What are the reform measures of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty? What is the historical influence?

1. Rectify official management

In 472 AD (the second year of Yan Xing), he served for a long time and was promoted to the next level one year later; Those with poor performance will be punished or even demoted even if they take office soon.

2. Reform the tax system

In 475 AD (the fifth year of Yan Xing), in order to change the chaotic situation in which states, counties and counties competed to collect and adjust rent, the government decided to collect rent only at the county level, and prohibited the use of large buckets, long rulers and heavy scales when collecting rent.

3. Salary system

In 484 AD (the eighth year of Taihe), the salary system was promulgated, which stipulated that a horse loaded with silk cloth should be executed for accepting bribes other than salary. The following year's Land Equalization Order also stipulates that local guards can give a certain amount of farmland according to their official positions. The granted commons are not allowed to be bought, and will be handed over to the next one when leaving office.

4. Reform the official system

During the Taihe period, it was agreed that the ranks of officials were divided into nine categories, and each category was divided into positive and negative categories. Subordinate products are the first in Northern Wei Dynasty. Nineteen years later, according to the standards of family background and rank, the Xianbei nobles in the northern generation were defined as surnames and clans, with the highest surnames followed by clans, including Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei. "Ancestors all drop, present respect, all princes, burning, for the next realm. The so-called four surnames are Cui, Lu, Li and Zheng, Han people in the Central Plains, and the surnames of the four counties, A, B, C and D, which seems to be true. Banding's surname further combined Xianbei nobles with Han nationality.

5. Move the capital to Luoyang

In order to learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality and further strengthen the rule of the Yellow River Basin, Tuoba Hong decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (now Datong City, Shanxi Province) to Luoyang. Because of this, he was afraid that ministers would oppose the idea of moving the capital, and first proposed a massive attack on Nanqi. Once in court, he put forward this plan, and ministers opposed it. The most intense one was Ren Tuoba Cheng. Emperor Xiaowen was very angry and said, "The country is my country. Do you want to stop me from fighting? " Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am the minister of the country, and I know the danger of using troops. How can I not talk about it?" After thinking for a moment, Emperor Xiaowen announced his retirement from the DPRK and returned to the palace. He summoned Tuoba Cheng alone and said to him, "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone. What I really mean is that I don't think Pingcheng is a place to use force and is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change the customs, but I have to move the capital. In fact, I want to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move to the Central Plains. What do you think? " TaBaCheng suddenly enlighted, immediately agreed with Wei Xiaowen.

In 493 AD (the seventeenth year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen of Wei personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry south, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened that the autumn rain lasted for a whole month, and the roads were muddy everywhere, making it difficult to March. However, Emperor Xiaowen still rode out of the city wearing a helmet and armour and ordered to continue marching. Ministers didn't want to send troops to cut Qi, so they took advantage of the heavy rain to stop it. Emperor Xiaowen said seriously: "This time, if you choose to mobilize the masses, if you give up halfway, it will be a joke for future generations. If you can't go south, move the capital here. What do you think? " Everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said, "Don't hesitate. The station that agrees to move the capital is on the left, and the station that disagrees is on the right. " A nobleman said, "As long as your majesty agrees to stop the expedition to the south, then we are willing to move the capital to Luoyang." Although many civil and military officials are not in favor of moving the capital, they have heard that the southern expedition can be stopped and have to express their support for moving the capital. Emperor Xiaowen arranged one end of Luoyang and sent Wang Cheng Tuoba Cheng back to Pingcheng to publicize the benefits of moving the capital to the princes and nobles there. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng, and called the nobles and the old ministers to discuss the relocation of the capital. There are still many voices of opposition among the nobles of Pingcheng. They moved out one reason after another and were refuted by Emperor Xiaowen. Finally, those people really couldn't figure it out and had to say, "Moving the capital is a big deal. Whether it is bad luck or bad luck, let's divine. "

Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult things." There is no doubt about moving the capital. There is nothing to worry about. If you want to rule the world, make the four seas your home. There is no fixed reason for going south today and going north tomorrow. Besides, we moved several times in the last generation. Why can't I move? "Noble ministers were speechless. Moving the capital to Luoyang is to imitate the beauty of our ancestors. That's settled.

economy

1. Line land balance system

In 485 AD (the ninth year of Taihe), the Land Equalization Order was promulgated, which made detailed provisions for adults of different sexes, handmaiden and cattle to receive land. Granting fields is different from open fields and mulberry fields. Grain grown in the open field shall not be bought or sold and returned to the country at the age of 70. Mulberry, elm and jujube trees planted in mulberry fields need not be owned by the state, and the surplus can be sold and the shortage can be bought. When granting land, due care should be given to the elderly, the disabled and widows.

Step 2 create a ternary system

In 486 AD (the tenth year of Taihe), the patriarchal clan system was replaced by the three-long system, and township officials' organizations such as neighbors, Li and the Party were adopted to restrain local strongmen from harboring a large number of accounts.

3. Reform the rent system

In 486 AD (the tenth year of Taihe), Emperor Xiaowen also reformed the rent adjustment system accordingly. The new rent adjustment stipulates that one husband and wife is the collection unit, and one silk horse and two millet stones are paid every year. Unmarried men and women over the age of 15 are engaged in farming and weaving, and every twenty oxen are rented out, which is equivalent to the number of monogamous women respectively.

culture

1. No nonsense

Emperor Xiaowen's most important policy in sinicization was to change the language, stipulating that he would no longer speak Xianbei complex language but monosyllabic Chinese. The biography of Wang Qian in Xianyang records Emperor Xiaowen's words: "If you want to break the northern languages today, you must listen to the correct pronunciation. I'm thirty years old. I've been used to it for a long time and I can't change it. It's thirty years old, but I still don't listen to the voice when I meet people in the court; If there is a reason, it should be increased. "

2. Change China's surname

Emperor Xiaowen ordered the surname of Xianbei people (usually a compound surname) to be changed to a single surname. Here are some examples:

Tuoba (Royal Family) → Yuan surname

Dugu → Liu surname

Qiu Muling → Mu surname

Lu surname → Lu surname

He Lai → He Shi

He Lou → Lou surname

3. Respect Confucius

After Emperor Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyi, he immediately ordered the construction of Confucius Temple to pay homage to Confucius. He also gave the descendants of Confucius land and money so that they could continue to sacrifice to this ancestor.

Impact:

The sinicization reform measures promoted by Emperor Xiaowen are conducive to alleviating class contradictions and playing a positive role in the recovery and development of social economy.

The system of Jiupin Zheng Zhi, which was founded in the Cao Wei era, became a situation of selecting officials from aristocratic families in the Western Jin Dynasty, and evolved into two social classes, namely, the gentry and the common people, from which came the famous saying that "there is no poverty in the top grade, and there is no gentry in the bottom grade".

Because Xianbei people themselves do not have advanced cultural literacy and independent political reform ideas, they blindly copy the previous policies of the Han regime and inherit this door-and-door system that has seriously affected social development. Shu Wei? The official history records: "There are three officials in charge of giving gifts, the state secretariat, the town general and the crown prince are surnames ... and there are three middle schools, which have been in prison and are the satrap, the son and the son." The door system was further extended from Wei Jin to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and it was not abolished until the Sui Dynasty established the imperial examination system.

One reason for the success of Emperor Xiaowen's reform was that most Hu people could speak Chinese and wear Hanfu at that time, but they could also speak Hu language and wear Hu Fu. This reform has only accelerated the process of changing customs.