Theoretical knowledge of Chinese education in primary schools

Lead: The whole unit teaching method takes the unit content arranged in the textbook itself as a whole and considers the teaching of this group of texts as a whole. The following is the theoretical knowledge of Chinese education in primary schools that I have compiled for you, hoping to help you!

Theoretical knowledge of Chinese education in primary schools 1. spell

I. Alphabet (phonetic alphabet)

aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss TT Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

Note: In fact, it is the case of 26 letters in English, but the pronunciation is different.

Second, initials

b p m f d t n l g k h j q x zh ch sh r z c s y w

Third, vowels

1, single vowel: ao e I u u (6)

2. compound vowels: ai, ei, ui, ao, ou, iu, ie, üe, er(9)

3. Nasal vowels: (nasal) an, en, in, un, ün (nasal) ang, eng, ing, ong.

Fourth, recognize syllables as a whole.

Refers to, refers to, refers to, day, word, word, thought, leaf, meaning, yin, should, thing, surplus, month, luck, yuan (16)

Phonetic notes on verbs (abbreviation of verb)

1, j, q, x meets u, and two points should be taken;

2. The first letter of the sentence should be capitalized; The first letter of Chinese name should be capitalized; Capitalization of proper nouns: Beijing; Capitalize the first letter of the title of the article.

Second, the method of looking up the dictionary.

1, word order search method. For example: dǐn, first find the phonetic order (D) in the Pinyin outline index, and then find the syllable (dǐn) and the corresponding page number.

2. Radical search method. To look up the word "Hua", we must first find it in the radical directory, then find the dictionary page number corresponding to the radical, and find the word to be looked up under the corresponding radical, the text page number and the number of remaining strokes (6 paintings) in the dictionary.

3, the number of strokes to find the word method. In reading, if you don't know the pronunciation and it is difficult to determine the radicals, you can only use the method of counting strokes to check. First, find the word with the corresponding number of strokes in the "Hard-to-find Word Index", and then open the corresponding text page number to find the word. If you look up "B", look up (1) pictures in "Hard to Find Words Index".

Third, quantifiers

Words that represent the unit of quantity of people, things or actions are called quantifiers.

1. quantifiers for people: ge, ge and tiao. A boy, a teacher, a hero;

2. Quantifiers of animals: only, horse, head, strip and peak. A bird, a horse, a sheep, a fish, a camel;

3. Quantifiers for literary and artistic works: seal, ruler, head, strip, road and width. A letter, a joke, a song, an article, a picture.

Fourth, related words

1, coordinate relation: while...；; One side ... One side ...; No ... but ...; Sometimes ... sometimes ...; Both ... and ...; Again ... again ...; So ... so. ...

2. Undertaking relationship: 1 ... only ...; First ... then ...; And ...; ... just ...; then ...

3. Progressive relationship: not only ... but also; No ... but; Not only ... but also; Not only (not only, not only, not only, not only) ... but also (again, again)

4. Causality: Because ... so; Due to ... Therefore ...; The reason ... is because; because ......

5. Choice relationship: yes ... or no; Also ... or; Also ... or; More than ...; Would rather ... than; Would rather ... than. ...

6, turning relationship: although ... but; Although ... still; No matter ... but; But (yes, but, but, however, however, only)

7. Hypothetical relationship: if (suppose, if, if) ... then (then, then); Even (that is, even, even) ... still (still)

8. Conditional relationship: as long as ...; Only ... only; Just ...; Let ... also

The key to the use of related words lies in the cultivation of the usual sense of language. If there is a difference in the expression of meaning after adding related words to a sentence, it is definitely wrong, so the trick of using related words lies in the accurate understanding and grasp of sentences and meanings.

Fifth, rhetorical devices.

It is to modify words and use various expressions to make language expression accurate, vivid and powerful. Commonly used rhetorical devices include metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question, quotation, comparison, metonymy, irony, truthfulness, intertextuality and analogy.

1, metaphor: To put it bluntly, it is a way to use one thing to explain another by using the similarity between things.

2. personification: it is to give people's characteristics to things and make things talk, move and have feelings like people.

3. Exaggeration: A description of what is enlarged or reduced, but it is not infinite and unprincipled. It is different from boasting, but the expansion or contraction of art. ..

4. Parallelism: It is to compare three or more phrases or sentences with the same or similar structure and consistent expectations to enhance the expression effect.

5. rhetorical question: express definite meaning or emphasize tone, with the expectation of asking. To put it bluntly, there are questions and answers in the sentence. Question: To put it bluntly, ask yourself and answer yourself.

6. Pun: In a specific language environment, a word or sentence is intentionally given double meanings.

7. Citation: quoting other people's words or idioms, allusions, etc.

8. Irony: deliberately saying irony and expressing meaning with a word or sentence with the opposite meaning.

9. Contrast: Compare the positive and negative things or the positive and negative things together.

10. Duality: Use two sentences or phrases with the same number of words and similar structure to express similar, related or opposite meanings.

1 1. Repetition: A word or sentence is intentionally repeated to express strong feelings.

12, metonymy: Don't say what you want to say directly, but borrow someone or something related to this matter or person.

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Six, punctuation marks

Punctuation marks commonly used in primary schools: (16 kinds) comma, period. Question mark? Exclamation mark! Colon: semicolon; Double quotation marks ""pause, parentheses () dash-ellipsis ... title ""bullet. Hyphenation (-) Proper Name (_ _)

Basic concepts and usage:

1, comma: indicates a general pause in a sentence.

2. period: used for the last pause of a complete sentence.

3. Question mark: indicates the pause and tone at the end of the question.

4. exclamation point: pause and tone at the end of the sentence, used to express strong feelings.

5. Colon: indicates a pause after suggestive speech.

6. Semicolon: indicates that the pause is generally greater than the comma and less than the pause, and there is a big pause between complex sentences.

7. Double quotation marks: it means that the words of others, books, characters, etc. are directly quoted in the text.

8. Pause symbol: indicates the pause between juxtaposed words in a sentence.

9. Brackets: indicate comments in the text.

10, dash: indicates various contexts, modalities and grammatical meanings.

1 1, ellipsis: indicates the content omitted for various reasons, so as to achieve the purpose of convenient narration.

12. Title: indicates the title, article title, newspaper name, file name, drama name, picture name, etc.

13, key points: words that are particularly important in the text and need attention.

14. Interval number: indicates the boundary between time, nationality, title and name.

15, connection number: punctuation marks indicating the beginning and end of time, place, numbers, etc.

16, proper name: indicates a person's name, place name, country name, etc.

Seven, sentences

1, declarative sentence: a sentence used to tell others a thing or a truth, indicating a declarative tone, which is generally peaceful and ends with a period.

Example: (1) Xiaoming's good friend is a student.

We will go for an autumn outing tomorrow.

(3) The night sky is full of shining stars.

2. Interrogative questions: The sentences used to ask questions have a rising tone at the end of the sentence, and there are often question marks at the end of the interrogative words "You, Mo, Ya, Mo, etc.". .

Example: (1) Is this book yours?

Have you had lunch?

(3) What is he doing?

3. Imperative sentences: sentences expressing orders, requests, hopes or discouragements. Depending on the tone of the sentence, you can use an exclamation point or a period.

Example: (1) Don't walk around!

Please give me that book.

4. Exclamation sentence: a sentence used to express feelings and sigh, with an exclamation point at the end of the sentence.

Example: (1) The scenery in spring is really beautiful!

(2) How powerful seeds are!

Eight, change sentence patterns

1, "ba" sentence or "Bei" sentence.

When rewriting, you can think like this: what "puts" what; What is "existence" and what is it? Note: You can't change the meaning of a sentence. I killed a mouse. I killed a mouse. A mouse killed me.

2, paraphrase: tell a sentence to others through your mouth.

When rewriting, pay attention to the change of person, remove colons and quotation marks, and make appropriate changes to individual words according to the meaning and fluency of the sentence, not the meaning of the sentence. Teacher Wang said to Xiaoming, "I'll go down to buy water, and you practice here." Teacher Wang told Xiaoming that he went down to buy water and told Xiaoming to practice there.

3, declarative sentences and rhetorical questions:

Transformation features: declarative sentences and rhetorical questions

(affirmative)-(negative)-(negative)-(affirmative)

The faster the horse runs, the farther it is from Chu. The faster the horse runs, isn't it farther away from Chu?

4. Affirmative sentences and negative sentences.

There are many people in the street. -There are many people in the street. When you change an affirmative sentence into a negative sentence, you must add words such as "no" and "no" to the sentence, and then replace the words after "no" with antonyms.

Nine. Expansion and contraction of sentences

1, sentence expansion: first find out the main words of the sentence, and then add appropriate modifiers before the main words. The extended sentence is more specific and substantial than the original sentence, but its main meaning remains the same. Xiaoming went to the movies. Xiao Ming (wearing new clothes and happily) went to the cinema (Xinhua Cinema). Xiaoming and his sister are happy to go to Xinhua Cinema to see a movie.

2. abbreviations. First, divide the sentence into two parts: who does what or what and how, then find out the main words in each part, and then remove the decorative words to connect the main words into a complete sentence, but keep the main meaning of the original sentence. Cao Cao heard drums and shouts in the camp. It should be abbreviated as: Cao Cao heard drums and shouts. It can't be simplified as: Cao Cao heard shouting.

Ten, modify the sick sentence

1) The sentence is incomplete. Such as: brave and tenacious soldiers, excellent quality of selfless dedication.

Changed to: brave and tenacious soldiers, the excellent quality of selfless dedication is admirable.

2) Improper use of words. I still lack a decent pencil box in my schoolbag.

"Lack" is not used properly, and should be changed to "lack".

3) Improper collocation. He is wearing a gray coat and a red hat.

"Wear" and "hat" are not properly matched, and should be changed to: He is wearing a gray coat and a red hat.

4) The word order is chaotic. Playing table tennis is very interesting to me.

I am very interested in playing table tennis.

5) Inconsistent. For example, a golden cauliflower in the rape field is colorful.

"Gold" and "color" are contradictory, and "color" should be removed.

6) Repeat. He is the student with the best grades and lessons in our class.

The meanings of "best grade" and "best homework" are repeated, and only one of them needs to be kept here.

7) illogical and unreasonable. He was reading in the sun, and two hours passed unconsciously.

"Xia Guang" is fleeting, and it is unrealistic to last for two hours. "Xia Guang" should be changed to "sunshine".