Southern Normal University: Preface and Postscript of 2 1 Early Century (I)

When I was studying, I had to recite. The old rule is this: father or teacher, sit in front of us, and we will cover the books and recite them. The father said, "Well! You recited it well, but you memorized it by rote and didn't really recite it. " I don't believe it. I can recite every word! He said it would forget. I said I didn't do anything wrong, and my father replied, "I didn't do anything wrong, but I didn't go to Tibet." I was even more unconvinced and didn't pay attention to this sentence. Later, because I studied Buddhism and science, I learned that hiding in it is called entering Tibet, and using my mind is memory. This is a question about the brain. The ancients said that the heart with heart is not a heart, but a heavy mind.

-The preface and postscript of Nan 2 1 at the beginning of the century.

1, "Rupert can catch the world's talents and taste the world's heroes; Famous airlines can carry the accusations of the whole world, but they can't carry the heroes of Lu Chen. "

Judging from the phrase of Emperor Taizong, "Being caught in my net is a hero in the world", it is really a great move and a good show in the history of the Tang Dynasty to take the examination of Jinshi in the early Tang Dynasty. But can the examination system really catch all the heroes in the world? That was not the case. Many famous and successful talents in the Tang Dynasty were born on recommendation and did not pass the examination. In addition, driven by the concept of imperial clan's surname, the Tang Dynasty designated the Taoism of the old Gigi Lai and the old gentleman as the state religion, and at the same time praised another model of Buddhism-Zen Buddhism, which made many self-taught scholars in civil society break away from the secular concept. The so-called "Lu bait can catch talents in the world without tasting heroes in the world; Famous airlines can carry the accusations of the whole world, but they can't carry the heroes of Lu Chen. " . So in the three hundred years of the Tang Dynasty, many hermits and immortals appeared. Among the five schools of Zen "one flower and five leaves", there are many famous Zen masters; In addition to the examination system, the venue of dense forest meditation is named "Buddhist field selection", which is unique. This is the uniqueness of cultural education in Tang Dynasty.

2. "How many literati, scholars and gifted scholars have been willing to engrave their eight-part essay in the exam in his library in the past 600 years!"

When I was young, I studied. Although I have abolished the imperial examination and stopped taking stereotyped writing, I am still curious and try my best to find some stereotyped writing to read. After reading it, although I think it is right to abolish stereotyped writing, I also think its norms and contents should not be despised casually. I am very naughty. Sometimes I take the exam myself and give you an eight-part essay entitled "What is Li Mei?" I am also a candidate, and I recited the answer and said, "Confucius said,' Benevolence is beautiful'." Is there beauty in it? Meg is not human, but kind. Is it beautiful? Benevolence is not self-beauty, but beauty lies in what people do, so it becomes beautiful. "Read read, everyone laughed. After laughing, he deliberately made a mistake in vernacular: "Is there a beautiful woman nearby?" "I don't know if it is really beautiful or ugly. Beautiful natural beauty, ugly of course ugly. Beauty and ugliness are accompanied, aren't all the neighbors beautiful and ugly? " Everyone laughed again.

Imagine that in the Ming and Qing dynasties, such eight-part essay was used to test the three levels of scholar, juren and Jinshi. What kind of talent is this? It is conceivable that in the past 600 years, some literati, scholars and gifted scholars are willing to engrave their eight-part exam essay in his library!

3. "Which branch of Jinshi is Sima Qian?"

In the past, there was a joke. A taxi driver went to a friend's house and saw his friend reading historical records. He asked, how do you have time to read casual books? His friend told him that this is Sima Qian's famous history book. Hearing this, he asked, "Which branch of Jinshi is Sima Qian?"

This is the same as young people who go to school now. After passing the Level 1 exam, who will be proud of recalling the questions they answered at that time? In order to cope with the exam, I broke my eyes under the strong lightning. I took my diploma as the key to open the door to find a job. What you learn is useless, and what you are good at is useless. Isn't this another great irony to the new stereotyped writing?

However, many famous officials in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as (Yangming) and Zhang in the Ming Dynasty, Zeng Guofan, Zuo, Zhang Zhidong and Weng Tonghe in the Qing Dynasty, and Zhang Jian, the last scholar, were not born in imperial academy. They were all taught by themselves at home or in the academy, and then they embarked on the road of fame and fortune in the stereotyped writing examination. This is also the rhetoric of the Ming and Qing dynasties that "no one asks under the window for ten years, and once you become famous, you will be known all over the world."

4. "The world is clear, everything is learned, and people's understanding is an article."

During the eight-year Anti-Japanese War, I often traveled between Chengdu and Chongqing. After thinking about it, it is precisely because of this opportunity that I met the older generation of literati and celebrities, the new generation of scholars studying abroad, frustrated celebrities, rebellious heroes and even the generals of the Sichuan army. Most of them have become friends who have forgotten the Chinese New Year. So some people laugh at me for being the oldest boy in generations. If I can write a novel, to exaggerate, I can write a biography of a modern ranger, or a new scholar, or even a religious figure. Unfortunately, I have no talent for writing articles and novels. However, I often tell my classmates that "studying in thousands of books and taking Wan Li Road" is not enough. Only by adding "making 10,000 friends" can we appreciate the meaning of "everything is learned, and people's understanding is an article". This seems to have nothing to do with the cultural education of life, but it is very important. After Japan surrendered, everyone was busy "demobilization" and went back to their hometown to receive it. I stayed in Yunnan for one more year and experienced the historical sites between Kunming and Dali.

5. "But I don't admit that there are students. In other words, I am arrogant. No one is qualified to be my student and I am not qualified to be someone else's teacher. "

So I admire your willingness to run education, but I won't do it. I will never admit that I am a teacher. You know that. You call me "teacher", which is a code name. You call me "old man", you are not shy; It's called Lao Nan, but I don't want to hear it. It is impolite to call "Xiao Nan". Then you have to call me "teacher" But I don't admit that there are students. In other words, I am arrogant, and no one is qualified to be my student. At the same time, I am not qualified to be someone else's teacher. Mencius once said, "If you suffer from others, you should be a good teacher." The biggest shortcoming of people is that they like leading, being smarter than others, being a teacher and being a boss. I made up my mind not to be a teacher since I was in my twenties, and now I'm not a teacher, just an old man telling you this.

6. "What is sex? Where does human nature come from? "

There are two things in our life, sex and affection. What kind of emotion is this? Where does human nature come from? This is a philosophical problem, a life science problem. On earth, where did our first ancestor come from? How can a person be a stranger? How do men and women come from? Is it a man or a woman? In western philosophy, the question of which came first, the chicken or the egg, was put forward, because before the sixth century, the west was ruled by religion. Religion says that everything about human beings was created by God, so you are not allowed to ask such questions! We can't in China, so people say there is no religion in China. But China has great science, which is different from western religions. Who gave birth to God? Is God a man? If God is not a man, it has nothing to do with us; If it's a man, where does he come from? Was it born by God's mother? So who is the mother who gave birth to Mother God? The source of this life has not been solved so far.

7. "Congenital endowment, acquired influence"

What is the most difficult part of education now? Everyone says how to teach children to remember. So is the memory in the brain? What's the difference between memory and thought? What's the difference between thoughts and emotions? None of these problems in education have been clarified. It is completely wrong to teach only on homework and knowledge. So education is very, very difficult. The first is the problem of endowment, which is not only a psychological understanding, but also unknown to the west.

So is endowment hereditary? It's not right either. There is an old saying in China, "One mother gives birth to nine children, and nine children are different." The same mother gave birth to nine brothers and sisters, each with different personalities, smart and stupid, inherited by a pair of parents! Therefore, it is not entirely correct to say that the endowment is completely inherited by genes. Buddhism and Buddhism make it very clear that endowment is the seed brought by oneself, and the name of Buddhism calls this endowment the seed brought by oneself. For example, Yao Shun is a saint and an emperor, but Yao Shun's son is not good and Shun's father is not good. Children born to excellent parents are not necessarily good, but children born to stupid poor parents are great. Now the explanation is a genetic problem. How are genes classified? How did you get it? I often tell doctors in student science that genes are not what they look like, but there is something behind them. Take your time to study them!

Therefore, it is one's own species that brings temperament, and the influence of parents' heredity, family, times, society and education is called zengyuan. Increasing the margin is a help and affects the development of that species.

8. "Hiding, hiding in it is called entering Tibet, and thinking is memory. This is a question about the brain. The ancients said that taking the heart as the heart is not the heart, but the heart. "

Why did the ancients like to read poems? Is to increase memory. At least in my experience and that of my childhood classmates, the higher the literature, the better the poetry and the better the memory. But now people read books instead of books. If you look at it with your eyes, you will become nearsighted, and you don't need to look at it with your brain. Yesterday, I put forward the study of the Book of Rites and said a word, "hide", pay attention! Enter Tibet. When I was studying, I had to recite. The old rule is this: father or teacher, sit in front of us, and we will cover the books and recite them. The father said, "Well! You recited it well, but you memorized it by rote and didn't really recite it. " I don't believe it. I can recite every word! He said it would forget. I said I didn't do anything wrong, and my father replied, "I didn't do anything wrong, but I didn't go to Tibet." I was even more unconvinced and didn't pay attention to this sentence. Later, because I studied Buddhism and science, I learned that hiding in it is called entering Tibet, and using my mind is memory. This is a question about the brain. The ancients said that the heart with heart is not a heart, but a heavy mind.

9. "No matter what industry, people who are famous in society are not necessarily from good schools."

What is the purpose of learning from others? It is the word "educating the people" in traditional culture. "Popularizing the people" is the spirit of teaching. "Don't go to the emperor, don't envy the ministers." The emperor should also respect the teacher. China has been a private school for thousands of years, and now it is a government-run school. I often tell my classmates that since the overthrow of the imperial system, let's take the best school as an example. Do you know how many students in Peking University rank first? Does anyone know who won the first prize? Who is the first in Tsinghua for decades? What have they achieved? Now you can see that every student who has graduated from a school can stand firm in society, do well, or be the richest. Which one graduated from college? Not much! Don't be superstitious about this, education is not truth! No matter what industry, people who are famous in society are not necessarily from good schools. This is a matter of temperament and his talent. Education is just an additional advantage. As teachers, we should try our best to help him, cultivate him and let him stand up on his own talent. This is the purpose of education.

10, "I have felt this way all my life. No one raised me, but I grew up by myself. "

My own feelings are like two ancient poems. You see, these poems are also very literary:

After the rain, the mountain creepers flourished along the stream and the valley was barren.

Do ordinary people grow up by cultivation?

"After the rain, grass grew on the mountain." After a heavy rain, grass grows on the mountain. This is a poem! Literature! The fate of our country in the past 100 years has met such a big doom, which is called mushrooming; Now young people and the new generation stand up.

"The valley along the stream is poor." The valley near the stream is full of grass, which grows naturally. The grass is poor, but it grows quickly. Our life is alive, and the young people of future generations grow up, which is also very pitiful, and they grow up by themselves.

"Not ordinary is ordinary", and "not ordinary is ordinary", where is the cultivation strength of others. The fastest growing thing in the world is vegetation. At ordinary times, no farmers water and fertilize, and no one takes care of them. It also grows naturally.

"Self-satisfaction, self-growth", I have this feeling all my life, not who trained me, but I grew up myself. In fact, educated children will grow up in the future. I deeply feel that successful people in general society may not have received a good education, but it is better to receive a good education. We do not deny education.

1 1, "When people know nothing about Lingyun, wait until Lingyun starts."

Buried in the grass since childhood, Artemisia has gradually grown.

When people don't know Lingyun, they will work hard until Lingyun starts to work hard.

"When you were young, you were buried in the grass." Look at the student you teach, you can't see his future achievements. If you have the foresight to see them, you are really a good principal and teacher. This small pine tree is planted with grass and grows together.

"Now Artemisia grows gradually", a thousand-year-old towering tree, slowly grows itself in the grass.

"When people don't know how to cooperate with Lingyun, they will wait until Lingyun starts to grow taller." When it grew with grass, people didn't know at that time that the tree would grow as high as the sky in the future and become a thousand-year-old tree in the future. It will wait for several years, become a big tree and soar into the sky. As you can see, ouch! It is so great that thousands of people envy it. Some people even burn incense and worship it as a sacred tree.

These two poems are about the close relationship between personal growth and education. For example, many of our classmates have stood up in society today. "People don't know anything about Lingyun", but people at that time couldn't see that "Waiting for Lingyun to get up" now looks really nice! Education is the truth.

12, "Few people listen to what I say, and no one really does it, so I have been depressed about education and said that education is useless all my life."

The purpose of education is to change temperament, but it is difficult to change temperament! I have been teaching all my life, which means that I have seen through all this since I was in my twenties, but I have not given up and am still working hard in this direction. Why did I say I dare not write a book? For example, everyone told me to learn Buddhism from me, and I don't know if anyone has achieved anything. My words are very polite to everyone, very polite. Few people listened to what I said, and no one really did it, so I have been very depressed about education and said that education is useless all my life. Confucius had 3,000 disciples and 72 sages in his life, and only a dozen of them really achieved it. The same is true of Sakyamuni Buddha's life. Although the classics are so popular, there are only ten disciples who really do it. Education is a kind of sacrifice, and it is difficult to have a result; But even so, its influence is still great.

13, in this paper

Speaking of education, I deeply admire Wen Zhongzi. You haven't read Wen Zhongzi's book, have you? Some students here will know after listening to my words. Wen Zhongzi's name is Wang Tong, a native of Sui Dynasty. We read an article through the eyes of the ancients. Wang Bo, the author of Preface to Wang Tengting, is his grandson. Wen Zi Wang Tong was interested in the world at first, and then he quit. During the Sui Dynasty, he retired to give lectures in Hexi and Shaanxi, and trained several famous civil and military officials such as Fang, Du Ruhui, Li Jing, all of whom were his students. He didn't become an official himself, but taught students to study emperors. He has a famous book Zhong Shuo. China's three books with the word "Zhong" are all very special books, one is the Doctrine of the Mean by Zisi, the other is Zhong Shuo by Wang Tong, and the other is Zhong Lun translated by Dragon Tree Bodhisattva. Posthumous title and Wen Zhongzi were not given to him by the emperor, but by his disciples. Wen Zhongzi, a successful figure in education, is a link between the past and the future in Sui and Tang Dynasties after Confucius.

14, "Dictation, Reciting Poems and Counting"

Just now I talked about the education of traditional culture, and I would like to mention one more point to you, such as "three" and "money". It doesn't count if you let him carry it. My experience, in the same way, is over. You can buy a brush and let him write silently. On the one hand, you can understand traditional Chinese characters, on the other hand, you can practice calligraphy. It only takes once to do all three together, but you can actually do it. After practicing brush calligraphy, pen calligraphy and ballpoint pen calligraphy naturally look good. If you want to use traditional Chinese characters, you can buy your own Kangxi dictionary or resign. It seems that with two teachers around, two books are enough. I can read and read, and I have made rapid progress myself. There is no other way. My method is old-fashioned and very fast. It is difficult to follow the new method, but just reciting is not enough.

Besides, ask them to recite poems. What poems should they recite? Important things have been edited, such as "Dai Li Weng Dui Yun". You should sing more and tell them what to do. "The sky is to the ground, the rain is to the wind, the mainland is to the sky, the mountain flower is to the sea tree, and the sun is to the sky." In this way, you can read a book like singing, and read it silently, which is very relaxed. Singing and reciting in this way can also cultivate future lyricists and composers and make a good art of literary lyrics and songs.

Also, use abacus and pen to teach arithmetic, not mathematics! Arithmetic is different from mathematics. The original addition, subtraction, multiplication and division is arithmetic, and mathematics is a little higher. Triangle, geometry and calculus are called mathematics. You recite the preliminary calculation. What are you reciting? Recite the multiplication table of 99 first, they are all old. The multiplication table can be memorized, so can addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. We have a teacher here who can teach abacus mental arithmetic. After this meeting, math will be better.