It is said that the range of Qin crossbow is twice that of Ak. Is it true?/You don't say.

False, the so-called "expert" statement I saw on the Internet compares the maximum range of Qin crossbow with the effective range of AK, saying that Qin crossbow can shoot 800 meters at the farthest, while the effective range of AK47 rifle is only 400 meters, and then comes to the conclusion that the range of Qin crossbow is twice that of AK rifle. This kind of dual-objective contrast logic is simply pulling the calf. Why not compare the maximum range of AK47 with the effective range of Qin crossbow? In this way, you should be able to conclude that the range of AK is dozens of times that of Qin crossbow. Although the effective range of AK47 is only 400 meters, its warhead is still lethal at the distance of 1500 meters, and the longest range can reach 2500~3000 meters! (Basically, rifle bullets can fly several kilometers)

The real power of the Qin crossbow has been debated on the Internet. An article entitled "Simulation Experimental Research on the Manufacturing Technology of Qin Ling Crossbow and Copper Clam" (this article is available on HowNet, and interested friends can read it by themselves) mentioned that the tension of Qin Ling Crossbow is about 45 kg, which is about equal to the tension of 1.5 stone in Qin and Han Dynasties (1 stone in Han Dynasty is about equal to today). 45 kilograms can be equivalent to a pulling force of 100 pounds. How many people can play with 100 kg crossbow today? The compound bow used in today's competitive competition weighs about 35~55 kg, which is slightly higher for hunting, but generally it will not exceed 75 kg! So do you still think that 100 pound crossbow is a weak crossbow?

Some people will say that it is unfair to compare the bow with the Qin crossbow. Actually, it doesn't matter much. What I'm talking about here is tension and range. If the tension is similar, regardless of accuracy, the range of the two should not be much different. So it is not a problem for an adult man to shoot a humanoid target within 70 meters with a 45-pound bow today. In fact, with a 30-pound bow, he can penetrate the armed police at a distance of 10 meters. A 40-kg laminated traditional bow can penetrate an iron plate with a thickness of 1mm at a distance of 15m, and the arrow branches can penetrate more than 20cm. For a 72kg bamboo-wood laminated bow, when using 2 1.2g carbon arrow, the arrow speed can reach 220ft/s, that is, 67m/s, so the Qin crossbow with a pulling force of100kg (45kg) is already very powerful. Another example is the English longbow with tension 150 pounds, which uses 95.9. The maximum range is about 228 meters to 249 meters!

Therefore, if it is a 100 pound A Qin crossbow, its maximum range should be about 200 meters. Of course, the specific range is also closely related to the types of arrows used, but subject to the visual distance of people, the effective range may be 100 m. After all, there was no sight at that time, and whether it was the maximum range or the effective range, the Qin crossbow was definitely not as good as today's hot weapons. Today's rifles can basically have an effective range of 400 meters. The crossbow used by ancient individual soldiers should not have the longest range of 400 meters. Even with such a strong bow or crossbow, not everyone can use it. The productivity of ancient times itself was low, and the average physical strength of ancient people should not be as good as that of modern people. The elite who can use strong bows and crossbows must be one in a thousand!

Of course it is not true. If it is true, wouldn't it be a great reversal of human history?

Then there are Qin crossbow and ak, both big concepts.

Qin crossbows have individual crossbows and giant crossbows, and ak also has many gun types. If you really want to compare, at least name a specific model.

Let's start with ak, which is the abbreviation of Kalashnikov rifle. Among them, the model with the best quality and performance is akM, 1959, which was heavily equipped by the Soviet army. Its style is not much different from ak-47, but the gun is lighter and stronger, and its maximum effective range is as high as 1000m. Of course,1000 m still needs luck to hit the humanoid target. The so-called effective range means that the bullet can effectively hit the enemy within this distance and achieve the ideal killing effect. Beyond this range, it is difficult to estimate the trajectory.

Besides, Qin crossbow, the so-called Qin crossbow has a range of 800 steps, which is more than 500 meters, and this is the maximum range. This maximum range is also the maximum range of Qin Ju crossbow, and the distance of the arrow floating on the ground must be counted. The maximum range of the standing single-soldier crossbow is150m, and the effective range is only 70m, and 50m is the best range. Because the crossbow arm used at this time is a single bow or a simple compound bow, and the crossbow is not as wide as the bow, the power of the crossbow arm can not be maximized.

The glorious period of China's real crossbow was in the Song Dynasty. First, Xixia learned the compound bow technology in Central Asia, thus improving the crossbow with super combat effectiveness. Later, it spread to the Song Dynasty and became a famous arm crossbow. At this time, the maximum effective range of the individual crossbow becomes150m, which also depends on a certain elevation angle.

The king of China's compound bed crossbow, the three-bow bed crossbow, has just reached the maximum effective range of 1000m, but it is already a weapon with the weight of artillery.

Therefore, the range of Qin crossbow exceeds ak, which is a joke under the concept of stealing.

Qin crossbow has twice the range of AK, which sounds very powerful. So is this statement true or false?

Let's see why there is such a saying.

On 20 15, archaeologists discovered the crossbow of the Qin dynasty in the first pit of the Terracotta Warriors. The crossbow is well preserved, which is of great help to the study of weapons in Qin Dynasty. Yuan Zhongsheng, former director of the Museum of Qin Figurines, said: "The range of the Qin crossbow can reach 700 to 800 meters, which is twice that of the AK47 rifle!"

This sentence attracted the attention of many people at that time, and Yuan Zhong's statement was not a gimmick. The crossbows unearthed at that time, whether bowstring, bow back and crossbow machine, were well preserved. The bow back of this Qin crossbow is145cm, and the bowstring length is between120cm and130cm, especially the bowstring material is very good.

Some people say that this bowstring is probably made of animal tendons. Modern scholars have analyzed this kind of crossbow. According to the measured data, it is inferred that the range of the crossbow is seven or eight hundred meters. This kind of crossbow is also a crossbow, because the crossbow is small in size and the strength of firing arrows is very small, so soldiers only need to open it by hand, but the range is also the latest.

Naturally, this conclusion can be drawn by calculating the tension of the crossbow. During the Qin and Han dynasties, soldiers' crossbows were divided into several types according to their tension. Soldiers are equipped with crossbows, infantry with crossbows, and crossbows unearthed from Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang.

According to the ancient unit of one stone, it is equivalent to 60 Jin now. It is very rare for a soldier to open a crossbow with three stones. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty only recorded that a general opened a 2.5-stone crossbow. In fact, most soldiers can only pull a crossbow.

According to some records of the Han Dynasty, the range of the crossbow is only a hundred paces. In ancient times, one step was about five feet, one foot was 23.5 cm, and five feet was 1 17.5 meters. In other words, the longest range of the crossbow will stop here, and of course it needs to be lethal, so it is generally lethal within 80 meters.

(Qin crossbow restoration map)

Obviously, it is a far cry from the 700-800 meters mentioned by curator Yuan Zhong. According to the documents of Qin and Han dynasties, the crossbow with a range of 700-800 meters is no longer the category of individual crossbows. These are crossbows that can attack the city and pull out the fortress. It's hard to do it alone.

Next, look at the range of AK47;

The AK47 has an effective range of over 300 meters and a maximum range of over 400 meters. This is an assault rifle. Imagine if the products developed in modern times are not as good as the wooden crossbows more than 2,000 years ago. Doesn't it make people laugh? The effective range of AK47 is four or five times that of Qin crossbow. Why is the range of Qin crossbow twice that of AK?

Daqin iron riding star crossbow?

Let's have a baby first. This is a crossbow wound with a winch in medieval Europe. The maximum tension of the reed is 1200 lb, which is more than half a ton. Is it awesome? What is the scope? It's about 440 meters. It's still a projectile.

Then AK? The effective range is 400 meters. Of course, this is only the effective range. We must have a maximum range. Why else did AK mark 1000 meters on the door?

Assault rifle bullets fly more than 2000 meters without any problems, and still maintain a certain lethality when falling. This is why early rifles had shooting doors. Although it is impossible to hit accurately at this distance, this shooting game is originally a volley of troops to a certain area and carried out within the coverage.

In ancient times, crossbows were shot by projectiles rather than precise points, so the chemical energy of firearms was a little stronger than the mechanical energy of crossbows, and it was accumulated by manpower.

I'm Sasha I'll answer that.

This is just an exaggeration.

The range of AK47 depends on the maximum range and effective range.

The effective range of Ak47 is 400 meters, which means that it can achieve good accuracy within 400 meters.

However, the range of the Ak47 is as high as 1000 meters, even at a distance of 2000 meters, it is still lethal.

If the effective range is twice that of 400 meters, then the effective range of the Qin crossbow is 800 meters.

You know, even the red cannons of the Ming Dynasty had an effective range of only 500 meters.

The red cannon weighs 1 ton, and its effective range can't be worse than Qin crossbow in any case.

Moreover, the "bed crossbow" invented in the Song Dynasty was developed from the winch crossbow in the Tang Dynasty, which is about twice the range of the previous crossbow, but only reaches 470 meters.

Therefore, of course, the Qin crossbow cannot have an effective range of 800 meters.

In fact, Qin crossbows can be roughly divided into three types, 1. Crossbows that rely on arm strength are collectively called arm crossbows; 2. Bows wound mainly by the thrust of legs, namely "crossbows"; 3. Auxiliary mechanical crossbows are rarely used.

Aside from the third type, the first two types have a range of less than 800 meters.

Take a crossbow with a longer range as an example. If you step on it with your feet, you can wind it with the help of your whole body, and the pulling force is about 180 kg.

This kind of power naturally far exceeds ordinary bows and arrows. However, the initial velocity of the crossbow is only 40m/s to 70m/s, which is far from the 700m/s of AK47.

It is generally believed that the maximum range of the crossbow in Qin dynasty is only 300 meters, and the effective range is about 150 meters.

Don't underestimate150m, which was great in ancient times.

Today, the new compound bow made of advanced technology has an effective range of only 360 meters.

Even the most famous English longbow in Europe has an effective range of only 200 meters. It is impossible to shoot beyond this distance.

In fact, even the most trained English longbowmen only want to hit a human-sized target 200 meters away. As for where to hit, it depends on providence.

Compared with these longbows, Qin crossbows are easier to train and use, and can be equipped with a large number of troops.

On the contrary, archers need to be trained all the year round, usually at least three to four years before they can start their career, so there can't be many.

Archers were regarded as important strategic resources in ancient European countries. Originally, in the European war, soldiers who captured each other were not killed in principle, and were eventually used to exchange prisoners with each other.

But once countries capture archers, they will mutilate or even chop off their fingers, which means weakening other countries' military strategic reserves.

Compared with Britain's national strength, it only uses six or seven thousand archers.

Qin Jun often sends hundreds of thousands of troops, including crossbowmen up to 30%.

This is the greatest significance of crossbows.

That's bragging! If two weapons are fired at the same time, the range should be similar, twice that's impossible!

The acceleration of Qin crossbow and AK should be the same, and the original speed can be the same. As the saying goes, they are all the same strength, and their strength should be similar. Because the Qin crossbow is made of cowhide tendons, its toughness is also quite strong, and it has a stretch elasticity, and its initial velocity is also considerable, which is not necessarily slower than ak.

This shows that the speed of Ak and Qin crossbow is the same.

Then, speed times time, and the distance should be similar. So ak and Qin crossbow were issued at the same time, with the same range.

but

I didn't expect this to make Qin crossbow so powerful.

Qin's crossbow is the most powerful one. Large, of course, the initial force is stronger, but the installation is quite inconvenient. If you send one and then install it, the gap in the middle will be quite long, but the combat effectiveness is not so good.

The crossbow can only hit the front as a charge, and then rush forward from the back. He can only be a one-time emergency unit, not the main force.

Small crossbows are more convenient, but it is very troublesome to send them after one time. To be precise, it is very troublesome to shoot it once and then install it.

Ak is different. Although he doesn't know much about modern weapons, AK can shoot several bullets in a blink of an eye.

Not with a one-handed crossbow. The quickest way is. After the person in front squats down, the person behind shoots, the person who squats down installs crossbows, the person who stands up shoots down and installs crossbows, and the person who stands up shoots down again and again, which can speed up the speed and density of crossbows. However, compared with the instantaneous speed with fingers, AK still accounts for a lot of speed and density. Plus, the bullet is small and streamlined, and the lethal crossbow is incomparable!

So if you use Qin crossbow against ak, you are dead.

Of course, the Qin crossbow was already a modern weapon at that time, and it was also a first-class weapon compared with the whole world. There is no doubt about it!

Rong Er, sum it up.

Some people always say that I underestimated the technology of the ancients. Keep talking about how awesome the ancients are. To be honest, everything is forward, but backward is also a natural law.

The ancient science and technology can be compared with the present science and technology, and now it can destroy the sky and the earth. Can it be compared with ancient times? Even killing a tiger is a problem.

It's just that something has reached a certain quality in a certain environment, and that's just something. For example, Gou Jianjian. Of course, this is not unsolvable for modern science. No matter how powerful this sword is, it is better than special steel!

Qin crossbow was indeed a high-tech product at that time, but it was no match for ak!

I have an ak in my hand. Say something ugly. If there are enough bullets for people, they can sweep the world. If Qin crossbow could, Daqin would have unified the world!

Moreover, the rubber band of Qin crossbow is also very troublesome to maintain. If it rains, it will not work, the strength of the sky will be greatly reduced, and the air humidity will affect the elasticity. Moreover, it is very troublesome to take materials, so there are not many Qin crossbows in Qin. This is not comparable to modern steel. Well, that AK is something that can't be broken by wind and rain.

So, don't always think how great your ancestors are. Humans are moving forward, stepping on their shoulders and climbing up. Otherwise, we will wear bark and hold stones and watch the wolves weaken!

Of course it is not true. This comparison belongs to the concept of stealing.

Crossbow is a powerful weapon in ancient wars. In 2009, a well-preserved crossbow was found in the archaeology of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang, with the bow back 145 cm and the bow string 130 cm.

Experts said that during the Warring States period, the strongest crossbow in Qin could shoot 700-800 meters at the farthest, which was twice the effective range of AK47 rifle at 400 meters, and the effective range of weak crossbow was about 100 meters.

Please look at the bold part, where the concept has been stolen. When it comes to strong crossbows, the maximum range is used. Compared with AK47 rifles, the effective range is used.

For long-range weapons, effective range and longest range are not a concept at all. Effective range refers to the distance that can ensure accuracy and lethality, and the maximum range is the farthest distance that a bullet flies.

Take the AK47 rifle as an example, its effective range is 300 meters, and it is still lethal beyond 1500 meters, and the warhead can fly over 3000 meters as far as possible.

If compared, it should be that the "seven or eight hundred meters" of Qin crossbow is suitable for the 3000 meters of AK47, instead of comparing the effective range of others with 300 meters with "seven or eight hundred meters".

So, how far can the ancient crossbow shoot?

1. According to Biography of Historical Records Su Qin, "All powerful bows and arrows in the world come from North Korea ... and shoot from 600 paces away." The crossbow made in Korea has a range of 600 steps, about 828 meters (one step is equal to 1.38 meters).

However, what is the significance of the maximum scope? As the saying goes, "A spent force can't penetrate Lv Zhi", the crossbow flying to the maximum range can't even penetrate a white wire, so it can only fall to the ground.

In addition, the ancients were a little boastful, and might use imaginary numbers to express the effect, which was similar to the lofty sentiments of "climbing over the eaves and climbing over the walls to make three thousands of feet". If the range is 600 steps, at least 700 kilograms of pulling force is needed, which is beyond the reach of manpower.

2. According to the Military Equipment Outline of the Ming Dynasty, the hook of the crossbow is only seven inches long, but the force is only150kg. The crossbow is only two dollars, and it is accurate and powerful, far from hitting. Today's crossbows are nine inches long or nine and a half inches to a foot, and the strength is 300 kilograms or 350 kilograms to 400 kilograms. The crossbow weighs four dollars in San Qian, and it can hit a hundred steps.

It shows that the back of crossbow is about 7 inches long and the pulling force is 150~ 160 kg. It is accurate and powerful within 50 steps (70 meters), and it is difficult to hit it any further. In Ming Dynasty, the length of the crossbow back was 9 inches to 1 ft, and the pulling force was 300-400 kg. 100 step (140m) could also hit accurately.

3. The "three-bow bed crossbow" invented in Song Dynasty is very powerful. It takes a dozen soldiers to pull the bowstring with a winch. Maximum range1500m, LiLin Xiao, general of Liao army, was killed at 600m.

So the range of Qin crossbow is twice that of AK47, which is unfair. If so, who would use a gun?

During an archaeological activity in 20 15, some Qin crossbows were unearthed from the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which shocked the archaeological and military circles at that time. We all know that the Qin crossbow was the first artifact to dominate the whole Warring States period, and its lethality was amazing. At that time, some experts speculated that the strongest Qin crossbow had a range of more than 800 meters. The well-known AK47 Soviet rifle has an effective range of about 400 meters today, so can this antique weapon, which is more than 2,200 years ago, really be more powerful than modern advanced rifles?

First of all, we must make clear the difference between the effective range and the flight range. The effective range of AK is less than 400 meters, and the flying distance can reach 1500 meters. So if the flying range of Qin crossbow is 800 meters, then it will have no penetration after flying 800 meters. The so-called spent force is the reason.

In fact, Qin crossbows unearthed from Qin Shihuang's tomb can be divided into three types. The first type is a crossbow that is opened by arm strength, called a crossbow. The second type is a crossbow wound with the thrust of the leg, which is also a crossbow. The third is that many people use mechanical assistance to open crossbows. If it is the third crossbow, the range is unlikely to reach the level of AK.

Assuming that a normal person's string pulling force is about 180 kg, and an average person can pull a big crossbow together, then there is a pulling force of 1800 kg. Its crossbow weighs about 20 kilograms, so its firing rate is at most 300 meters per second, while AK's firing rate can reach 700 meters per second. It can be seen that even the biggest crossbow is far less powerful than AK, not to mention the first two personal combat weapons.

We can look at the Han Dynasty which is closest to the Qin Dynasty. At that time, the range of the Han Dynasty was about 167 to 278 meters. So, even if the Qin dynasty was fierce, how much could it be? The Qin crossbow or the crossbow in the Warring States period is still in the embryonic stage of the development of the ancient crossbow in China, mainly relying on manpower to pull the strings. In the Song Dynasty, Song Renzong specially sent people to spend five years studying a military work, The General Theory of Wu Jing.

The bow arm of the three-bow bed crossbow in Wu kiln has a very obvious long-angle bow, which should be made of ribbed wood. At that time, the arrow of Western jackdaw in the Song Dynasty could shoot 200 steps, which is 300 meters. Considering the air resistance, the initial velocity of the arrow is about 60 meters per second. The crossbow in Song Dynasty can only reach about 300 meters, so it seems impossible for Qin crossbow to reach more than twice the range of AK.

Qin swept Liuhe and unified the whole country. Powerful military power shocked later generations. Actually, we don't need to discuss how far the crossbow can shoot. Qin crossbow was the most advanced weapon at that time. It represents the powerful military power of the Daqin Empire in the history of China and the wisdom of the ancient people of China. We contemporary people should learn from the wisdom of the ancients and constantly enhance our national defense strength, which is the key issue we should discuss and try to solve.

Shuowen said that "those with arms in the bow" are crossbows. In the Qin War, Qin crossbow was one of the few long-range attack weapons at that time, and it played a very important role in long-range attack weapons.

Qin crossbows can be divided into two categories. One is the crossbow, which is similar in shape to a bow, and increases the crossbow arm, which is beneficial for the crossbowman to aim and increase the hit accuracy.

The other is crossbow, which is a composite weapon composed of crossbow machine, arm, crossbow, string and arrow. Most crossbows are composite bows. The use of crossbows makes the arrow have a longer range, stronger lethality and higher hit rate.

Qin only existed for 15 years, so the crossbow in Qin dynasty basically inherited the crossbow manufacturing technology in the late Warring States period. There are many Qin crossbows unearthed in the pits of Qin terracotta warriors and horses, so now we generally regard this kind of crossbow as a common crossbow in Qin Dynasty.

At present, the mainstream ideas are based on the Warring States Policy, Han Ce, Historical Records and Biographies of Su Qin and other materials. The book says that "all the strong bows and crossbows in the world come from North Korea, and they are all shot 600 steps away from the newcomers." 600 steps is 828 meters.

And we know that the effective range of AK is 400 meters, so can the range of Qin crossbow really reach twice that of AK? Or did the history books exaggerate the range of the Qin crossbow?

We know that archery is based on the principle of force action and reaction, and the range of crossbow is related to the tension of crossbow: the greater the tension of crossbow, the farther the range; It is also related to the endurance of the crossbow machine: the crossbow machine with organic profile bears large tensile force, while the crossbow machine with inorganic profile bears small tensile force.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the tension of crossbows was calculated by "stone". According to the historical records of the Warring States, the tension of crossbows is divided into "eight stones" and "twelve stones". For example, in the book Six Towers Samurai, the standard for selecting samurai at that time was to pull up the bow of eight stones. There is also a record in Xun Bing that Wei Bing holds twelve crossbows. The unit of measurement in the Warring States period has been converted to the present, and one stone is equal to 120 Jin. 1 kg is about 250 g today, so its tension should be 480 kg and 730 kg today.

It doesn't seem difficult for a A Qin crossbow with such great tension to shoot 800 meters. So AK is not as good as Qin crossbow? Of course not. It's just that many people confuse the difference between projectile and direct shooting.

Take the bow and arrow of19th century as an example. The maximum throwing distance is about 1000m, and the direct distance is only about1000 m. Even if the ancients shot a hundred-step target (left and right feet step by step, about 160 meters), they shot it with a little parabola, not purely direct.

This can be seen from the tail wing behind the arrow. Modern firearms do not need to calculate projectile data at all. Moreover, although the modern rifle is farther than the bow and arrow, the projectile is not necessarily farther than the bow and arrow, because the bullet is very heavy and small, which is beneficial to the trajectory straight line, but once it begins to fall, the radian will change greatly, which is not as symmetrical as the parabola of the lightweight bow and arrow.

And shoot out the crossbow also slightly with some projectile composition. In fact, this principle is not uncommon in modern weapons. For example, many shells have tails to increase parabolic symmetry. So rifle bullets are farther than arrows, but they are not necessarily projectiles.

One more thing, we are talking about the range here, and AK400 meters is talking about the effective range. AK bullets are still lethal at 2000 meters, so in any case, it is nonsense for Qin crossbow to surpass AK.

Zi Xuan on the paper will answer for you.

This kind of propaganda is nothing more than the attention of unscrupulous media. First of all, let's see how the range of Qin crossbow is twice that of AK. In fact, it is to compare the parabolic range of crossbows with the effective range of AK-47. The effective range of AK is 400 meters, and Qin crossbow estimates that the parabolic range can reach 800 meters, so the range of crossbow is twice that of AK. But the problem is that AK's projectile has a range of more than 2000 meters. . . .

What is the significance of this comparison? In ancient times, the projection of the bow was meaningful, because the long-distance speed saving ability of the bow and arrow was much better than that of the crossbow, so Gong Bing could use the long-distance and large elevation angle to cover the shooting. The famous British longbowmen often use high-elevation projectile coverage to achieve long-range strikes.

British longbowmen

But crossbows are different. The parabolic range of the crossbow is meaningless. Mainly because the shape gap between crossbow and bow is too big. First of all, the bow can be made longer and pulled farther; In this way, the tension curve is better, and arrows with larger mass and larger tail size can be fired. Generally speaking, the initial velocity of bow and arrow is only 40-50m/s. Although the initial velocity is low, it has high speed storage capacity because of its large mass and good flight stability, so both the lethal distance and the maximum throw distance are high. Crossbow is not. The arm of a crossbow can't be as big as a bow, because the crossbow is used horizontally. If the bow arm is too long, it will inevitably affect the spacing of foot soldiers, resulting in too sparse formation and reduced fire density, which is not worth the candle. Therefore, the crossbow can only use a short bow arm, but as we all know, the tension of the crossbow is actually higher than that of the bow, so high that it needs to be pulled open with waist force or wound with pulley system, which leads to its very steep tension curve, and the tremor and lateral interference introduced at the moment of launch are much greater than that of the bow and arrow. In addition, the crossbow itself is shorter than the bow and arrow, the arrow feather is smaller than the bow and arrow, and the flight stability is not good, so the remote storage speed of the crossbow is far less than that of the bow and arrow. Therefore, although the initial velocity of the crossbow can reach more than 70m/s, the actual effective range is not as good as that of the bow and arrow, and it can only be used for direct shooting.

Comparing bows and arrows with crossbows, we can see that the lengths of the two kinds of arrows are quite different.

Therefore, in the past dynasties, the bow was the main long-range weapon, which was universal, while the crossbow was generally used to deal with heavily armored infantry and heavily armored cavalry, and the method of use was also direct fire at close range. Only the Han dynasty, where the opponent's long-range firepower was too weak, chose to equip crossbows on a large scale. And in history, crossbowmen were basically beaten out of the water against Gong Bing, with excellent quality. For example, in the Battle of keresey, English longbowmen fought against French crossbowmen in Genoa. Although the shooting distance is only 150m, the Genoese crossbowmen hired by France still can't shoot accurately, and the shooting speed is far less than that of the longbow, which leads to the Genoese crossbowmen shooting directly.

The duel between archers and crossbowmen in the Battle of keresey between Britain and France.

According to Qi Jiguang's "Ji Xiao Shu Xin", "All crossbowmen and shooters have to wait for the bird spear to be released, and the thief can set fire to it within 60 steps before they can shoot the back spear." In this case, the throwing distance of the bird spear is 100 step, while the crossbow has only 60 steps. In other words, the effective range of the crossbow is actually very small. Therefore, since ancient times, there has also been a saying that "a spent force is unbreakable". You can really throw 800m, but you can't put it on. What's the point?