Ask the great god to translate the Hakka dialect "the real melon horn is old, and the melon and wheat are fast."

Hakka (Hak-k? -ng？ ), referred to as Hakka (Hak-ng? ), also known as Hakka dialect, Hakka dialect in informal occasions, and Ya dialect (western Guangdong and other places), Xinmin dialect (Guangxi and other places), Cantonese (Tukan dialect) (Hunan and Sichuan), Huaiyuan dialect (Jiangxi and other places) and Huizhou dialect (Guangxi and other places) in some areas. It is one of the official languages in Taiwan Province Province of China and one of the official languages in Surinam.

It is generally believed that Hakka dialect was originally formed in the Southern Song Dynasty, but it was not named Hakka until the 20th century. Linguists still have some arguments about whether to classify it as a Chinese dialect or language. Especially in China, it is considered as one of the seven dialects of Chinese. Meixian dialect is a representative in linguistic academic research, but Huiyang dialect has great influence in reality. In Taiwan Province Province, the company is represented by the strong line.

Hakka dialect is mainly distributed in eastern Guangdong, western Fujian and southwestern Jiangxi, and is widely used in some Chinese communities in southern China (including Taiwan Province Province) and Malaysian countries.

Historically, Hakka used to be one of the main circulating languages in Lanfang Republic. Once the "national language" of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, it was widely used in its official documents. Because of the long-term closure, the inheritance of Hakka once relied on a closed society that was not disturbed by the outside world and strict ancestral teachings passed down from mouth to mouth. With the development of society, the traditional closed society is disintegrated by rapid urbanization, and the traditional rules of inheriting Hakka dialect are gradually abandoned in the information age, so Hakka dialect has become one of the fastest declining languages in the world [6]. In Taiwan Province Province, 1988 has a campaign to return my mother tongue. Later, the modern media of Hakka language was gradually developed, which enabled Hakka language to continue to be passed down in modern society. The birth and development of Hakka pop music and the appearance of language services (such as radio and television, transportation services) in public life have made Hakka gradually walk out of isolation, move towards modernization and integrate into the trend of the times.

Hakka dialect is the mother tongue of Han Hakkas (including Hakkas in eastern Guangdong, Dongjiang water sources, Cantonese in western Guangdong and southern Guangxi, and Cantonese in Sichuan), which is widely distributed in the southeast coast of China, southern and western provinces, northern Hong Kong New Territories, Taiwan Province Province and overseas Hakka immigrant areas (such as Mauritius, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc.). )。 However, due to the lack of large-scale popular culture, the popularity of Hakka in northern China is far less than that of Cantonese and Minnan.

Linguists generally regard Meixian dialect as a typical representative of Hakka dialect, and Hakka programs of China Radio International are usually broadcast by it. In Taiwan Province Province, Sixian dialect (namely Sixian dialect) is a typical representative, followed by public transport Hakka broadcasting. But there is no recognized standard accent. People lack recognition of the standard pronunciation of Meixian dialect. Most Hakka people who use non-Meixian accent can't speak Meixian dialect, and even have some communication obstacles when communicating with people who speak Meixian dialect, but the difference is not big.

If Meixian dialect is taken as a reference, Hakka dialects have similar accents and different accents. Generally speaking, 75% of Hakka dialects, including Meixian dialect, Huiyang dialect and Sixian dialect, can be used universally (that is, almost). These 75% Hakka dialects are also called mainstream Hakka dialects. Simply put, the mainstream Hakka dialect refers to the accent of Guangdong and Taiwan films and other branches of Hakka dialect developed from Guangdong and Taiwan films (such as Tonggu Hakka dialect, Ninglongnan film, Tingzhou South film, Sichuan Cantonese, Yuexi-Guinan dialect, etc.). ). However, the northern accent of Gutingzhou (formerly northern Tingzhou film), the old Hakka dialect of Gannan (Yugui film) and the water source sound of Dongjiang are not included in the "mainstream Hakka dialect" because they are quite different from those of Guangdong and Taiwan films (but these Hakka dialects usually have the language rules of mainstream Hakka dialect).

Hakka dialect has strong local characteristics. There are Pingyuan, Tai Po, Jiaoling, Xingning, Wuhua and Fengshun counties around Meixian. Hakka dialect in almost every county has its own characteristics, which can be regarded as an independent dialect. For example, there are no words ending in [-m] or [-p] in Xingning dialect, but they are merged into [-n] and [-t]. For another example, far from Meixian's Hong Kong accent, the middle vowel [-u-] has disappeared. Therefore, take "Guang" as an example. Meixian county is pronounced as [ku44], and Hong Kong Hakkas will pronounce it as [k33], which is similar to the Hakkas in neighboring Shenzhen.

In different Hakka dialects, the tones are different. Most Hakka dialects have entering tones, with 6-7 tones. Changting Chengguan dialect, the tone disappears; Dongjiang dialect (water source sound) and other dialects retain the tone characteristics of early Hakka dialect, with seven tones. The Hakkas in Taiwan Province Province moved here from Haifeng and Lufeng. There is a retrogingival sound ([? ],[? ]，[t？ ])。 Another mainstream Hakka dialect in Taiwan Province Province is Jiaoling, Pingyuan, Xingning and Meixian dialects in Jiaying (now Meizhou).

First, the initial consonants of ancient voiced stops and affricates (coordinate, definite stop, mass stop, subordinate stop, voiced stop and lofty stop) are mostly aspirated voiced initial consonants, regardless of flat tones.

For example, the initial letter of "Bie, Bian" is p[p? 】, the first letter of "Land and Enemy" is t[t? ], the initials of "old" and "block" are both k[k? 】, the initials of "past, agility, turbidity, shelter and help" are c[].

Secondly, the consonants of Gu Xiaohe and the Boxer Rebellion are frequently pronounced as f[f].

For example, the initials of "grey, glow, bosom, lie, flower, tiger, marriage, echo and shout" are all f[f].

Thirdly, some ancient words, such as "Gu", "Fu" and "Feng", are stressed with lip initials b[p] and p[p] in spoken English? ], retaining the ancient sound characteristics of "ancient without light lips".

For example, "fly, axe, fat, bark, float, charm".

Fourth, the initials of the ancient group are mostly retained in the tongue roots g[k] and k[k? ]、h[h].

For example, the initials of "Ji, Ji and Jiu" are [k], and the initials of "bullying, modesty and seeking" are [k? ], the initial letter of "xi xi" is [h].

5. Most of them have voiced fricative initials v[v]. It comes from the rhyme of ancient micro, shadow, mica and several boxes of mothers.

For example, "things, services, bowls, frogs, prestige, houses, bays, nests, kings, destinations, characters, yellow, emperor and return". In addition, there are [v] initials pronounced "cloud, domain and epidemic" in Hakka dialect in western Fujian.

6. The differentiation of initial consonants between Guzhi group and Zhao Jing group in Hakka dialect is complicated. For example:

In most parts of Guangdong, these three groups of initials are combined to read z[? ]、c[]、s[s]； In some areas, the initials d[t] and z[? ], c[]. Pronunciation of initials in Zhao (Zhuang) group and Beijing group [? ], [], S. For example, the pronunciation of the initial [h] in Xingning dialect. For example: Xiao [Xiao], [Xi], Xu [Xi], Hu [Hu], Qi [Xi], Qi [Xi], abandon [Xi]; The initial consonant y([j] or [i]) has initials and many negative and mica, such as Yang [i], Yang [i], Yan [iam], Yi [ji], Yi [ji], Yin [jim], Ying [jin] and Yue [i? K], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian], Yuan [ian].

Hakka dialects in Luchuan, Guangxi (except southern Wushi dialect), Hexian county and Guixian county generally start with the initial z[? ], c[], s[s], and the initial sounds of Zhi and Zhao (Zhang) groups are d[t] and z[? ], c[]. For example: Tianjin [? In], Jane [? In], invade [? Im], deep [? Rice], ten-day [grandson], rope [grandson].

The initials of some words in the ancient knowledge group are read in western Fujian (Tingbei film) [? ], [], for example: know [? Me], pig [? U], Zhu [u], Zhen [en], Zhang [? Answer? ], medium [? ], pool [i], super [au], draw [iu]. The initials of some words in Guzhang Group are Min Xi Nian [? ], [], S. For example: paper [? I], Zhu [? U], really [? En], Chun [un], Chang [], Snake [sa], Shu [su].

The combination of knowledge, photography and refinement of Meinong Hakka dialect. For example, the initials of disaster, fast, pig and chapter are all [? ]; The initials of guess, difference, ugliness and prosperity are []; Third, the initials of Sha and Shu are both [s]. Initial consonants [], [] and [s] of Gu Jing Formation and Zhaozhuang Formation in Taoyuan Hakka Dialect. For example: essence, Zhuang, obedience, beginning, heart and life; Content and the initial pronunciation of Zhang Zhaozi? ], [], S. such as pigs, seals, ugliness, prosperity, boats, books.

Most of the initials of Hakka dialect in Liangshuijing, Huayang, Sichuan are pronounced [? ]、[]、[ s]； But there are also some refined initials [], such as: pro, qi, sacrifice, gun, exhaustion, thorn.

Seven, nasal initials are rich. Except [m], [n], [? In addition to the initials, there are [? ] initials. [? The initials appear in ancient Chinese characters, mud (mother) 34 and some Japanese initials.

For example: language, propriety, people, cattle, year, welcome, day, eyes and mother.

Eight, most of the ancient initials are pronounced [l], but there are a few ancient initials pronounced [t] in Changting Hakka dialect in western Fujian, which is very special.

For example: Li [ti], Liu [ti], Li [ti], Li [te? ], egg [t], deafness [t], force [ti], two [ti], Lin [te? ], Liu [tiu].

Monovowel or compound vowel (of Chinese syllables)

There are no vowels in Hakka dialect in most areas, and the vowels of Hakka dialect are mixed with those of Hakka dialect. For example: fish, English.

Use au[au] or o[? ] is the main vowel with more vowels. For example: good, tall, old, brain.

In ancient times, the words "Hou Kai", "Thick Cloud" and "Mountain Opening" were pronounced in most areas. U] rhyme, some areas read iu[iu] rhyme, and some areas read ou[? Rhyme. For example: thickness, rest, etc.

Ancient nasal vowels [-m], [-n], [-? ] and [-p], [-t] and [-k] are all reserved in Hakka dialect to varying degrees, among which Guangdong, Guangxi and Taiwan Province provinces are relatively complete. For example, only [-n], [m], [t] and [k] remain in Xingning dialect, such as Tuan [tn], Gan [kam], Ge [kak] and Duo [TT]; Only [-n] and [-? ], [-k] rhyme ending, such as: meter [fan], put [f], clip [chick], pen [pik], wood [muk]; Changting dialect in western Fujian (Tingbei area) only retains [-? ] rhymes, such as: gan [ka? ], group [t? ], half [pa? ], level [va? ], pigeon [k? ], don't [p? That is], white [p? a].[40]

pay attention to

There are six tones in most areas and five or seven tones in a few areas.

In Changting dialect in western Fujian, Liancheng and Liu Qing are silent, and the rest of them are divided into yin and yang, and the upper voice is divided into yin and yang, which is self-contained. Hakka dialect in eastern Guangdong has six tones, which are divided into yin and yang and yin and yang. Yongding dialect and Shanghang dialect of Hakka dialect in western Fujian retain two tones, which are also six tones. There are seven tones in water source sound and land-sea cavity (including Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province province).

The use of ancient words.

The ancient words commonly used in daily spoken language are Suo (rope), He (rice), Wu (black), noodles (noodles), food (eating), neck (neck), hunger (hunger), morning (morning), sun (noon), walking (walking) and boiling (boiling).

Some of them are unique old sayings of Hakka dialect. For example: hey [? Iau] (chewing), eight [n? Hands touch hands, puk, white mold grows on the surface of food when it is moldy, s? U] (bad), [t? U] (nest), lotus [Kay] (shoulder), lotus [Pu] (afternoon or evening), lotus [concave] (folded), lotus [qi] (thin), lotus [nao] (hate; Don't like it), "circle" [k? Ian] (awesome center) and so on.

Innovation of dialect words.

Due to the unique natural environment, historical conditions, customs, local products and different word-making habits in dialect areas, a large number of dialect words have been formed, such as Xuezhi (popsicle), Zan (a cake made of rice flour), [Park Jian] (a meatball), Daong (a superstitious activity) and tea (a drink).

Borrow words from other dialects or foreign languages.

Some of them are borrowed from Cantonese, such as: Ba (hit it off), Jing (beautiful, beautiful), Qi (smart, capable) and so on. Some of them are borrowed from English, such as: T-shirt, ball ball, marks (mark trademark, logo); Some are borrowed from Malay, such as kissing is called needle [? im](zim)； Add the words "Fan", "Yang", "Hong Mao" and "Netherlands" to the names of imported goods, such as: Fan Bei (Yang), Fan Pian (Yang), Fan Jian (soap), foreign umbrella (umbrella), red wool mud (cement) and pea (a kind of thin bean pod).

Differences in lexical meanings.

Some words are synonymous with Putonghua, such as: crying (crying), face (face), hot head (sun), fire snake (lightning), heart uncle (daughter-in-law) and so on. Some words are synonymous with Mandarin, such as: classical Chinese (story), shooting (shooting); Some words have the same form as Mandarin, but have different meanings, such as "lips". Mandarin refers to the muscles around the mouth of people or some animals, while Hakka also refers to the mouth and edges of utensils, such as pot lips and table lips. "Rice" in Putonghua generally refers to rice and seeds without shells or skins, such as glutinous rice, peanuts, sorghum, etc., while Hakka only refers to rice, etc. Some words have the same form as Mandarin, but their meanings cross each other. For example, "light", "bright" and "bright" are synonyms in Hakka and Mandarin, with the same usage, such as fire, light, wave light, appearance, brightness and clarity, but where Hakka uses "light", Mandarin often uses "light" or "bright".

Differences in grammatical meanings (that is, grammatical functions of words).

Some words in Hakka dialect are different from Putonghua in grammatical meaning, such as "nose" as noun snot, verbs "sniff" and "sniff"; "Love" is not only used as a verb to express love, but also as an auxiliary verb "Yao"; "Burn" can be used not only as a verb but also as an adjective "warm" and a noun "chicken".

Differences in word formation.

Mainly manifested in morpheme order, overlapping, addition and monosyllabic words. The morpheme order of some coordinate and formal compound words is different from that of Mandarin, such as: urgent (urgent), noisy (noisy), cow (cow), guest (guest), and so on.

In the way of word overlapping, monosyllabic nouns and quantifiers can overlap more than Mandarin, which means "every", such as bowl (every bowl), gun (every gun) and shovel (every shovel). Generally, monosyllabic verbs and adjectives in Hakka dialect cannot overlap separately. If they need to overlap, they must be followed by the suffix-ε, IPA[-? ], such as "small" (small), plays a weakening role. However, monosyllabic adjectives in Taiwan Province Hakka dialect can overlap, and their functions will be strengthened after overlapping, such as being confused (untidy) and stupid (silly); Some adjectives in Taiwan Province Hakka dialect can even be used to express the superlative, such as: bare (very bright), bitter (very bitter), hot, hot (very hot). There is a special "XAA" reduplication in Hakka dialect, which has strong word formation ability. The overlapping embedded sound after each headword is different, and the suffix-ω must be added to indicate the deeper degree, such as: red Zou Mi (red) and chubby Mimi (chubby).

In addition, the prefixes commonly used in Hakka dialect are "Ya" (or "A") and "Lao", and the suffix is "Mi [? ] (son), "head", "public", "ghost", "ghost", "individual" and "fight". ), there are "Gui" in it, such as Baba (father), sister (sister) and old sister (sister). Judging from the ratio of monosyllabic words to disyllabic words, there are more monosyllabic words in Hakka than in Mandarin. Some disyllabic words in Putonghua are monosyllabic words in Hakka dialect, such as: xing (happy), cognition (cognition), skin (skin), table (table) and so on. [

First, the possessive case of personal pronouns can be expressed as ([? A 13]) or "you (1)".

Second, there are special interrogative pronouns, such as pulse (what) and pulse (who).

Thirdly, there are special collocations between nouns and quantifiers, and between verbs and quantifiers. For example, a fish is this big.

Fourth, the position of the double object is flexible: the indirect object can be placed before or after the direct object. Predicates can be repeated and added before direct objects and indirect objects respectively. For example:

Give each other a shirt. I gave him a dress. )

Divide your life into a shirt. I gave him a dress. )

You will share a shirt. I gave him a dress. )

(Note: in the above example, read bun 1[pun44])

5. The format of the comparative sentence is a-bi-b- guo-adjective. Cows are bigger than pigs.

Sixth, the expression methods of various forms of verbs:

Add "Zheng [tsa? 53] ",indicating that the action has just begun, for example, Ya is eating rice (I just ate it).

Add "wait [t? N3 1] ",indicating that the action is going on or on, such as waiting for a meal (I am eating) and waiting for a pulse in my hand (what is in my hand).

After the verb, add "ShenShen [? ] "(Yi) or" Guoguo ([? ]), indicating that the action has been completed, such as: Yashiyi (I have eaten).

Add "te [t? T 1] or "completed" means past completion, for example, he ate 40 kilograms of rice a month (he ate 40 kilograms of rice a month).

Adding "Ai" before the verb means that the action has not started, for example, I am eating (not eating yet).

Adding "turn" after the verb indicates the recovery of the action, for example, you turn over your cotton-padded jacket (you put it back).

Adding "Xia Zi" after verbs means giving it a try, for example, seeing Xia Zi (looking) and listening to Xia Zi (listening).

Tone sandhi is used to indicate near finger and far finger. For example:

[k] (here) [k? ]？ There (here,' means stress, the same below)

['k？ ] side (here) [k? ]' Edge (over there)

Eight, the active sentence only uses words, not words. For example, you move the table around (you move the table back) and you break the bowl (I break the bowl).

Nine, some words have different word order in the sentence. For example, the adverb "Tian" in Meixian dialect is equivalent to "zai" in Mandarin, but their positions in the sentence are different. The former is placed after the predicate or at the end of the sentence, and the latter is placed before the predicate. For example: listen to music for a while (listen to music again) and add a photo (take another photo). "Duo" and "Shao" used as adverbs are placed after verbs, such as: take more and throw more (take more) and use less and throw more (use less). "Dao" in Meixian dialect is equivalent to "Dao" in Putonghua, but their positions in the sentence are different, for example, learning more knowledge is better than learning less. "Qu" and "Lai" in Meixian dialect come before the object. For example: Yaam went to Guilin (my mother went to Guilin) and my sister came to the factory (my sister didn't come to the factory). Sometimes, the words "go … come" in this kind of sentence should be used together, for example, where have you been (where have you been)?

X. Different degrees of expression. For example, adjectives are used alone to indicate the general degree, adjectives overlap, and then "hey [? ] ",(affected by the previous syllable, the same part of the sound changes), indicating that the degree is weakened. For example: sour nê (sour), adding "[kuat5]" before the adjective means that the degree is strengthened, which is equivalent to "extraordinary". Such as: [kuat5] acid (very acid); Add "I don't know much" before the adjective, and then add "I [? ] ",indicating the highest degree, is equivalent to" very ",such as: I don't know a few acids (very sour); Adding "special" before adjectives means too much, which is equivalent to "too", such as: too sour (too sour)

I hope it can help you solve the problem.