Where was Hanzhong during the Warring States Period (1)

"Chu Family" records: "In the spring of the seventeenth year (Wang Huai), Qin was at war in Danyang. Qin defeated our army with 80,000 troops, captured more than 70 generals including Qu Zhan and Bi, and took Hanzhong County. " Qin Shu, Hanshu, Hanshu, Biographies of Zhang Yi, Qin Shu, Biographies of Gan Mao, Biographies of Qu Yuan, Biographies of Jia Sheng, Warring States Policy, and Letters of Warring States from Mawangdui Han Tomb also recorded the fact that Qin took Chu from Hanzhong, and this time Qin took the battle of Danyang from Chu to Hanzhong.

For this "Hanzhong", most comments think that it is the Hanzhong Basin in Shaanxi Province now, or the south of Shaanxi Province now. Some people think that Hanzhong is the same place with the same name in ancient and modern times, so they simply don't comment. For example, Chapter 10 of Lin Jianming's Draft of Qin History says: "Hanzhong is located in the upper reaches of the Hanshui River, covering an area of 600 square miles. Chu originally set up a county here, and rebuilt Hanzhong County after returning to Qin. In this way, the local state of Qin is connected with Bashu, which not only eliminates the threat of Chu from the south, but also enables Bashu's rich material resources to be transported to Guanzhong unimpeded ... "

The author thinks that Hanzhong in the Warring States period is not Hanzhong in Shaanxi today. During the Warring States period, Hanzhong should be located in Yunyang area in northwest Hubei and Ankang area in southwest Shaanxi, which has nothing to do with Hanzhong today. Hanzhong during the Warring States Period is a very important place, the contact point between two great powers in Qin Chu, and the focus of political and military struggle. Hanzhong is also the birthplace of Chu people. It is of great significance to determine the correct position of Hanzhong in the Warring States period for studying the history of the Warring States period.

Hanzhong was originally the land of Chu, and there is no doubt that all the books are consistent. However, the present Hanzhong area has never belonged to the State of Chu, but has always been the sphere of influence of the State of Qin. At the most powerful time, Chu captured many small countries in the northwest, but its power did not reach the upper reaches of the Hanshui River, which is now Hanzhong. Chu once built Fangcheng as the northwest frontier defense. Fangcheng is located in present-day Nanyang, Henan Province, roughly along the westbound Funiu Mountain and surrounding the semicircular Great Wall of Nanyang Basin. Qin Chu once had an agent country as a buffer between the two big countries, and the position of the agent country is generally considered to be in Zhushan, Hubei. According to Zuo Zhuan, in the sixteenth year of Duke Wen of Lu (6 165438 BC), "Chu people, Qin people and Ba people perished forever", and Zhushan area in northwest Hubei became a direct confrontation area between the two great powers. Chu Great Wall Site Found in Zhuxi, Hubei Province. The Great Wall stretches for more than 70 kilometers from Zhuxi Ping 'an to Xunyang, Shaanxi, and its direction roughly coincides with the provincial boundaries of Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The northwest boundary of Chu State should be here. The influence of Chu State can't reach the present Hanzhong.

Where is Hanzhong now? Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the king of literature unearthed in Joo Won?, has the words "cutting Shu". When Yin was destroyed, Shu people once sent troops to help. It can be seen that the traffic from Guanzhong to Sichuan Basin has already been opened, and now the only way from Guanzhong to Sichuan Basin is Hanzhong. There was a Zhou dynasty, which was praised in Hanzhong today and later called Nanzheng. "Huayang Guozhi Shuzhi": "In Wang's life, Shu Wang has a place to praise Han, and he met Qin Huiwang for hunting in the valley." Historical Records Qin Benji: "After two years of madness, Nanzheng rebelled." "(Qin) cut Shu in the thirteenth year and took Nanzheng." Nanzheng is now Hanzhong, which belongs to the state of Qin at this time, because Nanzheng is on the road to Shu, and it must be taken first to cut Shu. Zhang Shoujie said in Justice in Historical Records that Nanzheng "belonged to Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period". This is obviously wrong. Zhang Shoujie's mistake is to confuse Hanzhong in the Warring States period with Hanzhong in the geography of Hanshu. Qin Huiwen arrived, and Sima Cuo led an army to attack Shu, indicating that Hanzhong area is completely Qin today. Because, at that time, from Guanzhong to Shu, we had to pass through Hanzhong now. If this Hanzhong is the Chu Hanzhong in the Warring States Period, and Chu Hanzhong is still in the hands of Chu people, then Sima Cuo's army will fly to cut Shu. "Historical Records of Chu Family" contains a year after the war in Danyang. "Qin meets Chu, and half of Hanzhong meets Chu." If this Hanzhong is now Hanzhong, how could the Qin people give Chu the key to Shu? Even if it is a lie, it is too obvious and too much.

Hanzhong is named after Hanshui River. King Zhao of Zhou conquered Jingchu and lost his teacher. The famous bronze wares of the Song Dynasty unearthed in Xiaogan, Hubei Province, recorded that King Zhao of Zhou ordered him to inspect the marching route in the south to prepare for Zhao Haoqi's southern expedition. Among them, Zeng, Fang, Deng, Hanzhong and other place names are all on the avenue from Nanyang, Henan to Xiangyang, Hubei. "Hanzhong House" is used side by side with other place names. It seems that this "Hanzhong County" means more than just an island in the Han River. In this way, the use of the place name Hanzhong can be traced back at least to the Western Zhou Dynasty. "Lu Chunqiu Xia Ji Chu": "King Zhao of Zhou will personally levy Jing ... Wang and Cai Gong will be buried in Hanzhong." During the Spring and Autumn Period, the Hanzhong area of Chu State belonged to the scope of Chu State. "Chu has Hanzhong, south has Pakistan and money", as opposed to "south has Pakistan and money". It can be seen that Hanzhong is the northern boundary of Chu State, which should be the present northwest of Hubei Province. The battle of Danyang in Qin Chu took place in the 13th year of Yuan Geng, King of Qin Huiwen (3 12 BC), that is, four years after Sima Cuo cut Shu, so Sima Cuo could not cut Shu across Chu and Hanzhong, but across Hanzhong now, that is, Nanzheng at that time. In the battle of Danyang, there was business outside Wuguan, and Qin Jun attacked Chu from Wuguan. The battlefield is in the Danjiang area in the northwest of Hubei Province today, and the Hanshui River is further south. The Chu army was defeated, and Qin Jun "seized the land of Hanzhong" and occupied this area. This is logical. Biography of Zhang Yi in Historical Records: "Chu wants to fight Qin and fight in Hanzhong. The Chu people were invincible, and the princes took care of more than 70 dead people and died in Hanzhong. " This war is the battle of Danyang, not in Danyang, but in Hanzhong. So Hanzhong and Danyang are actually the same place. Hanzhong covers a wide range. Danyang is a city in Hanzhong, so it can be called Hanzhong or Danyang. Historical Records of the Chu Family: "At the time of Zhou Chengwang, the civil and military officials were diligent, and Xiong Yi was named a Chu, with a son and an acre of people, surnamed Zhou and living in Danyang." This Hanzhong is the seat of Danyang and the birthplace of Chu people.

Chu Hanzhong belongs to Jingzhou, and Qin Nanzheng belongs to Liangzhou. Chu Hanzhong is in the east, that is, northwest Hubei, and Qinnan is in the west, that is, Hanzhong area in Shaanxi. These two places are connected, but not in the same place. After Qin took Chu from Hanzhong, "thirteen years old, staying as a matriarch, will attack Koryo New City." At the age of 18, he was appointed as the guardian of Hanzhong by Ren Biao (Historical Records, Biography of Tian Lei, Wang Jian). It turned out that Hanzhong of Chu State and Nanzheng of Qin State merged into one to form Hanzhong County, which ruled Nanzheng, which is now Hanzhong. Because it is a political center, Nanzheng in the upper reaches of Hanshui River has been called Hanzhong since then, and the original Chu Hanzhong has gradually lost its name. So that some people mistakenly think that Hanzhong now is the Chu Hanzhong in the Warring States Period. "Hanzhong" is the name of Ciyuan county government. In the Warring States period of Chu, in the thirteenth year, Queen Qin Huiwen established Hanzhong County. It is inaccurate to think that Hanzhong County in Qin Dynasty was originally the land of Chu State.

The mistake of Chu Hanzhong for today's Hanzhong originated from the old notes of the ancients. Biography of Zhang Yi in Historical Records said that "the war was fought in Hanzhong", and Biography of Historical Records by Sima Zhen in Tang Dynasty said: "Its land is in the south of Nanshan Mountain in Qin, northwest of Chu and north of Hanshui River, which is called Hanzhong." Sima Zhen's mistake was to regard Hanzhong County, which was merged after the 13th year of Yuan Geng, King of Qin Huiwen (3 12 BC), as the Hanzhong of Chu. Nanshan is the Qinling Mountains, the place "south of Nanshan". The battle of Danyang could not be Chu, nor Hanzhong of Chu, but Nanzheng of Qin. "South of Nanshan" has long been the land of Qin. Isn't it a joke that Qin took the land of Chu and went to the south of Nanshan to get it? Later generations mostly followed Sima Zhen's mistake, but did not delve into it. Reading Historical Records found some problems with Sima Zhen's statement, saying that Hanzhong House was "the land of Shu in the Spring and Autumn Period, the land of Qin in the early Warring States Period, and then the land of Chu. The decline of Chu belongs to Qin. Qin set up Hanzhong County ". The Minutes of Reading History and Geography says that "the future is Chu", but it doesn't say when and specific events. Actually, it can't be found out because it's not recorded in the history books. This inference of "post-Chu" solved Sima Zhen's misunderstanding.

When he noticed the sentence in Zi Jian that Pei Gong was named Hanwang, and Wang Ba, Shu State and Hanzhong were all in Nanzheng, he said: "In modern times, Shu people also wrote Shu Jian, saying: Nanzheng came from Nanzheng and Hanzhong came from Hanzhong. Nanzheng is an ancient praise country. Before Qin got Shu, it was taken first. Hanzhong is 600 miles from the six states of Jin, Yang, Jun and Fang. Qin had Hanzhong, but it was divided into Nanzheng, which was placed under the county, and Nanzheng and Hanzhong were merged into one from now on.