The distinction between illusion, illusion and fantasy?

why do some people have the perceptual experience of "making something out of nothing"? For example, they may tell others that he "saw" the figure flashing in the trees at night; He "listened" to the rolling thunder, and he spoke vividly, with a nose and eyes. In fact, in his real environment, there is no such image or voice. This kind of perceptual experience produced in the absence of real external stimuli is "illusion". People with hallucinations often use imaginary perceptual experience to replace real perceptual experience.

Some people confuse hallucinations with "psychic powers". This is not right. Hallucinations are generally "seeing" what others can't see (this is called "hallucination") and "hearing" what others can't hear (this is called "auditory hallucination") without external stimuli. The "special function" is to see the image that ordinary people can't see and hear the sound that ordinary people can't hear. Therefore, the object of illusion is fictional; And the object of "special function" is real and real. Because the object of illusion is fictional and imaginary, it can also be said that illusion is the perception without object, the perception without object, the perception of nothingness, and the perception without foundation.

There are many kinds of hallucinations. Some pathological psychologists say that there are as many kinds of hallucinations as there are sensory organs inside and outside people's bodies. The theoretical basis of this claim is: because the internal and external senses of the human body will be introduced into the brain after receiving stimulation, various kinds of subjective hallucinations will be formed accordingly. The hallucinations that have been identified are mainly as follows: < P > Auditory hallucinations. Auditory hallucinations account for the largest proportion of hallucinations. For example, many people think that someone is "cursing" him, someone is "ordering" him and so on. Moreover, auditory hallucinations have the most types and forms, such as clear, vague, loud, quiet, far, near, many, few, and so on. Auditory hallucinations often appear at the same time as exaggerated delusions, so it is easy to cause "paranoia."

visual hallucinations. Hallucinations are often caused by physiological reasons, and visual hallucinations caused by purely psychological reasons of functional nature are rare. For example, "drunkards" who are addicted to alcohol often have hallucinations. When he is drunk, he says that a group of bugs are flying in front of his eyes, and so on. This is the result of alcoholism.

taste hallucination and smell hallucination. Taste illusion and smell illusion are often associated with persecution delusion. They think they smell or taste poisonous gas, poison and so on that someone wants to kill him. Taste hallucinations are filthy and wonderful; Olfactory hallucinations may also have both floral and fruit aromas; There will also be stench, burning smell and so on. In short, the so-called good and bad poles may coexist at the same time.

skin hallucination. This kind of somatosensory illusion is also various. For example, some people "feel" that their abdomen is swollen, or they are calm under the sun; "Feel" cold, burning, pain, bugs crawling on the skin and so on.

hallucinations are different from illusions. Illusion is an incorrect perception of objective things, and it is a subjective distorted perception of stimulation under the stimulation of objective things. For example, the idiom "the shadow of a snake with a bow in the glass" refers to a person who, while drinking, sees a snake in the glass and is suspicious and thinks that he has swallowed it, and he is scared to get sick. Later, knowing that it was a bow hanging on the wall (and some people verified that it was a musical instrument in the ancient army), the shadow shone in the cup, which relieved my doubts and made me well. It can be seen that the cause of this drinker's fright is caused by "illusion".

In daily life, some people often misunderstand things, such as, "Did she have a good impression on me with that smile?" "He didn't even look at my hairstyle. He must have changed his mind about me!" Wait a minute. There are also the sentences of ancient poems that we are familiar with, such as "the wind is trembling and the grass is full of soldiers", "the wind is shaking and the flowers are moving, and it is suspected that the jade man is coming" and so on. When normal people have such misunderstandings, they will observe and identify the actual situation, and then suddenly realize it and laugh it off. But for morbid psychologists, they tend to stubbornly take illusions as facts.

there are two reasons for illusion: (1) the influence of the characteristics of objective stimuli. For example, during the war, planes, cannons, tanks and even soldiers' clothes and hats were disguised with green leaves, grass or green cloth, with the aim of "blending in" with the green of the surrounding earth, so that enemy planes could not be detected from high altitude. (2) The physiological and psychological influence of the observer. Physiological reasons are related to the mechanism and characteristics of sensory organs; Psychological reasons are related to living conditions and life experience.

In some cases, people's perception is not consistent with the fact itself, but this is not an illusion. For example, when you look at the "haha mirror" or the convex rearview mirror on the car, you will feel that your face is distorted; If you insert chopsticks obliquely into a cup with water, you will find that chopsticks become crooked and not straight. These are all formed by the influence of specific conditions, not illusions. As for the famous poem "Looking at Lushan Waterfall" by Li Bai, a great poet in the Tang Dynasty, "Rizhao incense burner gives birth to purple smoke, and the waterfall hangs in front of Sichuan. It is not an illusion, but an exaggeration and metaphor made by the poet with rich imagination. They should not be confused with morbid psychology. The illusion caused by subjective experience can be verified by objective experience. For example, looking at a small tree in the distance in the dark seems to be a person standing there; But when you identify it carefully, it is still a tree, not a person. Another example is to hear a whimpering sound, which seems to be music and a person crying; But after careful identification, I realized it was the wind. Once people with normal mentality know that it is an error, their psychological reaction will change, and they will understand: "Wrong." Or "I heard it wrong." It turned out that there was an illusion. However, if a person stubbornly believes that the tree is a person, listens to the wind as music or crying, "turns black and white and confuses right and wrong", regardless of the truth, that is, he can't use other objective experience to verify and identify his subjective illusion, then it can be said with certainty that this person is suffering from abnormal illusion and he (she) is mentally abnormal in perception.

If a person is always under illusion, muttering and being suspicious all day, and his mind is restless, then all kinds of troubles and endless anguish will follow. Jokes, troubles, and obstacles to unity are still minor things; Serious will have unexpected adverse consequences.

Some young people are prone to delusions, which are often related to their lack of knowledge and experience and their poor analytical and critical abilities. So what should we do? In order to avoid illusion, we must study more, experience more and exercise our thinking ability. Think twice before you act, think hard and identify more; Be realistic, not subjective.

finally, let's talk about the difference between illusion and fantasy. Many people confuse fantasy with illusion because the object of fantasy often points to unreal things outside the environment. In fact, fantasy is an imagination that combines life wishes and points to the future, not perception. There are two kinds of fantasies: one is a positive fantasy that conforms to the development law of real life and is possible under the guidance of a correct world outlook, and this fantasy is an "ideal"; Another kind of fantasy is a development law that is completely divorced from reality and has no possibility of realization. This kind of fantasy is "fantasy", and fantasy is often a negative and harmful fantasy.

some fantasies can play a role in buffering troubles. Some psychologists regard this fantasy as a kind of "placebo", and the psychological satisfaction that can't be obtained from reality can be found in the fantasy, so as to get compensation, which is the saying "consoling ourselves". Normal people's fantasy is a kind of "recluse thought", which temporarily escapes from the harsh realistic environment and indulges in illusory fantasy, so as to get rid of psychological depression and troubles. However, people who are psychologically normal and abnormal have very different attitudes towards fantasy. Normal people can wake up from fantasy and finally face reality. They understand that fantasy is just a comfort in the end. It's like "the end of the song", you are still the real you, not the imaginary you. However, people with mental disorders can't distinguish the line between reality and imagination, and often mistake the imaginary self and false self for the real self and true self, so various mental diseases or tragedies arise. Therefore, for people with mental disorders, their fantasies are often illusions; For people with normal psychology, fantasy is fantasy, which can also be called "daydreaming". Pathological psychology divides daydreaming into two forms: one is to escape from reality. Because some people can't stand the strong psychological pressure, or can't get rid of the setbacks and difficulties they encounter, they flee to the Xiaotian land of their own utopian world for comfort. This should be said to be the performance of the weak. The other is to console ourselves, which can also be called to console ourselves. For example, a young amateur literature lover who is eager to become famous and get married has written several works that have not been published because of poor quality and low level, so he often sinks into fantasy and imagines that he has won the Nobel Prize in Literature, which is highly praised by his girlfriend and partners and indulges in self-appreciation and self-satisfaction.

It can be seen that escaping from reality and consoling ourselves are both wishful thinking to satisfy their wishes that cannot be achieved in the real world. In the illusory imagination, their emotions can be indulged and developed at will, filling the emptiness in their hearts and getting satisfaction. However, if this vicious circle continues, its consequences will inevitably become increasingly unable to adapt to the real environment.

Some psychologists abroad believe that daydreaming can temporarily break away from the harsh reality of fierce competition, and make people's emotions temporarily buffered after setbacks and failures, so as not to be knocked down by setbacks and failures, and even give people a "glimmer of light" and sprout hope for the future. But these psychologists also point out that daydreaming can't help you solve practical problems at all, nor can it help you adapt to society, because the only way to overcome setbacks and failures is to face reality.

In my opinion, daydreaming is a shrinking reaction to setbacks. Some people, after being frustrated, do not face the reality bravely, but deal with it in a way that is divorced from reality, and seek self-comfort and self-satisfaction in their own fantasy net.