blake was an important advocate of caloric theory. Although he believed that the heat that would eventually occur "would not be chemical but mechanical," he could hardly deny the caloric theory.

He felt that there were still many difficulties in the theory that heat is motion. For example, if heat is the movement of particles inside a substance, then a dense substance that is less likely to vibrate due to the strong attraction of its internal particles should have a larger specific heat. But why is the specific heat of mercury smaller than that of water? For "latent heat", it is more difficult to explain using the mechanical motion of particles. So Blake declared that he "could not form a conception of this internal vibration," and adopted the view that heat was some special substance.

The theory of thermal mass simply explained most of the thermal phenomena discovered at that time: changes in the temperature of objects are caused by the absorption or release of thermal mass; thermal conduction is the flow of thermal mass, and convection is the object carrying thermal mass. The flow and radiation are the propagation of thermal mass; the thermal expansion of objects is due to the mutual repulsion between thermal mass particles; the "latent heat" when the material state changes is the result of the "quasi-chemical reaction" between the matter-holding particles and thermal mass; friction or collision The heat generation phenomenon is the result of the "latent heat" being squeezed out and the specific heat of the substance becoming smaller; and so on. Due to the material nature of heat, it also obeys the law of conservation of matter, which is the theoretical basis of hybrid calorimetry.

Under the guidance of the caloric theory, the main progress made in thermal research include: Blake discovered specific heat and "latent heat"; Watt theoretically analyzed the main defects of the old steam engine and guided him to improve it He invented the steam engine; Fourier established the theory of heat conduction based on this physical image; Carnot proposed the theory of work obtained by consuming heat obtained from a heat source from the perspective of heat and mass transfer in the early 19th century.

The success of the theory of caloric mass convinced people that it was a correct theory, thus overriding the view that heat is motion and occupying a dominant position from the 18th century to the early 19th century.

"Heat" is still a kind of movement

However, by the end of the eighteenth century, the caloric theory was seriously challenged. In 1798, physicist Benjamin Thompson, Earl of Rumford, who was born in the United States and later became a British citizen, made a report to the Royal Society, saying that when he was supervising the drilling work of the cannon barrel in Munich, he noticed that the cannon barrel As the temperature rises, the metal chips under drilling become hotter. He raised the question of where the large amount of heat comes from. He conducted a series of drilling experiments under as insulated conditions as possible, compared the specific heat of metal and debris before and after drilling, and found that drilling and grinding did not change the specific heat of the metal. He also used a very blunt drill bit to drill the gun barrel. After half an hour, the temperature of the gun barrel increased from 60 degrees F to 130 degrees F. The metal debris was only more than 50 grams, which is equivalent to one nine hundred and forty-eighth of the mass of the gun barrel. Can this small amount of debris release such a large amount of "latent heat"? He wrote in his notes: "It seems that in these experiments, the source of heat generated by friction is inexhaustible. Needless to say, any object or system of objects isolated from the outside world can never provide unlimited things. It may be a specific material entity; in my opinion, it seems difficult to think of the heat excited in this experiment as anything other than 'motion'."

Six years later, caloricists were still arguing that the heat in Rumford's experiment was absorbed from the surrounding "thermal ocean." In 1799, the British chemist David conducted such an experiment: in a vacuum container isolated from the surrounding environment, he used a clock mechanism to cause two pieces of ice at 29 degrees F inside to rub against each other and melt into water. In this experiment, the "thermal ocean" is isolated by the outer ice wall, and the frictional ice can only absorb "latent heat" and melt into water, but it is impossible to squeeze out the "latent heat"; after melting, the ice becomes Greater water than heat. Therefore, here, the relationship of "conservation of heat and mass" no longer holds. David thus asserted that "caloric mass does not exist." After hesitating for a period of time on the idea of ??particle vibration, in 1812 he finally made it clear: "The direct cause of thermal phenomena is motion, and its transformation law is the same as the law of motion transformation, and is equally correct."

The experiments of Rumford and David both supported the view that heat is motion, but this did not end the history of caloric theory. Only Thomas Young refuted the caloric theory in his 1807 book. But there are still many others who insist on the caloric theory. Until 1848, W. Thomson also questioned Joule's research results from the perspective of caloric theory.