What wrong interpersonal cognitive effects need to be avoided in daily life?

In daily life, what can be done to avoid those wrong interpersonal cognitive effects?

(1) First Cause Effect:

Also known as the first impression, it refers to a person's comprehensive judgment based on the other person's appearance, clothes, manner, words and behavior. When he first came into contact with others. The effect of "first impression" or "preconceptions" in daily life has an extremely important influence on people's cognition in the process of social cognition.

(2) recency effect:

In the process of interpersonal communication, people tend to pay more attention to new information and relatively ignore old information. In interpersonal cognition, recency effect is the effect that has the greatest influence on the overall impression due to the information obtained recently or finally.

(3) social fixed impression:

Stereotype, also known as stereotype, refers to a fixed and general view of a social group formed by the social and cultural environment. For example, the fixed impression of society is that businessmen are smart, intellectuals are gentle and women are gentle.

(4) Halo effect:

Also known as halo effect or halo effect, it refers to the impression on a person's personality characteristics in the process of interpersonal communication, which leads to overestimation or underestimation of the other person's characteristics. Halo effect can be divided into positive halo and negative halo. Positive aura refers to expanding and popularizing the good impression of the other party to other aspects and overestimating the other party. Negative aura refers to the expansion and generalization of the other party's bad impression to other aspects, and the medical education network collects and underestimates the other party.

(5) The first gift effect:

It means that when you criticize or ask the other person in the process of interpersonal communication, you should start with polite language behavior to make it easy for the other person to accept, so as to achieve your goal.

(6) Immune effect:

It means that when a person has accepted and believed a certain point of view, he will have some resistance to the opposite point of view, that is, he will have some "immunity."

First, we need to know what interpersonal cognition is.

Interpersonal cognition refers to the process of observing and understanding the external characteristics and explicit behaviors of others in communication, forming an impression, and speculating and judging their psychological state, personality characteristics, behavioral motives and intentions.

1, the first cause effect refers to the strong influence of the first impression on interpersonal cognition. No matter whether the first impression is correct or not, it is always the most vivid and firm, which often affects the evaluation of the other party. How to avoid giving people a bad and wrong first impression requires strengthening the quality of speech, manners, self-cultivation and etiquette.

2. The halo effect is that when you have a good impression on a person, it is difficult to feel his shortcomings and think that everything he does is good and everything he does is right. Even what others think is a shortcoming seems irrelevant. Under this psychological effect, it is difficult for you to distinguish between good and bad, and it is easy to be used. How to avoid it is "there is no need to harm people, and there is no need to prevent people". You have a certain sense of defense, that is, people's defense psychology.

3. Stereotype effect means that human beings usually have a relatively fixed and classified view of a certain person or a certain kind of person, that is to say, good people look at everyone who is kind, and scheming people look at everyone who has ulterior motives. Using this stereotype to measure everything will cause cognitive bias, just like wearing colored glasses to look at people. How to avoid it, we should know ourselves and others correctly and objectively.

4. Projection effect refers to a cognitive obstacle that projects one's feelings, will and characteristics on others and imposes them on others. These people are relatively strong. How to avoid it, try to understand and consider it from the perspective of others, listen more and feel more.

To avoid:

1, learned helplessness effect

In life, some people come from poor families, or have suffered a heavy blow in the process of growing up, and may also form a sense of learned helplessness, who is always resigned, bullied, pessimistic and desperate, broken, and so on. If you have such friends around you, you should dig up their roots in learned helplessness, and let them out of the pessimistic and desperate situation by some positive and effective means.

2. Stereotype effect

The specific methods to overcome the stereotype effect are: first, we should be good at checking "biased words" with "what we see" and consciously attach importance to and seek information that is inconsistent with the stereotype. The second is to go deep into the group, make extensive contact with the members of the group, focus on strengthening the communication with the typical and representative members of the group, and constantly find and verify the information contrary to reality in the original stereotype, so as to finally overcome the negative influence of the stereotype and obtain an accurate understanding.

The first mistake is the idea that interpersonal relationships are useful. The essence of interpersonal relationship is useless, it is just a whitewash of the exchange and utilization between people. Therefore, it is important for everyone to benefit from what you have done. The more people you benefit, the more valuable your relationships will be. You are a miser, and you want to warm people's hearts with interpersonal relationships or small money. It is not easy to do it in today's era! In the final analysis, finding something that suits you and sticking to it can bring interest to others. Slowly, the people you know because of this matter are all your interpersonal relationships!

Living in this society, we should be a real relationship person, play an active role in interpersonal communication and leave a good impression. So how to do a good job in interpersonal communication? I can't learn such a professional thing as mind reading, but it is also a good introduction to understand the psychological effects in interpersonal communication, make use of these common psychological phenomena and laws in social life, and make good relations. So what are the psychological effects in interpersonal communication?

The impression left by the first communication occupies a dominant position in the other party's mind, and this effect is the first cause effect. Once the first impression is formed, it is not so easy to change it. Even if there is a gap between the later impression and the initial impression, the first impression will often affect our evaluation and opinion of others in the future, and many times we will naturally obey the initial impression. The first cause effect plays a decisive role in the formation of people's impressions.

Because of the first cause effect, the first impression plays an important role in interpersonal communication, so we should pay attention to the first impression left by others when interacting with others. If you want to make a good first impression, you should first pay attention to gfd, who is neat and tidy, and whose clothes are harmonious and appropriate. Secondly, you should pay attention to your manners, exercise and improve your conversation skills, and master appropriate social etiquette. In social activities such as making friends, recruiting and job hunting, we can use this effect to leave a good impression on others and lay a good foundation for future communication.

The first impression in interpersonal communication occupies a dominant position in the other person's mind, and this effect is the first cause effect. Therefore, we can make use of this effect to give people an excellent image in social activities such as making friends, recruiting and job hunting, and lay a good foundation for future communication. However, in order to have in-depth communication in social activities, it is not enough to have the first cause effect alone. You also need to have complete hardware, that is, the quality of speaking, manners, self-cultivation and etiquette.

Businessmen are often considered treacherous, and there is a saying that "no treachery, no business". Professors are usually regarded as white-haired and gentle old people. People in the south of the Yangtze River are usually considered smart and resourceful, while people in the north are considered brave and upright ... When we know and evaluate others, we don't regard individuals as isolated objects, but always regard individuals as members of a certain kind of people, which makes him have both personality and * * *, and it is easy to think that he has all the qualities of a certain kind of people. Therefore, when we generally divide people into fixed and generalized types, stereotypes are formed.

The positive effect of stereotype is that it simplifies our cognitive process. Because when we know some information about others, we often infer other typical characteristics of this person according to the characteristics of the crowd to which this person belongs. Although this may not form a correct impression of others, it can help us simplify the cognitive process to some extent. But stereotypes have more negative effects. Such as racial prejudice, national prejudice, gender prejudice, etc. It often makes people look at people from point to face, which is easy to produce deviation in judgment and illusion in understanding.

A person who likes celery always thinks that others like celery, so it becomes a joke to recommend celery to others in public. Everyone will inevitably make the mistake of judging others according to their own needs in life, which is called projection effect in psychology, that is, in the process of interpersonal cognition, people often assume that others have the same attributes, hobbies or tendencies as themselves, and often think that others naturally know what they are thinking.

"To treat a gentleman's belly with a villain's heart" is a typical projection effect. When other people's behavior is different from ours, we are used to measuring other people's behavior by our own standards and think that other people's behavior is unconventional. People who like jealousy often sum up the motives of other people's behavior as jealousy. If others show a little disrespect to him, he thinks others are jealous of himself. We should know ourselves and others correctly, be strict with ourselves, treat others objectively and try to avoid judging others by our own standards.

That is, the impression left by the last meeting in communication lasts the longest in the other person's mind. When a variety of stimuli appear at the same time, the formation of impression mainly depends on the stimuli that appear later, that is, in the process of communication, our latest understanding of others occupies a major position, covering up the previous evaluation of others, so it is also called "novelty effect". Take advantage of recency effect to give him good wishes when parting from your friends, and your image will be beautified in his heart. Friends I haven't seen for years, what impressed me most in my mind is actually the scene when I left. A friend always makes you angry, but there are only two or three reasons to be angry, which is also the performance of recency effect. This beautification may affect your later life.

If the information obtained before and after is different, but there is irrelevant work to separate them, then the latter information plays a greater role in forming the overall impression. This phenomenon is due to the role of recency effect. The longer the interval between information before and after, the more obvious the recency effect is. In the process of communication, you can use recency effect to enhance your image. For example, if the feelings of the two sides are not harmonious, once they want to break up, they will take the initiative to express goodwill or even apologize to each other, win each other's goodwill unexpectedly, and even resolve past grievances.