How to distinguish the duties of generals and Qiu in Han Dynasty?

In ancient times, Qiu He and General were the highest officers of the army. It is generally believed that the general's duties are equivalent to those of the modern commander-in-chief of the three armed forces, while Qiu is roughly similar to the government's defense minister. In fact, in different periods, the weight of the two changed greatly, sometimes because of the change of the division of responsibilities, and sometimes because of the influence of the incumbent's power. General was first established in the Warring States period and is the highest title of general. "Chu Huaiwang fought with Qin, who defeated Chu and captured his general. This is a failure. "Emperor gaozu liu bang in hanzhong, Han Xin as a general. "At the beginning, Xiao He said,' Wang Su was slow and rude, but now he worships the general like a son.' This is a good day to fast and set up an altar to worship. "After he began to reign, Dou Ying was the general, and every time he talked about it, Hou Li didn't dare to break the ceremony.

There are four kinds of generals in the Han Dynasty: generals in title of generals, generals in title of generals in title of generals, and generals in Wei. "General, a title of generals in ancient times, the rank of prime minister. General Cheqi, General Wei, the left and right generals, and the left and right generals are all gold and purple belts, and their status is very high. "

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Wei Qing was a general riding a bicycle, and made great contributions to the Xiongnu several times. Liang Wudi made the emissary hold general print and worship Wei Qing as a general in the army beyond the Great Wall. "Everyone worships himself, and Ji An bows alone." Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wanted to pay special tribute to Wei Qing, so he established the official title of "Fu". "There were only three official titles in ancient times. All the generals started from Qin Jin and thought it was a clean job, so the official title was Fu Weiguan." "Jiaqing is a general and * * * is an official." It's for Supreme Wu Zhi. Later, Huo Guang and Wang Feng were both generals and generals. It was not until the second year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty that he became a general, leaving only Fu's seal.

Liu Xiu started his army in Hebei, and after he occupied Luoyang, he was attacked on all sides. The generals in charge of the army called him "Da", and there were many titles of miscellaneous generals, such as General Gaiyan of Tiger Tooth, General Feng Yi of the Western Regions, General Wang Chang of Yoko, General Du Mao of a title of generals in ancient times, General Hexi, General Jianyi, General Geng Yan of Jianwei, General "Assassination" in charge of maintaining military discipline, and later. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the general became an official himself and no longer attached the official name of Fu. He was placed under the control of Qiu.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, General Dou Xianquan was shocked for a while. In order to show ingratiation, all the officials or all the officials invited them to play together, and set the position of general under a teacher and above the three fairs, with a long history of one Sima and two thousand stones, and the two engaged in the middle level of six hundred stone officials. "At the beginning of the first dynasty, he was an official, and he inspired the world. The following ministers want to worship him, and he said, long live. Han Ling, the minister of history, said: "No one can call the ritual system long live." It's a stop. "The generals of the Eastern Han Dynasty were mostly filled by nobles. Specific names include General Jianwei, General A title of generals in ancient times, General Zhong Jun, General Zhendong and General Fujun. In addition to the post of general title of generals in ancient times, all others are above the three fairs. When Liang Ji, the "domineering general", was appointed as a general, there were twice as many officials as Sangong. At the end of the Han Dynasty, consorts were generals. For example, Andy first took his uncle Deng Zhi as the general, then his uncle Geng Bao as the general, and Shun Di successively took the queen's father, brother and younger brother as the general. Tai Wei is the official title set by the Qin Dynasty and is in charge of the military. " From top to bottom, the military attache thought it was a number. "Fu was an official position in ancient times, in charge of military affairs." Division, master also. Horses, people. "Yao, abandon for Hou Ji, and palm syma. Qi Weiwang has Sima Tian Rangcha, Chu has Fu Jingshe, and Xiang Yu has Cao Zui and Fu.

In the early Han Dynasty, it inherited the official system of Qin Taiwei, which was revoked by Wendi in three years and restored by Jingdi in three years. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty revoked the title of Qiu in the second year of Jianyuan, and made Fu a general in the fourth year of Yuanshou. "The crown was added to it as an official." Huo Guang was assisted by General Fu. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also made Fu a general and a title of generals in ancient times. In the third year of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, another official position of Fu was established, without the seal of generals, but without seals and officials. At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Yangdi gave Fu Jinyin and Zi Ribbon and made him an official. In the second year of Jianping, Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty added rank to Fu Yin and Guan Clan. In the second year of Yuanshou, it was given a seal, located in the original place, with an official rank and a long history of thousands of stone officials. Han Lv: The Prime Minister, Fu and General paid 60,000 yuan. "At the beginning of the cloud, Sima Zhi, the discussants were more than a thousand Sima Guan, such as the Han army, so it increased." When the reformer Wang Mang was regent, he thought that there was no small Stuart in the Han Dynasty, so he added a "big" to the names of Sima, Stuart and Zhu.

In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Fu was abolished as Taiwei, and later became Taiwei Gong. He is the highest official in charge of military affairs and taxes, that is, the highest military officer of the country. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was as famous as Si Tuleideng and Sikong. Therefore, autumn in the Han dynasty is a poem, one after another, and never juxtaposed. Until the last years of Lingdi, it was a blessing, and autumn remained unchanged, and Fu was juxtaposed with autumn. Xian Di's Jian 'an period at the end of Han Dynasty was just the beginning of the Three Kingdoms. The princes were separated, but the imperial court remained in name only. The official system remains the same, but authority speaks by strength, and no one cares about nominal office. Not to mention that the governors of all walks of life are self-styled, and those officially appointed by the court are the least valuable. There are many jokes such as "General Yang Feng rides a chariot and General Han Xian has a holiday", but no one really took it seriously at that time or later. For example, after Yang Xian defected to Yuan Shu, he honestly became an assistant minister.

Cao Cao moved the capital to Xuchang, set things right and gradually restored order. At this time, the general's position is still above the three fairs. Cao Cao regarded himself as a general and named Yuan Shao Qiu in the name of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty. Yuan Shao could not bear to rank below Cao Cao, and the above refused to accept it. At that time, Yuan Shao occupied Hebei, and his strength was absolutely dominant. Cao Cao was still afraid of him and quickly gave the general to Yuan Shao. "In two years, Kong Rong, the great master, paid homage to General Shao, gave bows and arrows to sacrifice cymbals, and a hundred people took charge of the four States of Ji, Qing and You, and then collected them." Cao Cao himself became a general of Yong riding. After Cao Pi acceded to the throne, he made Qiu. His official family includes military adviser Chang Shi, Sima, corps commander, Zhu Shu (East and West Cao, etc. ), Scheeren, the battalion that stabbed and raped him, the commander in chief under the account, and your history. Qiu, Situ and three are all public officials with prominent positions, but there is no specific affairs management, and only Gao Luhou is involved in state affairs. In four years, Huang Chu Tingwei Gao Rou advised Cao Pi to increase the decision-making power of the three governments, but nothing happened. Item, Xun Yu visit the king of Jin. "You said to Xiang,' Your Majesty values you, and now you have done your best to worship him.' Xiang yue:' Guo Xiang is sincere and respectful, and he is also the prime minister of Wei. We are the Prince of Wei San, Qi Huangong is different from the King of Qi, only one order, the same class, and there are three teachers who need to worship others! I won't do anything that is detrimental to Wei's hope and the virtue of Jin Wang. "If you enter, you will worship, and you will be the only one." Sun Sheng's "Yang Jinqiu" reads: "In February, Emperor Wen entered the title as king, and only one person bowed. The king of Chu said to Xiang,' Today, I know the importance of your concern. The opposite example is He Zeng. "Emperor Wen is the king of Jin, and once worked with Gao Rou and Zheng Chong for the three fairs. He will enter the audience and once worshipped him alone, but the two of them still admire him very much. "

In the first year of Yankang established by Wei, the first Taiwei was Jia Xu, a doctor in Taizhong, and the general was Xia Houdun. Xia Houdun died soon, and the following year, Coss, a chariot-riding general, became a general. In the second year of Huang Chu, Sun Quan surrendered and became a general and a prince of Wu. After returning to the government, Coss lived in it, and Qiu remained unchanged. Then Qiu, Fu and General are all officials, all in the Third Division. Wu has left and right fu. In the early years of Huang Dynasty, Wei added "General Shang", taking Cao Zhen as an example. Wu followed suit, with Lu Xun as the general and Lu Xun as the general.

Four years later, Coss died of illness, and Tingwei Zhong You took over as Taiwei. Since Sun Quan's rebellion, Wei has not seen any records of generals, but when Cao Pi died, several "generals" were testamentary edicts: General Cao Zhen, General Chen Qun of Town East, Cao Xiu and General Sima Yi of Fujun.

Cao Rui acceded to the throne and appointed Cao Xiu as Fu, Cao Zhen as General and Hua Xin as Qiu. The general's position is still the highest. The ranks of a teacher and Fu are also above the three fairs, and only the generals in ancient times are slightly lower.

Wei system, "Fu or Tun Hefei, or Tun Anhui, in preparation for Wu; The general always goes to Chang 'an to prepare Shu. "Here, Cao is really the commander-in-chief of Guan Yu." Zhang Heli (Zhuge), the right general, is brighter than the street pavilion. If he breaks it, he will be defeated and the three counties will be even. "Cao Xiu was defeated by Lu Xun in Shi Ting and soon died of illness.

In the fourth year of Taihe, the general Cao Zhen moved to Fu, and the general Sima Yi was a title of generals in ancient times. Judging from the events before and after their joint attack on Shu, Cao Zhen's position was higher than Sima Yi's. The following year, Cao Zhen and Hua Xin both died. In the first year of Qinglong, Gongsun Yuan beheaded Wu Shi and sealed Fu and Gong. In the third year of Qinglong, Sima Yi was moved from general to Qiu, but the general was changed to the third division. Later, it was changed back to the third division. "Cao Rui is ill and worships Cao Shuang as a general. He is in charge of Chinese and foreign military affairs and records the history. He and Qiu Sima Yi were assisted by testamentary edict and young master Cao Fang. Cao Shuang is the right and Sima Yi is the deputy. "

According to historical records, it turned out that the general appointed by Ming Di was Cao Yu, the prince of Yan, but Cao Shuang used Liu Fang and his grandson to remove him from his post. Cao Shuang and Sima Yi were only one month old, and Cao Shuang was playing in the imperial court. In the name of Sima Yi, he asked for his promotion as a teacher. Cao Fang then wrote: "Qiu Wei has a good posture and made great contributions to the country. Yesterday's construction, near the Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty, made you superior to the dragon, and you must be respected. Today, the general recommended Qiu as a teacher and Fu, and I am very grateful. I'm just tired of being in the position before and after the discussion, and Qiu's surname is the same, so I use a low reply and intend to do my best. I regard Qiu as a teacher, and all military affairs remain the same. " And give the sword to the temple, not to the court, praise it. Teachers' status is above the three fair, but they have no real power. Man Chong, the general of the Eastern Expedition, took over as Sima Yi's Qiu. He died of illness in less than two years and was succeeded by general Jiang Ji. After Jiang Ji's death, Sikong Mausoleum took over. In less than two years, the first rebel army in Huainan. After the defeat, the tomb committed suicide, and Sima Fu was appointed as Qiu.

"Since the Han Dynasty, the generals in Tokyo have not often left it, and the practitioners have the right to be good at the DPRK." General Sima Shi is also in power, in power. He tried to cover his ears, took his uncle Sima Fu as Qiu, and changed the general to the third division after Qiu. But it was later changed back, still above the third division. Until the first year of Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty, "Wang Langya moved the general and copied the three divisions, as old as before."

In two years, Sima Shi died, and Si Mazhao, the general of Wei, succeeded him to the throne. This year, Sun Jun, a general of the State of Wu, and Jiang Wei, a general of the State of Shu, successively attacked on a large scale, but both were defeated.

Strong and Zhang Yan, soon increased the viceroy, Sima Fu moved to be a teacher, and Stuart was high and soft.

After the third Huainan Rebellion, Si Mazhao was added as Prime Minister several times, and so was Gong Jin, but he refused to accept his words. It was not until Wargo, Zhong Hui and Zhuge Xu attacked Shu that he officially shouldered it. At this time, Rou died of illness, and Chengdu surrendered soon, and named the general of Xiliang Wargo Qiu. Wargo saw the death of Zhong Hui's rebellion again, taking Wang Xiang as Qiu, Stuart as, Xun Yu as, until the Zen position. There are no historians in Shu, so the information we can see is relatively lacking. The general impression is that there was a prime minister after the founding of the People's Republic of China, and the prime minister Zhuge Liang was in charge of military and political power after Liu Bei's death. Zhuge Liang died, leaving Governor Shi Jiangwan as minister and President of State. The following year, Yang Yi was abolished and Jiang Wan became a general. A few years later, Jiang Wan became a fu, actually in charge of Shu for more than ten years. In the sixth year of Yan Xi, Fei Yi was appointed as a general. As he repelled the invasion of Cao Shuang's army in the war of prosperity, his power gradually increased. After the death of Jiang Wan, the real power of Shu was vested in the general Fei Yi. It was not until sixteen years ago that Fei Yi was assassinated and the general Wei took control of the army. Jiang Wei went to the Northern Expedition year after year, and Yan Xi was promoted to general in nineteen years. He was once demoted to major general and then reset. There is not much information about Wu. The sun rises, with Lu Xun as the general. Zhu Gejin, the general of the Red Army, died in four years, while Gu Yong and Lu Xun, the prime ministers, died in six years and one year later. In the ninth year of Chiwu, General Bu Zhi was the Prime Minister, General Zhu Ran was the Zuo Fu, General Wei was in charge, General Zhennan was in charge, and General Zhuge Ke was in charge of Weibei.

Sun Liang acceded to the throne, taking Zhuge Ke as his teacher, Teng Yin as Wei Jiang and Fu. But the actual authority is still in Zhuge Ke's hands. After Sun Jun killed Zhuge Ke, he was appointed as the Prime Minister and took real military and political power. After Lv Dai's death, Teng Yin became Fu and soon fell down.

After Sun Xiu succeeded to the throne, Sun Lin, the general, became prime minister, and was beheaded before long. In the five years of Yongan, Pu Yangxing was the prime minister and Ding was the general. Sun, the general of historical records mentioned above and General Ding all regard him as a left-right fu. In the second year of Emperor Feng, he became a fu and died the following year. According to records, Shu established Qiu in Zhangwu for three years. According to the Records of the Reflection of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of the Tang Dynasty, there was a man named Shangguansheng who once served as Qiu of Shu. Wu was founded in Jianheng for three years. Jin was subjected to Wei Zen, and because of its system, Anping Wangfu was the Taizai and Zheng Chong was the Taifu. Wang Xiang is Taibao, Yiyang Wang is Qiu, once Stuart, Xun Yu is a general, Shi Bao is a fu, but a general. Eight people tied at the same time, but there was no prime minister. Since Yiyang Wang became a fu, the order remains the same, in the third division.