What figurative images did the poets in Jianghan use to compare themselves?

Methods of expression, expression techniques, and rhetorical techniques.

1. Expression is an important means for poets to express their thoughts and feelings. Common ones include narrative, description, lyricism and discussion. Among them, lyricism is particularly prominent. Lyricism can be divided into two types: direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. Direct lyricism is also called expressing one's heart directly.

The common indirect expressions include expressing emotions on the spot, expressing emotions through borrowed scenes, embedding emotions in the scene, and expressing one's ambitions based on objects. Situational lyricism refers to feeling spontaneously emotional when encountering the scenery or scene in front of you.

As the name suggests, expressing emotions through scenery is to use scenery to express emotions.

Integrating emotions into the scenery is to integrate emotions into the described scenery.

The difference between expressing one's ambitions through objects and expressing one's emotions through scenery

To express one's ambitions through objects often relies on some characteristics of something. This "object" is not a "scenery", and chanting an object is not describing a scene. The "jing" used to express emotions through scenery refers to the natural scenery, rather than some kind of object.

The "chi" used to express one's ambitions can refer to feelings, ambitions, sentiments, hobbies, wishes, requests, etc. The "emotion" used to express one's emotions through scenes specifically refers to feelings such as love, hatred, praise, happiness, sadness, etc.

2. Expression techniques, also called artistic techniques, refer to the composition and techniques of poetry,

①Rendering.

Rendering is a multi-faceted description of the environment and scenery to highlight the image and enhance the artistic effect.

② Set off.

Used in poetry creation, it refers to describing things from the side, as a foil, to make the required things stand out clearly. Describe other things to highlight the main object.

It can be people contrasting people, it can be a combination of movement and stillness, it can also be a happy scene to set off joy, a sad scene to set off sadness.

"Emotional joy makes the scene happy, and emotional sadness makes the scene sad." The poet's brilliance is to integrate his emotions into the scene, convey his emotions through the scene, and achieve the blending of the scene.

Or joyful scenes contrast with sadness. Writing about sadness with happy scenes makes it even more sad.

③Implicit.

Implicit, as the name suggests, expresses subjective feelings in a tactful and tortuous way without speaking directly or clearly.

④Use allusions.

That is, citing historical facts and using allusions in poetry. Ancient poetry pays great attention to the use of allusions, which can not only refine the language of the poem, but also increase the richness of the content, increase the vividness and implicitness of expression, achieve the effect of being concise, meaningful and thought-provoking, and enhance the expressiveness and appeal of the work.

⑤ Symbol.

Symbol is a method of expression that expresses something and conveys a certain spiritual quality or abstract truth in a specific thing. It has been widely accepted by people due to its long-term use.

⑥Empathy.

Empathy is to transfer people's emotions to things, making the external objects feel the same joy and sorrow as the person.

⑦The virtual and the real complement each other.

⑧Inflection.

It means to suppress before rising or to suppress before rising.

⑨Contrast.

The purpose of contrast is to highlight a certain aspect of the poet's thoughts and emotions.

3. The use of rhetorical techniques.

Rhetorical techniques (metaphor, personification, contrast, metonymy, exaggeration, parallelism, foil, allusion, question, rhetorical question)

Use metaphor, analogy, symbol, evocation and other techniques Make the described things more vivid and vivid;

Use exaggeration, partial language, foil, contrast, euphemism, questioning, rhetorical questions and other techniques to highlight the theme of the poem;

Use synaesthesia Techniques such as metonymy, pun, duplication, parallelism, and repetition make the words in the poem more sophisticated.

Re: [Repost] Learn the classification of lyrical techniques in ancient poetry: direct lyricism and indirect lyricism. To express one's heart directly - To express one's heart directly means that the poet bares his heart in his poems and expresses his passion, pleasure or autumn mood without any disguise. This method is more intuitive and will not be discussed in depth here. Example: Read the following two poems and answer the questions: To Wang Lun Li Bai Li Bai was about to travel in a boat, when he suddenly heard the sound of people singing on the shore. The water in Peach Blossom Pond is a thousand feet deep, not as deep as Wang Lun’s love for me.

Bamboo Branches Liu Yu Xi The willows are green and the Qingjiang River is level, and I hear the sound of dancing and singing on the Langjiang River. The sun rises in the east and rains in the west. The road is sunny but sunny. Question: Please compare and explain the similarities and differences in the lyrical methods of the two poems with specific verses. [Technical Tips] There are two ways of expressing emotions, one is direct expression and the other is indirect expression. Direct lyricism is a writing style that uses the first person "I" as the lyrical subject and directly expresses the author's thoughts and feelings. It is also called speaking your mind directly. For example: the central sentence of Li Bai's "Sleepwalking in Tianmu Ling Liu Farewell": "An Neng can crush his eyebrows and bend his waist to serve the powerful, which makes me unhappy." On the basis of narrative description, the author expresses himself loudly with the passion of a volcanic eruption. Do not collude with the thoughts and feelings of the rulers. Another example is Lu You's poem "Shi'er": "When you die, you will know that everything is in vain, but you will not see the same sorrow as Jiuzhou. When Wang Shibei set the Central Plains day, he never forgot to tell Nai Weng about family sacrifices." The first two sentences start with a discussion, expressing the poet's expression. I will never forget to restore the patriotic feelings of the Central Plains until my death. "Poem in the Mountains": When the bird leaves the mountains, I put a petal in its mouth and tell the girl living at the mouth of the valley that the flowers in the mountains have bloomed. This can be regarded as a love poem expressing love, directly lyrical, but implicit and thought-provoking. Indirect lyricism, also called euphemistic and implicit, poets often use a variety of rhetorical arts to express their thoughts and feelings euphemistically. It can be divided into blending scenes, borrowing scenes to express emotions, and supporting objects to express aspirations. For example, Li Bai's "Gift to Wang Lun" and Liu Yuxi's "Bamboo Branch Ci" mentioned above both use indirect lyrical methods based on narrative. The difference is: the former uses "the peach blossom pond is thousands of feet deep" as a metaphor for "Wang Lun sends me love", while the latter cleverly uses homophonic puns to express the bright and dark love between lovers in a real and moving way. Expressing emotions through scenes or blending scenes: When a poet feels something about a certain scene or some objective thing, he embodies the feelings and thoughts he wants to express in this scene or thing, and expresses it by describing this scene or thing. This kind of The way of expressing emotions is called borrowing scenery or borrowing objects to express emotions.

Re: [Repost] Study ancient poems and nostalgia for the past: either express nostalgia for the ancients, or express sighs about the prosperity of the past and the decline of the present. For example, Li Bai's "Looking at the Ancients in Yuezhong" expresses the emotion of the past and present decline when facing the desolate scene of the Yue Palace ruins; Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia" expresses the nostalgia for ancient times when facing the ancient Chibi battlefield. The praise of heroes and the emotion of unrealized ambitions.

Homesickness: Either express longing for hometown, or express concern for relatives. For example, Li Bai's "Spring City and Luocheng Hearing the Flute" was selected for the college entrance examination in 2002. The sound of the flute evoked the author's infinite homesickness.

War type: either expressing disgust for war or expressing yearning for peace. For example, the first half of Cao Zhi's "The White Horse" describes the heroic appearance of the young hero, showing his "bravery", and the second half describes his fighting for the country, showing his "loyalty".

Leisure time: It may express a leisurely and tranquil mood, or express a yearning for a secluded life. For example, Tao Yuanming's "Returning to the Garden and Living in the Fields" expresses his determination to abandon his official position and return to seclusion through the depiction of pastoral scenes and real life; Jia Dao's "Inscribed on Li Ning's Residence", which was selected for the 1998 college entrance examination paper, describes a night visit to Li Ning's secluded residence. Expressing the yearning for a secluded life.

Using scenery to express emotions: You may use scenery to express your beautiful aspirations, or you may use scenery to express your unwillingness to conform to the world, or you may use scenery to express your emotions about life. For example, Du Fu's "Ascend the High" expresses the complex feelings of being old, sick, worried and unable to achieve goals through the description of the scenery of the Autumn River seen when climbing high.

Carrying objects to express one's ambitions: either holding objects to show one's noble qualities, or holding objects to express the sadness of not being able to appreciate one's talents. For example, in Lu You's "Bu Suanzi Ode to Plum Blossoms", the author uses plum blossoms as a metaphor for himself to express his noble moral character of aloofness and self-admiration.

Love plays a large proportion in ancient poetry. Many of these masterpieces have been passed down from generation to generation due to their rich content, beautiful emotions, and diverse techniques.

Re: [Repost] Ideas for answering questions when learning ancient poetry and appreciating ancient poetry:

1. First, we must find out what the poem is about and what kind of thoughts and feelings it expresses

1. Review the topic.

Through the title of the poem, we can know the content category of the work - whether it is a poem describing landscapes, nostalgic poems, poems about objects, or a farewell poem, an epic poem, or a narrative poem, and thus we can roughly infer the author's thoughts and feelings. For example, if it is titled "Ode to Plum Blossoms", you will know that this poem is a poem in praise of objects. Most of the poems in praise of objects use objects to express aspirations and express some kind of noble character of the author.

2. Grasp the key words in the poem that reflect the poet’s thoughts and feelings. For example, the three words "Missing Hometown" in Li Bai's "Silent Night Thoughts" and the three words "Hometown Love" in "Listening to the Flute in Luocheng on a Spring Night" are key words that directly reflect the author's feelings.

3. Combine the poetic imagery with the author’s feelings. Imagery is the "image" in the poet's "meaning" and contains the poet's subjective emotions. Generally speaking, "the scenery is joyful, the emotion is joyful", and "the scenery is sad, the emotion is sad". According to the "sorrow" and "joy" of "Xiang", we can also know the "sorrow" or "joy" of the author's emotion. In addition, images such as "willow", "moon", "flowing water" and "cuckoo" are all typical images in ancient poetry and have relatively fixed emotional colors. Grasping these images can also help us perceive the author's thoughts and feelings.

2. Find out how poetry is expressed

1. Taste the language of poetry. Pay special attention to verbs, adjectives, refrains, numerals, onomatopoeia, color words, and words and phrases that use rhetorical methods; we must grasp the characteristics and style of poetic language as a whole, whether it is fresh and simple, gorgeous, bright, or Implicit, concise, etc.

2. You must know what expression techniques are used in poetry creation. Poetry expression techniques mainly include: contrast, foil, foil, rendering, expressing one's feelings directly, borrowing scenes to express emotions, embedding emotions in scenes, blending scenes, supporting objects to express ambitions, combining virtual and real, borrowing from the past to satirize the present, combining movement and stillness, using allusions, empathy and All kinds of rhetoric. Understanding these techniques will help you become more comfortable in appreciation.

Guidelines for answering ancient poetry appreciation questions:

The college entrance examination poetry appreciation questions are in the form of subjective questions. You need to pay attention to the following points when answering the questions:

1. Answer as required. The focus is clear. Be sure to see clearly what the question requires, whether it is analysis of imagery, content, or language and expression skills, and answer whatever is asked. Only by clarifying the angle of the question can the expression be targeted and focused.

2. Clear views and clear expressions. You should master the basic answer format, which is: first respond to the questioner's question, that is, state your own views on this issue. Then develop a concise explanation based on your own point of view combined with the poem itself.

3. Appropriately use poetry appreciation terminology to make the expression more accurate, more in line with the requirements of poetry appreciation, and improve the quality of answer questions.

Be prepared and accumulated in four aspects:

1. Master some typical images of Chinese classical poetry and understand its emotional color. For example, mastering typical images such as "cuckoo", "flowing water" and "moon" can help us grasp the emotion of poetry. Last year, the traditional image of "willow" was tested in the college entrance examination. In this aspect, students can read "The Moon and Poetry", "Willows and Green Grass Convey Deep Feelings" and "Typical Images in Ancient Chinese Poetry".

2. Combine the characteristics of poetry and master the basic methods of appreciating poetry. Including how to grasp the thoughts and feelings of poetry, how to appreciate the language of poetry, and how to deepen the artistic conception of poetry, etc. In this regard, you can refer to "The Rules of Poetry Appreciation", "Tasting the Language of Poetry", "Re-Talk about the Language of Tasting Poetry", "Three Talks about the Language of Tasting Poetry", "How to Interpret Nostalgic Poems" and "Talk about the Political Experience of the Tang Dynasty" poetry".

3. Master the common terms used in poetry appreciation, especially those related to expression techniques. In this way, we can not only accurately grasp the characteristics of poetry, but also apply it to answering questions to improve the quality of answering questions. For expression skills, please refer to "Contrast, foil and foil"; for terminology, please refer to "Objects, images and artistic conception" and "Talk about "empathy"". In addition, the common terms for poetry appreciation mentioned above should also be mastered.

4. Training language expression. The method for answering subjective questions is introduced above. In addition to mastering the method, students should also look at some examples to facilitate practical operation. Students can learn from the "Practice" and "Reference Answers" methods for answering questions at the end of each issue.

In addition, the high-level poetry appreciation questions over the years are valuable reference materials. Transforming these questions into subjective questions is also an effective training method.

In fact, appreciation of ancient poetry is not only a kind of knowledge and skill, but also a kind of cultural accomplishment, which requires a long period of learning and accumulation. Chinese classical poetry is as bright as a galaxy and as bright as a pearl, which cannot be covered by a few articles in this column. If we can put aside the utilitarian nature of taking exams and start from the perspective of learning and inheriting traditional Chinese culture, appreciate the exquisiteness of ancient poetry and taste its emotional implications, then our gains will be greater.

Re: [Repost] Learn ancient poetry and prose to fold willows and plum blossoms

The extremely rich cultural treasures of the Chinese nation are the inexhaustible spiritual source of our descendants of Yan and Huang. The physical and mental pleasure, aesthetic feeling, spiritual sublimation and quality accumulation she brings to us are far beyond what can be covered by a single examination paper. "A masterpiece may accompany us on a lifelong journey; a meaningful sentence will often become a drop into the spiritual desert." "The dewdrops" (quoted from "Poetry Appreciation Sentences & 8226; Whispers"). In response to readers' requests, we have opened a new column about classical culture this semester - "Talking about Literature and History" to tell you some interesting literary and historical knowledge, allusions, anecdotes, and stories, accompanied by scene pictures. I hope it can be used in Bringing everyone edification and enjoyment in a relaxed and happy way.

In the 22nd year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (734 AD), when Li Bai was visiting Luoyang, he wrote a poem called "Listening to the Flute in Luoyang on a Spring Night":

Whose jade flute is flying quietly? The spring breeze spreads over Luo City.

Hearing the broken willows in this nocturne, no one can forget the love of his hometown.

The word "break willow" in the third sentence of the poem is "break willow". It turns out to be the title of a Han Yuefu song, which mostly expresses feelings of separation. Later generations often use "Breaking Willows" to write farewell and nostalgia works. For example:

Break a willow tree delicately and send it to your lover.

One branch is not so precious, pity is the spring in my hometown.

——Zhang Jiuling's "Breaking Willows"

Beautiful people have long thought about it, but they feel sad about it.

The climbing strips fold the spring scenery and send it far away in front of the Longting.

——Li Bai's "Folding Willows"

The willows become messy silk, climbing and folding in spring.

——"Breaking Willows" by Emperor Jianwen of Liang Dynasty

Later, the custom of breaking willows gradually formed, and it was especially popular in the Tang Dynasty. There is a place called Baling in the eastern suburbs of Chang'an. Near the tomb of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, a bridge was built across the water, named Baqiao. Because this is the thoroughfare in and out of Chang'an, when literati and poets saw off their relatives and friends here, they would break willows and give them to express their feelings of farewell. Therefore, it is said that Li Bai's poem "Bodhisattva Man" includes: "The moon in the Qinlou, every year Willow color, Baling sad farewell. "Ba Ling sad farewell" has become fashionable. It is worth noting that in Tang poetry, sometimes "folding willows" are used to express farewell, and sometimes "folding willows" are used to express longing, such as the above-quoted "folding willows" written by Zhang Jiuling, Li Bai, and Emperor Jianwen of Liang Dynasty.

Li He has a poem "To a Wine Journey", two of which are:

The master's father was trapped from traveling to the West and could not return, and his family broke the willows in front of the door.

The master's father did not return from his journey to the West for a long time, and his family missed him deeply, so he "broke the willow in front of the door." "Broken" means "end". Why can breaking be said to be the end? This can be seen from the "blow off" of "blow continuously" and the "wang break" of "looking at the geese flying south". Previous people had made many jokes about hyphenation incorrectly. Wang Qi, a Qing Dynasty scholar who annotated Li He's poem, actually said that because he spent too long climbing the tree, the wicker eventually broke due to stress and became a laughing stock for future generations.

According to "Records of Jingzhou", Lu Kai and Fan Ye from the Song Dynasty in the Southern Dynasty were good friends. Once Fan Ye went to the north on official business, Lu Kai missed him and wrote a poem to Fan Ye along with a plum blossom. The poem is written like this:

When I meet the messenger, I send it to the people in Longtou.

If you have nothing in the south of the Yangtze River, just give me a spring branch.

Yizhichun refers to plum blossoms; Longtou people refers to Fan Ye. The ancient Yuefu has "Songs of Longtou": "The water flowing in Longtou makes a deep sound. Looking at Qinchuan in the distance, my heart and liver are cut off." At this time, Fan Ye happened to be in the north, and he expressed his longing very appropriately. Lu Kai used "folding plum blossoms" to bring spring from the south to the north and gave it to his friends.

It is an ancient custom to fold flowers and give them away to express friendship. Plum blossoms not only bloom early, but also symbolize the purity and steadfastness of friendship. Because the woman in Wu Song's "Xizhou Song" has the act of "breaking plum blossoms and sending them to the north of the Yangtze River" to express her love, "breaking plum blossoms" sometimes also expresses the lover's love. Analyze carefully when reading.

Re: [Repost] Study ancient poems and political poems of the Tang Dynasty

Ancient poems express political ideals, worry about the country and the people, criticize the current ills, and tell the frustration of individuals who have not been recognized for their talents, etc. , were summarized into one category by later generations and were called political poetry. There are many such works in the "Book of Songs", my country's earliest collection of poems, such as: "Fa Tan", which exposes the slave-owning class's unearned gains, "Shuo Shu", which criticizes slave owners for exploiting slaves, and exposes the rulers' sins of burying human beings in a living sacrifice. "Yellow Bird" etc. Xiang Yu's "Gaixia Song" shows the sadness and helplessness of facing defeat and being unable to turn the tide, while Liu Bang's "Song of the Great Wind" shows a winner's ambition to stabilize the country and look for talents to govern the country. In the Tang Dynasty, with the development of metrical poetry, political poetry also appeared in large numbers.

Expressing the ambition to serve the country is one of the contents of the political poetry of the Tang Dynasty. For example: Meng Haoran's "Liangzhou Ci amp; 8226; Looking at Dongting Lake and presenting it to Prime Minister Zhang"

The August Lake is horizontal, and the culvert is too clear.

The steam is rising over Yunmengze, and the waves are shaking Yueyang City.

If you want to save money without a boat, you will live in shameful sage.

Sitting back and watching the fishermen only envy the fish.

The first four sentences of this poem describe the vast and turbulent situation of Dongting Lake in autumn, and the rise of the lake. It not only triggers the next sentence, but also hints that he has the ambition to serve the country. The last four sentences get to the point. Facing the vast lake and about to cross the water, Wu Zhi reminds him that he wants to serve in a peaceful and prosperous age but no one introduces him, and he only feels envious when he sees others making achievements for the country. After reading the complete poem, you will naturally understand that this is a work in which the poet implicitly expresses his desire to become an official, showing a positive and progressive spirit.

Expressing feelings of concern for the country and the people is another part of the political poetry of the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu, who was during the Anshi Rebellion, wrote many such poems. For example: "Climbing the Tower":

The flowers approaching the high-rise building hurt the hearts of the guests. There are many difficulties in climbing here.

The spring scenery of Jinjiang River comes to heaven and earth, and the floating clouds of jade barrier change the past and present.

The North Pole court will never change, and the Xishan bandits will not invade each other!

The poor queen returned to the temple, and chatted for Liang Fu at dusk.

This poem was written by Du Fu when he returned to Chengdu in the spring of the second year of Guangde (764) after escaping the Anshi Rebellion. After experiencing the disaster, I climbed up to the high-rise building and saw the flowers and trees blooming next to the building, which made me feel even more sad. The spring beauty of Jinjiang remains the same, but the world situation has undergone tremendous changes. The imperial court will never change because of external intrusion. I am warning the Tibetan pirates to stop invading my country! I think there are people who will build a temple to worship the fatuous empress Liu. I want to learn from Kong Ming and be determined to serve the country. This poem fully demonstrates Du Fu's concern for the fate of the country.

Political frustration and unrecognized talents are another part of the political poetry of the Tang Dynasty. For example: Zhang Jiuling's "Twelve Poems on Encounters" (Part 1)

The orchid leaves are lush in spring, and the osmanthus flowers are bright and clear in autumn.

Xinxinsheng has this intention, since it is a festive season.

Who knows that those who live in the forest will feel happy when they hear the wind and sit there.

The grass and trees have their own intention, so why ask for the beauty.