Which is classical Chinese?

1. What are the arguments of Cao Gui in the classical Chinese Zuo Zhuan?

Su Qin and Lian Heng on Qin-Warring States Policy

Jiao Long said Zhao-Warring States Policy

Qiushui-Zhuangzi

Yan Zi controls Chu-Yan Zi's Spring and Autumn Period

Bian Que meets Cai Huangong-everything is wrong.

Buju-Quyuan

Fisherman-Qu Yuan

Feng Fusong Yu

Goddess yufusong

On Qin (Ⅰ)-Jia Yi

Seven rounds-Meicheng

Hongmen Banquet-Sima Qian

My concubine-Sima Qian

After the Great Wall was completed, it belonged to Zhao-Sima Qian.

Return to Tianfu-Zhang Heng

Suwu Shepherd-Bangu

The Combination of Narration, Lines and Tasks —— Cai Yong

Climbing the Building-RoyceWong

Former model-Zhuge Liang

Luoshenfu-Caozhi

Chen Qingbiao-Shimi

Thoughts on the Same Order of Lao and Fu —— Xiang Embroidery

Longzhongdui-Chen Shou

The combination of autumn prosperity and fu

Preface to Lanting Collection-Wang Xizhi

Taohuayuan-Tao Yuanming

Go back, come back, and say the words in the same order-biographies of Tao Yuanming and Yan Guang Ye Fan

Knife catcher by the bed-Liu Yiqing

Wucheng Zhao fubao

Confucius' Perception —— Literary Transfer in Beishan

Hatred-Jiang Yan

Beppu-Jiangyan

Thought of Song and Yuan Dynasties-Wu Jun

The night pavilion is full of geese-Xiao Yi

Preface to Memorizing Jiangnan —— Geng Xin

Chunfu-Geng Xin

Representative Li, he spread all over the world—

Preface to Autumn Farewell of Wang Bo Hongfu Wang Tengting.

In the mountains and Pei Xiucai's book-Wang Wei

The Book of Jingzhou with Han Dynasty-Li Bai

Hang the ancient battlefield text-Li Hua

The teacher said-Han Yu

Understanding of further study-Han Yu

Send a poor article-Han Yu

Han Yu-Memorial of Twelve Langwen

Han Yu-send Li to Pangu Preface.

Inscription of a humble room-Liu Yuxi

Bai Juyi: A Record of Lushan Caotang

Litchi Map-Preface of Bai Juyi

Liu Zongyuan-The Legend of Planting Trees and Camels

Snake Catcher's Theory-Liu Zongyuan

Liu Zongyuan-The Story of Cobalt Pool

To the small stone pond in the west of Xiaoqiu-Liu Zongyuan

The Story of Koishiyama-Liu Zongyuan

2. What is classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is the written language in ancient China, mainly including the written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.

Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, neat melody and no punctuation, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and ancient prose. The first word "Wen" means beauty. The word "Yan" means writing, expressing and recording.

The word "classical Chinese" means written language. Classical Chinese is relative to spoken Chinese, which is also called vernacular Chinese. The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , and represents the genre.

"Classical Chinese" means "beautiful language articles", which is also called stylistic writing. And "vernacular" means: "articles written in ordinary and simple oral language"

For example, "Have you eaten?" .

3. What is the difference between classical Chinese and ancient Chinese? Classical Chinese is relative to vernacular Chinese. The first word "Wen" means a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. Classical Chinese refers to written language, which is relative to spoken language. Spoken language is also called spoken language. Classical Chinese refers to articles written in written language, while vernacular Chinese refers to articles written in common spoken language. In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, what they say in oral language is eaten. And using books and language to express it is "rice?" "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. So now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese", which refers to the characters in ancient books before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Xu Shen said in "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Xu": "Mrs. Zhou wrote fifteen pieces of Da Zhuan, which are exclusive or different from ancient Chinese."

4. What is classical Chinese? Classical Chinese is the written language used by our ancestors. There is a relationship of inheritance and development between classical Chinese and modern Chinese. As far as the basic forms of language are concerned, they are the same, but as far as the changes of language are concerned, they are very different. When we study classical Chinese, we should master the difference between ancient and modern Chinese and have the ability to read simple classical Chinese. How to read and learn classical Chinese? First, the word seeks its training, and the sentence seeks its purpose. In other words, when reading classical Chinese, you should understand the meaning of every word and every sentence. This is the reading experience of Zhu, a famous scholar in Song Dynasty. He once said, read carefully, word for word, depending on the landing. If you haven't studied before, you'll never be in a hurry to get behind. For students who have just started to learn classical Chinese, if the first step is not practical, they will read it later. Simply put, 1 is quite different in grammar and meaning. The implementation of every word and sentence is to understand this change and master the differences between them. For example, the meaning of "death" in "compensation after the death of sheep" is commonly used in ancient Chinese, while the meaning of "loss" and "escape" is commonly used in modern Chinese. There will be jokes that "dead sheep" is dead sheep. 2. This word is ambiguous. Because there are few words in classical Chinese, this word is often ambiguous. For example, a degree includes consideration, estimation, size, quantity, redundancy, measurement and system in different contexts. There are many meanings in other sentences, such as "market", "transaction", "sale" and "market". If we don't master this, we may not understand it when reading. For another example, we now call speaking with our mouths "speaking" and writing "Yu" in classical Chinese. We now use a word to represent "rain" in classical Chinese. Qi equals his and Zi equals Zi. "Father" refers to "father" in vernacular Chinese, and "father" (f incarnation) in classical Chinese often refers to the old man (ordinary old man). 3. The usage of quantifiers in classical Chinese is also different from that in modern Chinese. There are no quantifiers in classical Chinese. There are no quantifiers for "a table", "a chair", "a fan" and "a ruler" in ventriloquism. 4. Also, because there are few ancient words, sometimes the ancients will use a homophone or similar word to replace the words they want to use when writing articles. This substitute word is called a universal word, for example, in the Charcoal Man. It replaces the "value" of value. 5. There are also many flexible use of parts of speech in classical Chinese. Nouns are used as verbs, verbs are used as nouns, adjectives are used as nouns or verbs ... When the part of speech changes, the meaning of words also changes. These seemingly complicated, in fact, as long as the words are well practiced and the sentences are well targeted, it is not difficult to master. Accumulate the language and master the characters, words and sentence patterns of classical Chinese. Classical Chinese is rarely used in life, and there is no good way to learn it well if you are not familiar with reading and reciting. If you read more and recite more, you will have a sense of language, so you can understand the content of the article quickly and read sentences fluently, and a sense of language can only be effective if you read aloud and recite. Therefore, China's ancient reading emphasized recitation and recitation. Bai Juyi, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, was sour when he was studying as a child. At the age of ten, Cao Zhi recited hundreds of words of poems and told us that to learn classical Chinese well, reading and reciting must be the basic methods. When reading and reciting, we should also pay attention to the fact that there were no punctuation marks when the ancients wrote articles. The ancient prose we see now is generally edited by later generations, so what did the ancients use to express broken sentences? This is often expressed by function words such as "zhi", "Hu", "zhe" and "ye" when we study ancient Chinese. In Shi Shuo, Han Yu said "I don't know how to read sentences", in which "reading sentences" is a broken sentence, and these function words are different. ), Gai and Fu are at the beginning of the sentence, Yu, but generally in the middle. ), hey, draw a circle (. Behind your ear, the speaker will also pause, or the sentence (. ) or tease (,) as the case may be. If you don't understand the function of these function words, you may make mistakes when reading aloud, which will not only affect your understanding of the text content, but also affect your familiar reading and memory of the text. Summarize the rules and pay attention to the methods. We must start from learning ancient Chinese and cultivate Ganjia School. However, it is a good way to thoroughly understand the prescription. Knowledge is systematic and regular. In the process of learning, we should pay attention to find out the internal relations between them, sum up the regular things, and remember what we have learned in a scientific way. For example, the translation of classical Chinese should be fluent, but in translation, some can be translated literally and some can be translated freely. Literal translation is word-for-word translation. Free translation means breaking the original word order and translating only according to the meaning. Generally speaking, narratives and argumentative essays are often translated literally, while lyric articles are often translated freely. When translating, those proper nouns, such as place names, personal names, emperor names, year numbers, official names, etc. There is no translation. As long as you master these regular knowledge, any classical Chinese can be used. Therefore, they can be used for learning.

5. What are the characteristics of classical Chinese? 1. The separation of language and writing. Linguistic research holds that written language is produced and developed on the basis of spoken language, and the two are closely related. Classical Chinese was formed on the basis of spoken English in the pre-Qin period, but with the passage of time, the distance between classical Chinese and spoken English gradually widened. From the Han and Wei Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the official implementation and the need of imperial examinations, scholars deliberately imitated the language of the "Four Books and Five Classics" to write poems and articles, focusing on elegance. In this way, the distance between classical Chinese as a written language and the language actually used by people is getting bigger and bigger, resulting in the phenomenon of separation between words and characters. Second, it will remain unchanged for a long time. Until the May 4th Movement, classical Chinese, as the dominant written language, was passed down from generation to generation and remained in use. Its language components remain basically unchanged. For example, the usage of some basic sentence patterns and commonly used function words in the pre-Qin period has been preserved in classical Chinese, and even the most active words in the three elements of language have strong stability in classical Chinese: the ancient meanings of some words have long disappeared in spoken English, but they can still be used in classical Chinese. Although later generations will inevitably mix some spoken language at that time in imitation, which will bring some subtle changes to classical Chinese, on the whole, classical Chinese has basically maintained its original features in vocabulary system and grammar system. Third, the writing is concise. Most of China's important ancient books are written in classical Chinese, and many immortal works have always been known for their conciseness. It can be said that classical Chinese itself contains concise factors: first, classical Chinese is dominated by monosyllabic words, while disyllabic words and disyllabic words are relatively few; Second, it is common to omit subjects, objects, predicates and prepositions in classical Chinese. In addition, the famous artists of past dynasties paid more attention to the tempering of language and emphasized that "words must be done", so they formed a rigorous and concise classical Chinese style. Fourth, ancient Austria is difficult to understand. Because of the long time, it is more and more difficult to understand classical Chinese without spoken English. Twisted sentences are not common.