When did Rome establish the system of head of state?

Ancient Rome, which originated from the Italian peninsula, unified the Italian peninsula at the beginning of the 3rd century BC and became a powerful country in the Mediterranean. In the later years, it continued to expand outward, especially after Octavian established the absolute autocratic head of state system in 27 BC. After many wars of aggression, Roman history entered the period of slavery empire and began its heyday. At this time, it starts from the upper reaches of the Euphrates River in the east, reaches the Atlantic Ocean in the west, reaches the Sahara Desert in Africa in the south, and reaches the Rhine River and Danube River in the north, becoming the overlord of the Mediterranean.

Years of military war and the luxurious life of slave owners have added a heavy burden to slaves and freemen. At that time, the oppression and exploitation of slaves by slave owners was very cruel. The Roman emperor Tiberius said in the imperial edict of levying tribute tax that he should "save the sheepskin and shear the wool". Slaves not only have to do the heaviest work and bear the heaviest burden, but also have no personal freedom. Slave owners set up a school to train gladiators in Kapuya, forcing slaves to become gladiators and having fun fighting with each other and wild animals in the arena. Uprising of sicilian slaves in 137 BC was the result of cruel plunder and exploitation by Roman slave owners. The largest slave uprising in Roman history, which broke out in 73 BC, showed that the oppression and exploitation of slaves by slave owners had reached the limit. The number of participants in the uprising reached 6.5438+0.2 million, and the struggle lasted for three years, and the rest lasted for 654.38+00 years. The uprising swept the whole Italian peninsula. In 66-70 AD and 63 BC, the Palestinian Jews who had become a vassal state of Rome launched an uprising. The uprising was also madly suppressed. A river of blood flowed in Jerusalem, and more than 70,000 people were sold into slavery. The people under the iron hoof of the Roman ruler struggled to death all day. They are desperate, hesitant, painful, but helpless. In extreme depression and despair, they naturally fantasize that there will be a "savior" to save people from the mire. Therefore, in order to get rid of the repressed predicament, the slave class "is more susceptible to the fantasy of these supernatural things than any other class." (Engels) Engels elaborated on this. He said: "It is hopeless to resist the great Roman world forces and scattered small tribes or cities. Where is the way out for the enslaved, oppressed and dispossessed people? How to save them? Where is the common way out for all these different groups with different interests and even conflicts of interest? This way out has been found, but not in this world ... Christianity has appeared. It takes the rewards and punishments of another world seriously, creates heaven and hell, finds a way out, and introduces the suffering people of our suffering world into eternal heaven. " Therefore, it is obvious that Christianity was also the movement of the oppressed when it was born. It was originally the religion of slaves and freed slaves, the poor and the powerless, and those who were conquered or dispersed by Rome. "