What is the specific content of Emperor Xiaowen's localization policy?

Emperor Xiaowen's reform involves politics, economy, culture and other fields, with extremely extensive scope and rich content. Generally speaking, there are three points: First, the system of land equalization is implemented. At the same time, the three-system and rent adjustment related to it were promulgated. The land equalization system enables farmers to share a certain amount of land, firmly binds farmers to the land and becomes the household of the country. The basic interests of landlords and private ownership of land are guaranteed, while rent adjustment relatively reduces the burden of farmers' rent adjustment, improves their production and living conditions, and on the other hand promotes the development of productive forces. Second, bureaucratic corruption not only intensifies social contradictions, but also causes contradictions within the ruling class. In this reform measure, the quality of "governance" is taken as the standard to purge bureaucrats and consolidate feudal rule. Move the capital to Luoyang. In order to accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and strengthen the control of the Yellow River Basin, Emperor Xiaowen decided to move the capital to Luoyang. In 495, he officially moved to Luoyang. Fourth, implement the Han system and change customs. The main contents include changing the official system, banning Khufu, breaking the northern dialect, changing the surname, deciding the surname and moving the capital to Luoyang, which is the most important measure in Emperor Xiaowen's reform.

Implement equal land system

Implement the land equalization system: according to certain standards, the taxi land controlled by the state will be allocated to farmers for farming, and the land cannot be bought or sold. The equal land system has promoted the recovery and development of the northern economy.

The establishment of the "three-long system": this is the grass-roots administrative organization in the Northern Wei Dynasty, whose duties are to inspect households, collect taxes, recruit soldiers and perform military service, and implement the "land equalization system". The implementation of the "three-long system" has improved the local grass-roots political power, replaced the supervision and protection system of the patriarch, and ensured the effective control of the state over the people.

Implement the "land equalization system", and distribute the land (open land) controlled by the state to farmers, 40 mu for adult men and 20 mu for women, so that they can grow grain and distribute it to mulberry fields. Farmers must pay rent and service fees to the government. When farmers die, they should be returned to the government, except mulberry fields. In this way, more fields were cultivated, the production and life of farmers were relatively stable, and the income of the Northern Wei regime also increased.

Carry out new rent adjustment: a couple is required to pay a certain amount of rent adjustment to the government every year, which has reformed the confusion in the original tax collection and greatly reduced the burden on farmers.

Rectify official management

Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty formulated the official salary system and reorganized the official management. Wages are raised by the state, and officials are not allowed to raise them themselves. These measures have improved the management of officials.

Move the capital to Luoyang

Emperor Xiaowen of Wei was a politically successful man. In his view, to consolidate the rule of Wei Dynasty, we must absorb the culture of the Central Plains and reform some backward customs. At the same time, it has been nearly a hundred years since Pingcheng, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Pingcheng has a bad climate and can't produce food to meet the demand of Beijing. Pingcheng is located in a remote place, so it is difficult for the northern Wei government to effectively control the Central Plains, and the northern minorities are becoming stronger and stronger, posing a threat to the northern Wei Dynasty.

He was afraid that ministers would oppose the idea of moving the capital, and first proposed a massive attack on Nanqi. On one occasion, he went to court and put forward this plan. His ministers opposed it in succession, the most intense of which was TaBaCheng, who was appointed as Wang Cheng.

Emperor Xiaowen was angry and said, "The country is my country. Do you want to stop me from fighting? " Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your majesty, I am a minister of the country and I know the danger of using troops. How can I not talk about it?"

Emperor Xiaowen thought for a moment, then announced his retirement from the DPRK and returned to the palace. He summoned Tuoba Cheng alone and said to him, "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. What I really mean is that Pingcheng is a place to use force and is not suitable for political reform. Now we have to change our customs and move the capital. In fact, I want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to the Central Plains.

TaBaCheng suddenly enlighted, immediately agreed with Wei Xiaowen.

In 493 AD, Emperor Xiaowen of Wei personally led 200,000 infantry and cavalry south, set out from Pingcheng and arrived in Luoyang. It happened that the autumn rain lasted for a whole month, and the roads were muddy everywhere, making it difficult to March. However, Emperor Xiaowen still rode out of the city wearing a helmet and armour and ordered to continue marching. Ministers didn't want to send troops to cut Qi, so they came out to stop it. Emperor Xiaowen said seriously, "This time, we were angered."

Everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said, "Don't hesitate. The station that agrees to move the capital is on the left, and the station that disagrees is on the right. "

A nobleman said, "As long as your majesty agrees to stop the southern expedition, we are willing to move the capital to Luoyang." Although many civil and military officials are not in favor of moving the capital, they have heard that the southern expedition can be stopped and have to express their support for moving the capital.

Emperor Xiaowen arranged Luoyang and sent Tuoba Cheng, the king of the city, back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng to summon nobles and elders to discuss the relocation.

There are many objections among the nobles in Pingcheng. They moved out one reason after another and were refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. Finally, those people really think impassability, had to say:

"Moving the capital is a great event. Whether it is fierce or auspicious, let's divine. "

Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult problems. There is no doubt about moving the capital. What else is there? If you want to rule the world, make the four seas your home. There is no fixed reason for going south today and going north tomorrow. Besides, we moved several times in the last generation. Why can't I move? "

The nobles were speechless and moved the capital to Luoyang, so it was decided.

After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, he decided to further reform the old customs.

Reasons for moving the capital to Luoyang:

Luoyang is an ideal place for ancient emperors to establish their capital and establish their careers, and it is also a place with profound cultural accumulation in the Han Dynasty. Moving the capital to Luoyang is one of the most important achievements of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty. As a minority politician and reformer, this move embodies the great talent of a generation of emperors. Why Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang is still worth exploring today.

First, it is related to the admiration of Chinese culture. TaBaHong, Emperor Xiaowen, received a good cultural education in China, and worshipped the Chinese culture. He was brought up by his grandmother Feng Taihou. Feng Taihou, a Han nationality, is knowledgeable, intelligent and decisive. She was in charge of the Northern Wei Dynasty for more than 20 years. Referring to the cultural system of the Han nationality, she promulgated many important reform measures. Under her influence, Emperor Xiaowen became a loyal promoter of China culture.

Emperor Xiaowen said: "This place (referring to Pingcheng) is hard to believe unless it can be governed by culture and change customs." This passage clearly shows that if we want to learn the advanced culture of China and change the backward appearance of our nation, we must move the capital to the political, economic and cultural center of the Han nationality, and Luoyang is the place where China culture is concentrated.

Second, the need to rule the Central Plains. Emperor Xiaowen is a very successful politician. He doesn't want to be the king of Yidi, but also the king of China. If he wants to be the king of China, he will naturally put his capital in the orthodox capital of China, which makes more sense. Emperor Xiaowen once said: "The country started from the north and moved to Pingcheng. There is no place for it here, and it is impossible to be civilized ... "This shows that an important reason why Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang is that Pingcheng, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, is located in the north, which is not conducive to the rule of the vast Central Plains. His remarks about "Emperor Zhai" and "Wang Li" show that he wants to gain the orthodox status recognized by the Han landlords by moving the capital to Luoyang. In addition, after Emperor Xiaowen moved to Luoyang, he fought against Nanqi for years.

Third, solve the problem of food supply. The north of Pingcheng is cold, and the grain output is very limited. At that time, someone wrote a poem "Sad Peace City": "Sad Peace City, Drive the horse into the square, the mountains often snow, there is no wind." Later, as the capital of Pingcheng, the population increased day by day, the ranks of officials gradually expanded, and the problem of food supply became prominent. There was no land and water transportation in Pingcheng at that time, and the transportation was extremely underdeveloped.

Fourth, the influence of geographical environment. Pingcheng (now northeast of Datong, Shanxi) is located in the north, with mountainous terrain, arid climate and low temperature, which is not conducive to the growth of crops, and natural conditions restrict the further development of the northern Wei economy.

Luoyang is located in the west bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, close to mountains and waters, and in the Central Plains, and is known as the "hot land of Kyushu". It has four distinct seasons and a pleasant climate. Since ancient times, it has been a battleground for military strategists and naturally became an ideal place for ancient emperors to build their capital. It was once the capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Wei and other dynasties. Emperor Xiaowen's move to Luoyang is a wise move and a necessity of historical development.

Emperor Xiaowen's move to Luoyang not only showed the great talent of a generation of emperors, but also made Luoyang prosperous again after Cao Wei and the Western Jin Dynasty.

Emperor Xiaowen is also an outstanding minority politician and reformer.

Carry out the Han system, change customs and customs

1. Easy clothes: all Xianbei nobles changed into Hanfu.

2. Speaking Chinese: Emperor Xiaowen declared that Chinese was "pronunciation" and Xianbei was "northern language", and asked the courtiers to "break the northern languages and follow the pronunciation".

3. Change the Chinese surname: decide the grade. Emperor Xiaowen issued a letter to change the original surname of Xianbei people to Han surname. He also referred to the practice of determining the rank of Xianbei nobles in the Han family's gate system, and selected talents and appointed officials according to the rank.

4. Marriage: Emperor Xiaowen advocated the intermarriage between Xianbei people and Han people. Through this political marriage, the interests and destiny of the rulers of the two ethnic groups were closely linked to consolidate their rule.

5. Change of native place: All Xianbei people who moved to Luoyang took Luoyang as their native place. Objective: To further study and adopt the rules, regulations and lifestyle of the Han nationality, and promote Xianbei nobles to actively accept Chinese culture. Function: to promote Xianbei people's recognition of Chinese culture, win the support of Han landlords, and effectively promote the transformation of political power to the rule mode of Han Dynasty.