The Influence of Rudong Dialect on Putonghua

First, the background and characteristics of the formation of Rudong dialect vocabulary

Dialect is the product of cultural history. Cultural linguistics believes that geography and culture have played a very important role in the formation of dialect areas in history.

(A), Beijing Rudong dialect vocabulary phonetic composition and characteristics.

As early as 1200 years ago, the area west of the hillock in our county has become land, but it is still a sparsely populated wasteland. Until Yang Di dug the Grand Canal, businessmen gathered in the vast areas along the ancient canal from Huaiyin to Yangzhou, where singing and dancing flourished. In the frequent trade contact, dialects of different places have merged with each other, forming Jianghuai Mandarin (also called Northern Mandarin). By the prosperous time of the Tang Dynasty, salt cans were quite developed and became an important source of tariffs. For example, the natural advantage of drying salt in Dongtan immediately attracted Jia people from all directions, and their language was close to the Mandarin of Jianghuai dialect adjacent to it at that time, thus forming Xiajiang Mandarin, the main dialect of Rudong, which is often called "Subei dialect" or "Jiangbei dialect". The biggest difference between Xiajiang Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin is that the former enters the tone while the latter does not.

Along the canal, it has become a national economic hub, attracting many Jiangnan people. During the Tang Dynasty, there were many southerners in Haimen who spoke Wu dialect, and they cultivated land there and settled there for a long time. However, since the Yuan Dynasty, especially in the early Qing Dynasty, Haimen area collapsed several times due to the constant invasion of tides, forcing their families to move south. Some of them settled in the east of Digang, and their spoken language was "Di Gong dialect". Although it covers Rudong dialect, it should also belong to "Wu dialect" strictly speaking. The fundamental difference between Mandarin and Wu dialect is that the former does not have voiced consonants, while the latter does.

Generally speaking, Rudong dialect is far from the east and the west, and the phonetic similarities between the two "language islands" are: two tones are removed, two tones are entered, and the pronunciation contains voiced consonants.

(2) Look at the characteristics of Rudong dialect vocabulary from the penetration of rhetoric.

1, the vivid rhetoric of Rudong dialect

Although dialect is "plain as a word", it is not a pure slang sentence. Rudong dialect has many artistic tendencies. The use of these rhetorical devices adds a lot of interest to the original vulgar spoken language, which is particularly vivid and vivid.

Metaphor: For example, "Laipi Walnut" refers to the roughness of the surface of the object with uneven walnut shell. As usual in spoken English

Said: this thing is like a walnut, not smooth at all.

Anthropomorphic statement: For example, the word "stupid monkey" means that an idiot is a stupid animal and a monkey is an alert animal. Therefore, it is really unwise for idiots to mix with monkeys, just as it is often said in eastern spoken language that some people are not smart. This man is as stupid as a monkey and was taken in by that man. For another example, "squeezing a cat" is a metaphor for a gentle person, as docile as a cat taking a nap.

For example, "monkey tendon", the tendon of monkey is very slender, which is somewhat exaggerated compared with that of human beings. The girl doesn't eat well and is as thin as a monkey's tendon.

Irony: For example, "You can't pull it down" means that it will fall down when you touch it, but it means that it won't fall down no matter how you pull it. For example, this fine girl is a wrench and has no foot strength.

Not only that, some spoken languages can only be expressed in words, but it is difficult to form words, and some rhetorical usages are even more profound, interesting and intriguing.

2. The colorful two-part allegorical sayings in Rudong dialect.

Rudong dialect also has colorful two-part allegorical sayings, most of which are the products of people's daily work. Two-part allegorical sayings in Rudong dialect are rich, profound or humorous, with strong life feelings and strong artistic appeal.

Related to the characters: for example, grandma eats jellyfish-silence (thinking). Jellyfish is a specialty of this county, and it tastes delicious when chewed. Because the old man's tooth fell out, he chewed quietly. Take its homonym as "don't want to".

Another example is that an idiot in Zhang Er can't recognize a sweatshirt-a person who weaves a net (a waste of people). When T-shirts first appeared, Zhang Er, a nerd, didn't recognize them when he was digging in Hong Kong. Instead, he joked that people wearing T-shirts surrounded people with nets. People use the homonym of "networking people" to "waste people" and satirize people who are not sensible.

Another example: Sun Si-Asako sneezes-this is a mistake (including disharmony). There is a hemp seed in Chaoqiao, and sneezing is different. When someone sneezes, it's usually "ah, cut", while Pockmarked Sun is "cut, cut, cut", so when someone sneezes next to Pockmarked Sun, it's turned over.

There is also: Guo idiot helps-the more help, the more busy. It is said that there was a blacksmith in Rudong, who was very good at cutting knives, honest and frank, and helpful, so he was well known. Once, he took the initiative to help an old lady who bought a new knife export (sharpen the knife). Who knows that she is an expert in knife work, but she is a layman. She has been grinding several knives in a row. There is a saying that "three points help others really, seven points help herself". As a result, the business is not done, and the joke that "Guo idiot helps, the more he helps, the more he helps himself" has also caused unnecessary. This "Guo Doyle" is often used as a noun and adverb in Rudong dialect. As an affix, it only indicates the degree of deepening and has no practical significance, such as "playing tricks on".

Animal-related: This kind of two-part allegorical sayings has a dramatic element. Such as: "the rake handle dragged by the mouse-the big head is behind." "Spreading rake" is a T-shaped farm tool used by local farmers to spread and plow grain. Mice are very small, and dragging such a "monster" is naturally full of ugliness, similar to the scenes of cartoons. This means that due to ineffective measures, only a small part of the work task has been completed, which is more derogatory.

Related to things: Many things are used to describe people. For example, "food weight-iron core", the weight is cast of iron, which plays the role of splitting the weight in two. Therefore, a two-part allegorical saying is used to describe a person who has made up his mind and will never change it again. But the usage is uncertain, depending on the context.

Another example: Kanger's license plate-fake. It is said that there is a Kang Er in Juegang East Street who is responsible for selling salt burning licenses, and salt people burn and sell salt with licenses. Kang Er made a license for personal gain and sold it to the salt people, who were illiterate and didn't know the details. When it was time to sell salt with a license, the procurement office found that the license was fake and stopped buying it. Yan Min said with chagrin, "The license of Kang Er's family is fake." Since then, it has been widely circulated to describe things that are not true.

Related to life phenomena: for example, "cold water cooking-uncooked rice (rice)", which could have been cooked in cold water, became uncooked rice. "Rice" is consistent with "Fan", and "Fan" refers to the long-term alienation of friends, neighbors and relatives, because it refers to the fan caused by some reason, indicating neutrality.

In Rudong dialect, there are quite a few two-part allegorical sayings that have no elements or clear meanings and need no two-part allegorical sayings. For example, "sawing trees to catch old crows" is used to satirize someone's clumsiness and futility; "Opening the threshold on the roof" secretly means that someone has lifted the beam and delayed the indifference of the guests. Most of these two-part allegorical sayings are derogatory. Although it is hidden, it is clear at a glance and vivid.

Second, Rudong dialect vocabulary is the crystallization of Rudong ancestors' material life.

Rudong dialect vocabulary is closely related to the material life of Rudong people and the crystallization of the material life of Rudong ancestors, which plays an extremely important role in production and life.

(A), Rudong dialect and Rudong agricultural production

There are many dialect words related to agriculture in Rudong dialect. For example, Rudong has a transplanted farm tool called "Wu Peng". Similar to the ancient "Yang Ma". What is a horse? Su Shi said in the preface to the song of sheep and horses: "I used to visit Wuchang and saw farmers riding sheep and horses." Take jujube as the abdomen and want it to be slippery; Take the martial arts as the back, make it light, the abdomen is like a boat, the head and tail are held high, and the back is like a tile, so that the two beards jump into the mud. Thousands of rows are needed every day. Compared with the author, it is absolutely exhausted. " In the Song Dynasty, Lou Shou wrote a poem entitled "Plowing, Weaving and Transplanting", which also said: "Not only throwing, there is no chaos left and right. Teach me to raise horses, I am for the people. " Lu Shiyi in the Qing Dynasty wrote in Speculation Record: "The system of using seedlings and horses is very reasonable, and farmers should also use this system to pull out seedlings today. It can not only save enough strength, but also carry seedlings, which is very convenient for the seedling puller. " Rudong's "Wu Peng" should be similar to the Miaoma described by the ancients above. The object is T-shaped, the upper part is bent like a saddle, the front end is raised like a boat, and then it stands upright like a hook. It can be said that "the belly is like a boat, and the head and tail are raised." Generally, it is made of wood, but because the horn is smooth, comfortable to touch, harmless to the skin and naturally curved, it also has exquisite things made of horn. The lower part of the raft, commonly known as the "raft foot", is made of bamboo and used to transplant rice seedlings into the soil. When operating, hold the front end of the upper part in your hand, stack the seedling bundles on the lower part, and press them with your wrists for emergencies. Just like a young horse, it's just in different directions. It is small and exquisite, and it is handy to use. Compared with manual insertion, it can improve the efficacy of 10%, and there is no need to worry about fingers being peeled by water for a long time or scratched by sharp objects in the field, so farmers still use it. Miaoma doesn't have to "bend over", but it is made of eucalyptus and catalpa, so it can be ridden. It must be a monster. In the soft paddy field, even if there is external traction, it must be inconvenient to move. "If a worker wants to do a good job, he must sharpen his tools first", and any advanced production equipment should be recognized and popularized in actual operation, at least with the advantages of simplicity and easiness. Maybe the ancient seedling horse has not been handed down, but it has been replaced by something in our county.

In addition to "things", Rudong's traditional farm tools include "flail" and "reeling bed". Flail is a kind of manual threshing farm tool, which is made up of several pieces of bamboo pulp. It is about 2 feet long and 3 inches wide. Tie it up with several sets of beef tendon, which is called "flail head" It is tied to a long bamboo handle with a head. When working, the bamboo handle is waved up and down to make the knocking rod rotate clockwise around the shaft, knocking the plants on the threshing floor and making the seeds fall off. It is mainly used for the shedding of wheat, soybean and other seeds. Whenever farmers collect broad beans, rice and wheat, they will hear the flail sound of "crack" ... crack ... "It will be heard in the village grain market, with a distinct rhythm, which sounds very pleasant and full of rhythm. Flail is hard work. In the scorching sun, people worked all day, but they didn't feel tired at all. Whenever night falls, the sound of the flail is crisp and pleasant, and it blends with the beautiful moonlight, making people feel picturesque and wonderful. Farmers harvest in joy and harvest in joy. What a touching and intoxicating labor scene!

In addition to "things" and "flail", Rudong people also created many interesting dialect words in agricultural production activities, such as: out of the pool (picking manure), sinking wheat (planting wheat), digging water (watering crops), applying seedlings (transplanting rice) and so on.

(B) "Pantie" and "Panwo" and Rudong Salt Industry

Rudong dialect not only has its own dialect words related to agriculture, but also has many dialect words related to salt industry, which reflect Rudong's long history and culture of food industry. For example, in ancient Rudong, a kind of "pot iron" was used to produce salt. "Pantie" is actually some thick iron plates. "Each board is about 1 m long,10cm thick and weighs four or five hundred kilograms." (2) Rudong has a long history of salt production. In the Tang Dynasty, Taihe set up Rugao Field for five years, specializing in salt administration. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Rudong had many saltworks such as Fengli, Digang and Zhangcha, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, Matang and Gu 'ao saltworks were added. Salt production further developed in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

In the Ming dynasty, Rudong people began to use "pots", and some people in Rudong called them "pots". "Pan Tie" was gradually eliminated.

(3) Rudong dialect in marine fishery.

Rudong county has a coastline of nearly 200 miles, and the vast levee separates the land from the sea. Because the shallow sea area is vast and close to the Yangtze River estuary, the sea area is rich in bait and low in salinity, which is suitable for feeding, swimming and breeding of many kinds of fish, so there are many kinds of resources and rich products. There are more than 100 kinds of common fish, one of which is called "mother fish". The name of this fish is not because it has some similarities with its mother, but because backstab, a round fish, is poisonous. Whether it is life or death, it pierces people's skin, and the pain is unbearable. It often makes people call it "mom", so the ancestors in Rudong called it "fish mom".

Rudong's most famous and common clam is known as "the freshest in the world". In Rudong, there are many cultures about Meretrix meretrix. Rudong people call Meretrix meretrix "pliers". Digging a port in the county town is also called "Worm Bin Mountain", which means "Worm Bin Mountain". The name of Insect Mountain comes from the worship of shells by ancestors in Rudong. The ancient primitive currency, the first shell. A worm bin is a shell, and a shell is a coin. The name of Insect Binshan means to gather wealth like a mountain and treasure like a mountain. The ancestors named it after this symbol, praising this ancient town near the sea as a scenic spot with many treasures, and wishing future generations inexhaustible wealth.

The clam shell of slugs is called "two" in the East. Thus created the word "uh". According to the structural characteristics of Chinese characters, this character is a six-book-knowing character, from worm to slave. Shellfish of the genus Octopus, from worms; Break ""into "death, meat", chop off the clam meat, die, and leave an empty shell as "". It is admirable to create characters that conform to the norms of Chinese characters, such as the wisdom of the ancestors of East China! In Rudong dialect, the frequency of using "er" this time is also quite high. For example, if there are "children's fields" and "children's alleys" in Rudong, burning children into ashes that can be pasted on the wall is called "children's ashes". For example, the skin care cream produced by a daily chemical factory in Rudong is packaged in mussels and called "children's oil", which is still used by rural women. Every year on the 13th day of the seventh lunar month, people float lanterns lit with oil on the river in memory of their ancestors, which are called "children's lanterns".

Generally speaking, the emergence of Rudong dialect vocabulary is the crystallization of the wisdom of Rudong people in long-term production and labor, which reflects the oral culture of local residents in production and life.

Thirdly, Rudong dialect vocabulary is the epitome of Rudong folk culture.

(1) The appellations, place names and the martial culture of the ancestors in Rudong dialect.

In Rudong dialect, adult men are called "male generals" and adult women are called "female generals" since ancient times. Who could that person be? Who is that man? ) My female general has a very good temper. My woman has a good temper. Although the modern word "general" has no practical significance, it only exists as an affix and colloquial phenomenon, but in ancient times, "general" refers to generals and soldiers. Rudong ancestors have been militaristic since ancient times, which is related to the frequent invasion of coastal areas by Japanese pirates. In order to resist the Japanese invasion, the industrious and brave ancestors of Rudong, both men and women, practiced martial arts diligently and defended their country with swords and guns. Appellations such as "male general" and "female general" reflect the martial culture of Rudong ancestors. This martial culture is also reflected in many place names in Rudong. There were many military camps in Rudong in ancient times. Today, Rudong's place names: General One, General Two, General Three, General Four, General Five, Arsenal, Du Tianhao and Shiping all bear witness to the ancient martial spirit.

(2) Funeral words in Rudong dialect and Rudong funeral custom culture.

As early as ancient times, Rudong was tied into a continent by the Yangtze River and Huaihe River. Nature inadvertently gave birth to this land and tortured it mercilessly. The sea is ruthless and unpredictable. Facing all kinds of disasters, our ancestors created many special funeral words. For example:

"Old people" and "going home": In Rudong, when adults die, they are called "old people" instead of "dead people". The simple and kind ancestors of Rudong had a more extraordinary understanding of death. They believe that the death of a dead person is not an end, but another continuation of life. It is another form of "old" people. Moreover, it is believed that the soul of the deceased will definitely visit relatives and friends' homes after nightfall 12 or 14 days after death. So, on the scheduled "home" day, relatives and friends stopped cooking early (because the soul came in from the smoke). ) light a big candle with high fragrance, prepare some dining tables and wait all night. ...

Runaway is in Rudong. If the child dies prematurely, it is not called "death" but "running away". People imagine that children are still alive and have gone to another world, where there is no cold, no hunger, no disease and no pain. The child just ran to the ethereal and happy world.

"Making Tea" In Rudong, when the deceased went to attend a funeral, his relatives, neighbors and friends would set up a square table beside the road where the coffin passed, with four plates of tea, food and fruit and a pot of rice wine. When the coffin saw the table, it stopped, and the younger generation knelt down and kowtowed, accepting friends and relatives to sprinkle wine as a memorial farewell. This is "making tea" in Rudong dialect. The farther the route of "making tea" is, the more grand the ceremony is, which shows that the deceased is respected by people.

These funeral words in Rudong dialect reflect Rudong people's modesty, civilization, euphemism and implication, and show Rudong people's inclusiveness, gentleness and sincerity.

Pluralistic composition of Rudong dialect vocabulary and its profound ideological connotation

As an important communication tool, language is a reflection of social culture. Rudong dialect vocabulary embodies a multi-culture and has its profound ideological connotation.

(A), such as the quaint Rudong dialect

Any dialect is not born out of thin air, but has a historical heritage, and spoken and written languages are more or less consistent. Some archaic phenomena in Rudong dialect should be regarded as the historical legacy of the integration of language and characters in the long-term development and evolution.

May: It is common in ancient Chinese, but it means "chopsticks" in modern times. It is rarely used in today's written language. But in Rudong dialect, chopsticks and chopsticks are used together. Before 1980s, chopsticks of every household in urban and rural areas were always inserted in a brick-gray, slightly fan-shaped and hollowed-out crock, which was called "chopsticks cage" by orientals. Although its material and shape have changed a lot today, it is still called "chopsticks cage" instead of "chopsticks tube".

Pot: iron pot also. Today's written language is rarely used, but it is "the only remaining fruit" in Rudong dialect. Farmers in Rudong once used a plant oil lamp. The oil bowl is like a small iron pot, supported on a bamboo frame with four pillars and a high arc handle on one side. In the east, it is called "putting a pot", which means putting a bamboo frame on the pot. The oil lamp appeared more than 2000 years ago, and its name has been passed down to this day. It's amazing!

Rudong is also used to calling slippers "flippers" in spoken English. "Qi" is also an archaic word, which is rarely used in today's written language. "Toilet board" originally refers to a kind of wooden soled shoes without assistance. Now this kind of shoes has disappeared, but the word "toilet board" has not disappeared from spoken language. From the above three cases, it is not difficult to find that although archaism is a very rare phenomenon in Rudong dialect, it shows that the spoken part of Rudong dialect has kept traces of written language in its development and formation, which is evidence of Rudong dialect's long history.

(B) the literariness of Rudong dialect

Rudong dialect has infinite charm and strong cultural life, even because of the ideas of dialects in surrounding areas. There are a large number of Rudong dialects in Journey to the West Wu Cheng'en, and some dialects are still in use today, such as:

Tan Tan: A term used in Rudong dialect to describe the length, size and inconvenience of utensils. The handle of this hoe is too long, and it is not as heavy as a hand. This is the third time that "the Monkey King" in Journey to the West suddenly said to everyone in joy:' You are familiar with crossbows and weapons, but my knife really hurts, and it doesn't suit me. What can you do? (3) consistent usage. There are two ways to describe people as clumsy and inappropriate. The commendatory word "Lang Heng" is written, such as Pig Bajie's forty-seventh turn to golden scales. "Only fat, Lang Heng is not like it." (4) Write "Wolf" in a derogatory sense. For example, in the seventy-sixth time, I wrote a sentence that Tang Priest said: "That idiot was born with a wolf, so I can't help it. If he goes there, the situation will be even worse. "(5) and so on. Zhu Mu: This is a disparaging term for stubborn and stupid people. "Originally thought: Ailanthus altissima is not as good as people, but also appropriate. The sixth time, when the Monkey King was fighting with Erlang God, he turned into a flowered cup and said, "Jiang Mumu is standing on the top of the cup. "This is the same as the hint in Rudong dialect. For example, this person is too dull to do anything neatly. Didn't take it: it is often used as a title for people who are worthless and unworthy, and it also means boring and boring. The Journey to the West wrote in the 39th reply that the old gentleman was afraid that the Monkey King would steal the elixir again. "the Monkey King saluted and said with a smile,' Old officer, this can't be done. "There is a joke here, but in Rudong dialect, the word" didn't take it "has the flavor of exhortation, such as: this person is always dishonest and doesn't take it! I was bored: I was bored at home all day, so I didn't take it! Sometimes it is also used as a criticism of people, such as: how did you do such a thing? Really useless! Didi is big: it means that you are not careful when talking, and you are unhappy with your mother-in-law. The old man talks upside down and keeps talking. The Journey to the West also used it vividly. For example, the second time the Monkey King got tired of Tang Priest's perfunctory words, he "laughed and said,' Master is a little sloppy.'" "When he is the son of man, as a junior, he must never say disrespectful or blasphemous words to his elders. The seventh journey to the west wrote:' Buddha heard a sneer:' ... how so brazen! Not the son of man! Not the son of man! Fold your life! ⑦ In Rudong dialect, it is often used in oral English such as teaching, such as: Don't scold grandma, be a man! Bodhisattva is leaving! Also used as polite expressions, such as: be a son of man! Thank you! (3) The ideology of Rudong dialect

Studying the worship of ancestors from the existing dialects seems to reveal an ancient and mysterious atmosphere to people today. Rudong people often say "something" is "bang", such as "what is this" is "what is this". This special dialect phenomenon is not accidental, but related to the primitive worship of Rudong ancestors.

From the analysis of the Neolithic sites of Qingdun and Jijiadun in Hai 'an, it is not difficult to find that during the patriarchal clan system period of primitive society, a large number of ancestors had thrived in Hai 'an, the earliest land in Nantong, and moved eastward with the expansion of land to the Yellow Sea, forming the main body of residents in Rudong today. Rudong dialect is in the same strain as Hai 'an and Rugao dialects, including "jiao" and "jiao", which can be confirmed.

There is a reason why the ancients had the so-called "six meanings" in word formation, and words such as "Galaer" all originated from "Yue" as a pictophonetic character. With the formation of social tribes, human beings have produced many simple superstitions about nature in the long history. They regard a "thing" as a "god", as a symbol different from other tribes, and become a national emblem, which is the so-called "totem". In a large number of ancient books and myths and legends, the sun was endowed with supreme power in the ancient thinking system, and it was considered as the omnipotent god "from Tanggu, second only to Ji Meng". It is worth pondering that from Mayan culture to Egyptian civilization, even from eastern civilization to western civilization, the worship of the sun covers almost the entire evolutionary history of human civilization! Borrowing words such as "Kun" and "corners" from Rudong ancestors seems to deepen this worship.

The ancients discovered that the direction, solar terms and time could be marked by the method of "knowing the time immediately", and invented the standard watch and sundial. The west of the sun is called "bang", and "bang" also refers to the west. The "Five Elements Theory" of ancient astrologers holds that the rising sun in the east is "high", and "high" also refers to the east. It can be seen that "Kun" originally refers to "things" in the geographical category, and over time, such as the ancestors of the East will become "things" referring to things. Inadvertently revealed to us the information that our ancestors worshipped the sun. This worship of the sun can also be verified by the "corner suppression" in the oriental dialect. Rudong people call corners or remote places "corners" and "corners". Say "his family lives in a remote corner of a village" as "his family lives in a corner of a village". "From the corner", from nine, from one day. Nine, virtual refers to the majority, the number of ancient figures, more than three is about nine. Zhong's "Shu San Jiu Pian" said: "Those who can't do one or two things, about three go to see the world; Three can't be finished, see you in nine. " ⑧ Then "corner" refers to a place that is blocked by many things and the sun cannot shine.

In a word, Rudong dialect has its own background and has formed its own unique phonetic and grammatical characteristics in its development and evolution. It is a unique oral culture created by Rudong people in their production and life, and some of its contents have profound ideological connotation, which fully shows Rudong people's creative spirit in language art and cultural charm of Rudong people's language.

The study of dialects should be a complex process involving a wide range and covering a large amount, as well as the study of vocabulary in Rudong dialect. Therefore, this paper has made some tentative exposition, which is obviously not comprehensive and needs further excavation, arrangement and exploration.

Precautions:

(1) Shi Zhiban, Rudong County; Rudong county annals; Jiangsu People's Publishing House; 65438+September 0983; Page 478.

(2) Shi Zhiban, Rudong County; Rudong county annals; Jiangsu People's Publishing House; 65438+September 0983; Page 188.

③ Wu Cheng'en; The Journey to the West; Beijing Yanshan Publishing House; February 2002; Page 1 1.

④ Wu Cheng'en; The Journey to the West; Beijing Yanshan Publishing House; February 2002; Page 227.

⑤ Wu Cheng'en; The Journey to the West; Beijing Yanshan Publishing House; February 2002; Page 362.

6. Wu Cheng'en; The Journey to the West; Beijing Yanshan Publishing House; February 2002; Page 26.

7 Wu Cheng'en; The Journey to the West; Beijing Yanshan Publishing House; February 2002; Page 29.

8 Wu Ze Yanhuang; Etymology; Commercial Press; 65438+July 0988; Page 0055.

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