Who is Zhuge Liang?

Zhuge Liang (July 23, 65438+081—August 28, 234), a native of Yang Du (now yinan county, Linyi City, Shandong Province), was an outstanding politician, strategist, inventor and strategist in the Three Kingdoms period. When he was alive, he was named Wuxiang Hou, and he was called Zhong Wuhou. Later, in order to admire Zhuge Liang's military talents, the Eastern Jin regime named him King Wuxing. The representative works include Front Model, Back Model and Book of Commandments. Invented wooden ox and flowing horse, Kongming lantern and so on. Chengdu has Wuhou Temple.

The life of the character

Cultivate Long Mu.

Zhuge Liang was born in the fourth year of Han Dynasty (A.D. 18 1), an official family in Yangdu County, Langye County. Zhuge Liang in the new version of Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Zhuge is an evil Han nationality. Zhuge Feng, the ancestor of Zhuge's family, worked as a captain in the Western Han Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, and Zhuge Gui, Zhuge's father, worked as a county magistrate in Taishan at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's mother Zhang died at the age of 3, and Zhuge Liang lost his father at the age of 8. He and his younger brother Zhuge Jun followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the magistrate of Zhang Yu by Yuan Shu, to Zhang Yu. The Eastern Han court sent Zhu Hao instead of Zhuge Xuan, and Zhuge Xuan went to Liu Biao, Jingzhou, and lived in Dengxian County, Nanyang County, twenty miles west of Xiangyang City. In the second year of Jian 'an (197), Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan died of illness; Emperor Xian of Han fled from Li Jue in Chang 'an to Xu County in Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang usually reads Fu Liang's songs and often compares himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. At that time, people were dismissive of him, and only friends such as Xu Shu and Cui believed in his talent. Known as "Wolong". Make friends with Xiangyang celebrities such as Pang Degong and Huang. Huang once said to Zhuge Liang: "Wen Jun chooses his wife; Ugly girls with yellow heads and blackheads, but they are all worth matching. I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent can rival yours. ) "Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and immediately married her. At that time, people played it as a joke, and there was even a proverb in the village: "Don't choose a wife for Kong Ming, you will get an ugly girl."

Longzhongdui

Longzhong Dui, formerly known as Cao Lu Dui, was the first conversation between Zhuge Liang and Liu Bei at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, which was selected from The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and ZhuGeLiangChuan. From the winter of 2007 to the spring of 2008, Liu Bei, then stationed in Xinye, visited Zhuge Liang three times in Longzhong (now Gulong, Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang City) at the suggestion of Xu Shu. I haven't seen Zhuge Liang twice before, but I finally met him for the third time. In Longzhong Dui, Zhuge Liang analyzed the world situation for Liu Bei and put forward a strategic idea of taking Jingzhou as his home, Yizhou as his foothold and the Central Plains. After three visits to the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang came out of the mountain to become Liu Bei's strategist, and all kinds of strategies after Liu Bei Group were based on this.

Chibi war

At that time, Liu Biao's wife, Liu Qi's stepmother, and Cai's repeated denigration, Liu Biao gradually fell out with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang for advice on self-defense several times, but Zhuge Liang often refused. Liu Qi used the trick of taking the ladder from home at a banquet to let Zhuge Liang tell the solution. Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi, "Don't you know that Shen Sheng is in danger now and Zhong Er is safe outside? You were in danger if you didn't see Shen Sheng in the Spring and Autumn Period, but can Zhong Er (referring to Jin Wengong) be safe outside? ) "At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Dongwu, and Liu Qi was recommended as Jiangxia satrap to protect himself. In August of the 13th year of Jian 'an (208), Liu Biao died of illness, and his second son Liu Cong succeeded to the throne. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent messengers to surrender. After learning the news of Fancheng, Liu Bei led the soldiers and civilians to flee to the south, and Cao Jun caught up with Liu Jun in Changban, Dangyang. When Liu Bei arrived in Xiakou, Sun Quan sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei to ask Sun Quan for help. Zhuge Liang recommended himself as a lobbyist for Chai Sang and became friends with Lu Su. After arriving in Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met with Sun Quan and first gave Sun Quan two choices by dichotomy: "If wuyue people can compete with China, it is better to get rid of it as soon as possible (if Wu Yuezhi's military strength can compete with the Central Plains, it is better to break diplomatic relations with Cao Cao as early as possible)"; Another option is to use the provocation method. "If not, why not put the case in the north!" If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop military action and surrender to the north! "North" has a double meaning here: First, Cao Cao is in the north; The second is that when the monarch and the minister meet, the officials generally face the north. ) "Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei didn't surrender. Zhuge Liang raised Liu Bei's social status, saying that Liu Bei had backbone and would never surrender to show Sun Bei's determination. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei had left to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. First, he said that there were 10,000 people in Guijun and Guan Yu's water army, and there were no fewer than 10,000 Jiangxia soldiers in Liu Qifan. Then he said that Cao Jun was exhausted from a long distance. He chased Liu Beishi and walked more than 300 miles a day and a night with a Qingqi. That is "a spent force, it is impossible to wear Lu Mao"; Moreover, northerners do not learn water warfare, and Jingzhou people are forced to obey Cao Cao, unconvinced; Finally, Cao's defeat is certain. Sun Quan is very happy. Later, after lobbying by Lu Su and Zhou Yu, he decided to unite Liu against Cao and sent Zhou Yu, Lu Su to lead 30,000 water troops against Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang went back to Liu Bei with the army; In November, Cao Cao's army was attacked by Sun Liulian in Chibi, and a plague occurred in the army, and the defeat returned to the north.

Foot-eating soldier

After Battle of Red Cliffs, Liu Bei pacified the four counties in Jingnan in December, appointed Zhuge Liang as the military commander, lived in Lin Xuan, supervised Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and was responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military assets. In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1), Yizhou Pastoral Liu Zhang sent Fazheng and Mengda to ask Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun guarded Jingzhou. In December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help out, leaving Guan Yu in charge of Jingzhou's defense, dividing troops to pacify counties and counties, and forming a capital with Liu Bei. In the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14), Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei entered Yizhou. Zhuge Liang received 500 Jin of gold, 50 million yuan of silver 1000 Jin, and 0/000 pieces of brocade/kloc-0, and was appointed as a strategist and general, in charge of the general's office. Whenever Liu Bei sent troops to attack, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with adequate food and clothing. For example, in the battle of Hanzhong, he provided resources for Liu Bei. In the first year of Emperor Yankang of the Han Dynasty (220), Cao Pi usurped the independence of Han Dynasty. In the second year of Wei Huang (22 1), ministers heard the news that Emperor Xian was killed and advised Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to be the emperor. Liu Bei refused, and Zhuge Liang persuaded Liu Bei with the story of Geng Chun lobbying Liu Xiu to be emperor. So Liu Bei promised Zhuge Liang to be prime minister, record history and have a holiday; In the same year, Zhang Fei was killed and Zhuge Liang became a captain.

Baidicheng Tuogu

In August of the second year of Zhangwu (222), Liu Bei was defeated on the way to Jingzhou and retreated to Yongan. Zhuge Liang lamented that Fazheng was dead, otherwise Liu Bei's crusade would stop.

In February of the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was seriously ill and called Zhuge Liang to Yong 'an to entrust Li Yan with the funeral. Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang, "You are only ten times as talented as Cao Pi, and you will be able to settle down in the world and eventually achieve great things. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If he is incompetent, you can bear it yourself. Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will be able to achieve great things in the end. If the adopted son (Liu Chan) can help, help him; If he has no talent, you can take it yourself. " Zhuge Liang said with tears: "I dare to report the Loyalty Day with my strength and then die!" " Liu Bei asked Liu Chan to regard Zhuge Liang as his father. In April, Liu Bei died, and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, making Zhuge Liang the marquis of Wuxiang and opening a yamen. Soon, Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang to take charge of Yizhou pastoral administration, and Zhuge Liang decided. It turned out that South China took the opportunity to rebel because of Liu Bei's death. Zhuge Liang did not send troops first because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Kyle to Soochow to repair it.

south

It was not until the spring of the third year of Jianxing (225) that Zhuge Liang led the army south. Before he left, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Aliang a gold cymbal and a curved cover. He advocated one before and one after, with 60 warriors. Later, Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land (idiom: the barren land is bhamo on the northern border of Myanmar today) to crusade against Lv Yong and Meng Huo. Zhuge Liang took the advice of joining the army in Ma Su, focusing on attacking the enemy. He first defeated Lv Yong's army, then captured Meng Huo seven times, and settled all the chaos in the autumn. After the Shu Han settled in the south and obtained some supplementary troops, after a long period of accumulation, they had the foundation of the Northern Expedition.

northern expedition

1. In the spring of 228 in the sixth year of lite, Zhuge Liang raised his voice and took Xiegu Road ahead of schedule, so that Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi set up suspected soldiers to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops and led their own troops to attack Qishan (now northwest of Xihe County, Gansu Province). Nan 'an, Tianshui and Anding counties in Longyou opposed Wei's attachment to Shu. Zhang He refused to break Ma Su in the street pavilion. Zhuge Liang pulled more than 1000 families back to Hanzhong from Xixian County. This is the first time out of Qishan. 2. In the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang went to Sanguan (now southwest of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) to surround Chencang (now east of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) and returned all the grain to Hanzhong. Wei Zhui was beheaded. 3. In the spring of 229, the seventh year of Jianxing, Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yin Ping (now Wenxian County, Gansu Province). Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, led the troops to rescue him. Out to Jianwei (now west of Xihe County, Gansu Province), Guo Huai withdrew, so he got the second county. 4. In the autumn of lite eight years (230), Wei Jun attacked Hanzhong, Sima Yi went to Xicheng (now northwest of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He went to Woods Valley, and Cao Zhen went to Gu Jie. Zhuge Liang was stationed in Chenggu (now east of Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (now twenty miles east of Yangxian County, Shaanxi Province). It rains thirty times, and Wei Jun retreats. In the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu to Qiang, and defeated Fei Yao, the general after Wei Dynasty, and Guo Huai, the secretariat of Yongzhou, in Yuyang River (now Nan 'an County, southwest of Wushan Mountain in Gansu Province). 5. In February of the 9th year of Jianxing (23 1), Zhuge Liang led an army to attack Qishan, only to get lucky. When Cao Zhen was seriously ill, the Guanzhong commander Sima Yi refused. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shangguan (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi chased the light to Lucheng (now between Tianshui City and Gangu, Gansu Province), dug up the camp and held on, which was a mockery of "fearing Shu like a tiger". In May, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan, Gao Xiang and Wu Ban to refuse, and Sima Yi was defeated. The Han army won the first three thousand ranks, five thousand in armor and three thousand one hundred in crossbows. So Wang Xuan Sima Yi returned to Baoying. In June, Li Yan called back because of poor grain transportation. Zhang He chased Liang, retreated to the wooden door and was shot dead by an arrow. This is his second time out of Qishan. 6. In February of the 12th year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang led the army out of Gu Jie Road, and according to Wuwuzhangyuan (now Qishan South, Shaanxi Province), he settled in Weibin. During this period, Zhuge Liang repeatedly sent envoys to take the gauntlet and adorn women to anger Sima Yi of Wang Xuan, but Sima Yi could not hide his humiliation and ended it with a coup "thousands of miles away". In August, Zhuge Liang died in Wuzhangyuan. Yang Yi and others returned with troops, and there was a story that "the dead Zhuge scared away the living Zhong Da". The six battles, Qishan only twice; The fourth time, Wei Jun took the initiative to attack, and the Shu army defended. Due to continuous rainstorm and flash floods, the plank road was washed away, and Shu and Wei surrendered without a fight.

Historical evaluation

Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms: Zhuge Liang is also concerned about the country, comforting the people, showing etiquette, appointing people on their merits, obeying the power system, being sincere and fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will get revenge, those who violate the law and neglect their duties will be punished by their relatives, those who confess their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degeneration; Ordinary things are concise, based on physics, with real responsibility for fame and fortune, hypocrisy and contempt; Finally, people who are afraid and love each other in the national territory, although the criminal law is harsh and there is no complaint, are trying to persuade them clearly. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern the country, and he is a horse of Xiao. But after years of mobilization, it still failed, and the cover strain will be slightly, which is not its strength! Guanzi: the law is strict and the people are happy, and the people are exhausted without complaints. Its soldiers come and go like guests. They don't fight or hunt, just like in the country. Its use of troops is also like a mountain, advancing and retreating like the wind. On the day when the soldiers came out, the world shook, but people were not worried. China people have been singing and thinking for decades after Liang's death. For example, in the Zhou Dynasty, Confucius said that "harmony can also make the south" and Zhuge Liang was thoughtful. Liu Bei: "Lonely with Kong Ming, fish with water. May you say nothing. " "As long as you are ten times as long as xelloss, you can be safe and finally achieve great things. If the heir can supplement it, supplement it; If you are incompetent, you can take it yourself. "

Si Mahui: "Do Confucian scholars and laymen know current events? People who know the times care about Jie Jun. There are Wolong and Feng Chu here. " Meng Huo: "Gong, Tianwei also, Nanren no longer rebelled." Jia Xu: "Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country." Ye Liu: "Zhuge Liang is a wise politician and a prime minister." Xu Shu: "This person can see it right away, but he can't compromise. The general should be in charge. " "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong also" Yang Hong: "The western soil is salty, and Zhuge Liang can make the best use of his talents." Ma Liang: "Your brother should praise the world in time, and his career should glorify the country. This is far away. It is appropriate to change her husband's consideration with elegance, judge her own value with clarity, and be simple with talent. If it is the sum of light and distance, it is a world of virtue, so that time is closed to listening, the world is obedient to the Tao, the sound is high and wonderful, the sound of righteousness is positive, beneficial to things, and invincible. This is the harmony between strings and teeth. " Fan Jian: "If you smell evil, you should correct it instead of praising it. The letter of reward and punishment curses the gods. " Zhang Wen: "If Zhuge Liang sees the plan, he will know that God's will is at work, and he will be blessed by the court to push his heart forward." Sima Yi: "The first wizard in the world!" Sima Yi: "Zhuge Liang is really a god, I might as well!" " Yang's "Han Jizan" praised Prime Minister Zhuge: "Being loyal and brave, I made suggestions on the riverside, climbed Wu, and endowed me with the true world. He was left behind by Ah Heng, who improved his martial arts prose, taught Chen Dejiao, changed his ways in charge, and was wise and foolish, and got carried away. In Youzhou, four generations of Yi Sui repeatedly came to the enemy's dynasty, showing their power and learning from a big country, and they hated it. " Longhe: "The situation is bright, Germany and Fan are far and near, and the reputation is all over the world." Sima Yan: "It's very kind of me to have this person to help me. How can I work today? " Fu Gan: "Zhuge Liang knows change, but he is right and has a plan, but he is right and observes it." Guo Chong: "Jincheng Guo Chong believes that if you are smart, you will be surpassed and your achievements will not be good. Those who are confused by the five civilizations are not known to the world, and Bao and others cannot get it back. " Fufeng Wang is generous and aggressive. Liu Chan said to Zhuge Liang's imperial edict, "The crime of the street pavilion war lies in Ma Su, and you led me to bring disgrace to oneself, which seriously violated your wishes and resigned. ".The year before last, Yao Shi smashed Xinmeile Joint-stock Company; At this age, Guo Huai fled; The surrender of Bian and Qiang, the revival of the two counties and the ferocity of Weizhen are obvious. Today, Fang was harassed, but Yuan Xie was not an owl. You have been entrusted with a great responsibility. You are doing the heavy work of the country, but you have lost yourself for a long time. That's why you beautify Hong Lie. Since he is the prime minister, he should not resign. "Liu Chan paid homage to Zhuge Liang's imperial edict:" Only you are endowed with the skills of civil and military affairs, and you are clear and sincere. I entrust you as an orphan, and you help me bow down. After that, you will be peaceful and chaotic; Therefore, the Sixth Division has been reorganized and impressed, and Weizhen has been barren, and will make great contributions to Iraq and Zhou Zhirong. Why don't you hang up? Things are going to be awkward. You're dying! I am heartbroken and heartbroken. Fu Chongde made meritorious deeds, and Ji was born in posthumous title, so he will shine brilliantly in the future and make an immortal publication. Today, the general army is specially ordered to present the seal of the Prime Minister, and you are named the loyal minister Wu Hou. The soul has a spirit, and Jiazi is glorious. Alas! Hey! " Emperor Kangxi: "Zhuge Liang Yun: Do your best until you die. Only Zhuge Liang can be such a minister. " Wang Weixin: "There is no one like you since the Han Dynasty, the first person after three generations." Referred to as "the next three generations". Three Dynasties: Xia, Shang and Wednesday. Zhuge Liang's talent and moral character can be compared with those of three generations of sages (Yi Yin, Lu Shang, Fu Shuo, etc.). Sun Qiao in the Tang Dynasty: "The marquis of Wu has been dead for almost 500 years. Up to now, the people of Liang and Han have a strong legacy, temples and worshippers are all there, and the heart of loving the people has been so long. " In the Western Jin Dynasty, Mei Tao praised Tao Kan and said, "The machine god is like Wei Wu, and the loyalty is like Kong Ming." Changqu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "Governing the country is courtesy to the people, no complaints, no lynching, no tears." Wang Tong of the Sui Dynasty said, "Zhuge Liang will not die, and the rites and music will flourish." "Tang Cui Wen" recorded what Shangqi said in Preface to the Inscription of Wuhou Temple in Zhuge: "If official books and temples are eaten, they will become a code that will not be published. Every time there is a popular grass movement in Yamanouchi, it looks like a powerful god. In the old days, if there was a drought, people all over the country would pray for clouds and rain, which meant survival without anyone benefiting and sharing life and death. Death is immortal, but it is more expensive than life. " Lu Wen's Zhuge Wuhou Temple: "If you don't gather great glory, heaven will seize its soul. Sincerely unforgettable, the ice is in the sun and the moon, and the ferocity does not come away. It is a thunderstorm. " Du Fu, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, once praised Zhuge Liang's deeds and wrote several poems about Zhuge Liang, including Shuxiang (including two poems with the same name), Four Monuments of Yonghuai, Zhu Gekongming, Eight Arrays, A Journey to Cooper, Temple of Wuhou, Temple of Zhuge and Ge Ye. In Shuxiang, the third call increased his burden of handling state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. But before he conquered, he was dead, and the heroes cried on their coats from then on, which became a famous sentence of Zhuge Liang's life. Other poets also wrote many poems praising Zhuge Liang, such as Reading Zhuge Wuhou's Book and Giving Chang 'an Uncle Cui Shaofu a Kunji; Zhuge Wuhou (two poems) by Wang Anshi, a statesman and writer in the Song Dynasty; Visiting Zhuge Wuhou's Desk by Lu You, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty; Visiting Zhuge Wuhou's Temple by Dou Chang in the Tang Dynasty; and Zhuge Wuhou's Temple by Zhang Xiaobiao in the Tang Dynasty. This couplet hanging in Zhuge Liang Temple of Wuhou Temple in Chengdu was written by Zhao Fan, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, and attracted the attention of Mao Zedong and others. Its content is: "If you can attack his heart, then bring disgrace to oneself will learn from the ancient times, and the soldiers will not be able to fight;" Don't judge the situation, temper leniency with severity, and you have to think deeply in the future. " Sun Yat-sen, the great revolutionary forerunner, praised Zhuge Liang in Three People's Principles and Democracy: "Zhuge Liang is very talented, so he can establish a good government in western Shu, and he can make a northern expedition from six places in Qishan and stand firm with Wu and Wei."

Achievements in governing the country

Zhuge Liang made full use of the favorable economic conditions in Hanzhong, and during his stay in Hanzhong, he took a series of effective measures to develop production according to local conditions to persuade farmers, so that the resources of the Northern Expedition Army were basically solved on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army retreated, and Wei Jun still "rewarded more books and more food" in the Shu camp. This just shows that the effect of Zhuge Liang's persuasion of agriculture and the implementation of military farming war is remarkable. When the local people live well, they can attract more people, make Hanzhong, a vast and sparsely populated city, develop again, gradually achieve a virtuous circle of more people and more food, and let the people "live and work in peace and contentment". Only Qiang Bing, a rich country, can maintain the long-term stability of the ruling class. Water conservancy projects such as "He Shan Dam" built by Zhuge Liang are still the largest irrigation projects in Hanzhong area. According to Mr. Li Yizhi's investigation, "Bashangzan City in He Shan has more than 8,000 mu of farmland, Zhengxian County in Guannan has 30,600 mu, and Jiuxian County has 7,000 mu, with * * 46,000 mu." The six famous pools in Hanzhong are still in use today. According to archaeological survey statistics, since the Han Dynasty, there are still more than 70 ancient weirs in the whole region, and some weirs and canals have been used and maintained for generations, which have been extended to this day. At the same time, on the basis of inheriting and learning the experience of ancient water resources development and utilization, various localities have continuously built a large number of water conservancy facilities such as ponds, reservoirs and ponds. In Mianxian County alone, 37 reservoirs have been built, with a storage capacity of100000 cubic meters. There are more than 300 ponds and ponds; There are more than 50 thousand mu of winter paddy fields. The above facts show that the practical utility and continuous improvement and utilization of ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in Hanzhong basin are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy and developing production when he advised agriculture in Hanzhong.