Japanese heian period's joke

Courtyard ~ mansion ~, which era? Yayoi? Is it safe? Warring States period? Or edo? Every era has different characteristics ~

Guo Shou, Master Yun, Imperial Palace, General's House and Abe Harumi's House are very different in shape ~ ~

But practicality and originality are common.

Almost all residential buildings are overhead, which is conducive to moisture.

Sliding doors should be familiar? All sliding doors and partitions can be removed, and the whole room can be completely ventilated.

Because of kneeling and height, the roofs are generally short, especially in Tianshou Pavilion during the Warring States Period. During the edo period, the hanging legs rose and the roof began to get higher ~

This kind of paper is very special, strong and absorbent. Used to paste doors and windows, but also used to make royal coins ~ ~

There is a corridor around the house, not as complicated as in a dream of red mansions, just a circle.

The window is a small partition made of sticks, and the light in the room is not very good, so women in peacetime paint their faces with white faces and black teeth, which makes them look more vivid (it looks scary ~)

The left and right are not completely symmetrical. Compared with the symmetrical buildings in China, the Japanese are not so strict ~ ~

The beauty of room layout lies in simplicity and vitality, which may give people a sense of emptiness ~ but in a small island country, emptiness is precious ~

For details, please refer to the part about architecture in Pillow Grass, Story of the Past and Present, Color Edition of Ancient Japanese Architecture and Japan and Japanese Culture Written by the Old Man.

Here are some architectural styles in peacetime:

The luxurious architectural style of superior aristocrats was developed under the guiding ideology of making safe Beijing a livable planned city-this is the original urban residence in Japan.

The formation time of Sleeping Temple should be in the middle period of peace (10 century ~10/early century). However, due to the scarcity of historical materials, a large number of historical sites have not been excavated, so it is difficult to judge the specific development of architectural style at that time. In addition, "Sleeping Hall Building" is the general name of the architectural style of high-ranking aristocratic mansions in peacetime; But in fact, with the passage of time, the middle of peace (that is, the formation period of dormitory building) and the late of peace? In the early Kamakura era, architectural styles and courtyard layout were very different.

Next, let's take a look at the architectural features of the Sleeping Temple:

① The sleeping room, the opposite room and the middle entrance are wrapped in the shape of コ, and the whole structure is a duplex structure;

② The main halls such as the bedroom hall and the opposite room are connected by corridors and halls;

(3) Taking the bedroom as the center and adopting a symmetrical architectural model-from here, we can see the influence of China's ancient palace architecture on Japanese;

(4) There are portals on the east and west sides of the central corridor and courtyard;

⑤ Use two corridors to connect the sleeping room and the opposite door (usually refers to the porch of the waiter or the porch of the desk);

⑥ There are miniature landscapes of rockeries and natural attractions in the South Yard.

The above six points are all about the rules of building layout. In addition, according to different purposes, a big palace can be divided into several small rooms. In terms of daily utensils, there are also various regulations, and there is even a special "room ceremony".

Changes in dormitory buildings;

In the early days of Ping 'an, the upper nobility usually divided the mansion into two parts: inside and outside.

First of all, we should build earth walls around the courtyard-this has not changed until later generations. The main entrance to the south is called "octagonal gate", which is also a representative architectural model in the early stage of the construction of the sleeping hall.

Secondly, a fence should be erected on the north side of the inner court and a door should be set on the south side.

After that, the main palace can be built in the inner court. Through the main entrance, there is the main hall in the middle, followed by the back hall and the back hall. Between the main hall and the back hall, an east-west "threat hall" was built.

It should be noted here that the main hall, the back hall and the threatening hall are all independent palaces, and there are no connected side corridors between them.

By the middle of the ninth century, the wall separating the inner and outer courtyards gradually merged with the temple; In addition, side corridors began to appear between the main hall and the threatened hall-therefore, there is also a saying that "this period is still in the preparatory stage of building a sleeping hall".

After entering the mid-Ping 'an period, there began to appear sleeping rooms, east-west facing each other, and aristocratic mansions connecting sleeping rooms and facing each other with side corridors, all of which are common styles of sleeping rooms today.

During this period, the design of the south gate was cancelled, and the entrance was opened on the east or west side instead. But in fact, it is not strictly forbidden to open the south gate; But apart from Miyagi, this has become a social consensus. And the abolition of the south gate and the opening of a large garden in the south yard, as well as the marriage form at that time (adoption marriage? The relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law is closely related to marriage. In the mid-Heian period, the famous aristocratic mansions of South Sichuan, Tsukiji Hall, Levin Mansion in Zilaidao, and Onomiya Mansion contributed by Fujiwara.

After the late heian period and the early Kamakura era, the creation of the bedroom became more "real".

First of all, the opposite generation and the opposite generation corridor appeared, replacing the opposite hall; There are also cases of "missing" construction (that is, only one of the east and west halls is built). The typical representative of this architectural model is Dongsantiao Hall in Fujiwara North Island.

In addition, the shrinking scale of luxury houses and the simplicity of architectural forms also reflect the importance of practicality. With the appearance of "nap hall", the shrinking and simplification of the hall quickly spread the asymmetric architectural pattern.

The "nap hall" mainly appeared in the later period of Ping 'an (165438+the end of 20th century ~ 65438+the beginning of 2nd century). In order to reflect the owner's personality, the bedroom hall was gradually separated from the main temple and rebuilt elsewhere. Because the small sleeping hall provided sufficient private space, a "small imperial house" appeared in the forbidden area later.

And with the disappearance of the hall, it is becoming more and more important to replace its function with two corridors (cross corridors) located in the east-west direction on the north side of the bedroom hall. In addition, Dulang was originally the residence of women's houses, and later it gradually became the royal residence of ministers and officials and the place where various ceremonies were held. It turns out that in order to accommodate newborn children and grandchildren, nobles often expand the area through the corridor; Later, the two corridors and the central corridor gradually became places for holding various ceremonies and sacrificial activities.

Fourthly, the veranda is the entrance, exit and lounge for servants and people with lower status, and it is also the central office of domestic organs.

Finally, the Toudu Hall, which originally connected the sleeping hall and the opposite hall, was gradually simplified.

In this way, such a sleeping hall was built until the Muromachi era.

Structure of bedroom building:

1 region:

In Heian period, according to different official positions, the area of vocational fields obtained was also different. According to the official system at that time, more than three officials gave 1 town (about 14400㎡) land; Four or five official awards 1/2 town (about 7200m2); Officials below level 6 give to 1/4 town (about 3600㎡). [1 The town is about a square with 40 feet vertical and horizontal; Calculated by 1 sheet =3 feet, the length of one side is about120m]

But in fact, there are about 2 towns in large palaces such as Dongsantiao Temple, Leisure Courtyard, Richuan Courtyard and Tumihu Gyeonggi Temple. Levin College and Liuchuan Guangda 4 towns.

2 Temple composition:

First of all, the bedroom is located in the south central position. On both sides of it, there are east-west halls and west-facing halls-which are also the main halls on both sides.

According to the size of the palace, some mansions also have halls facing north, halls facing east and halls facing northwest on the north side of the sleeping hall.

Secondly, the sleeping hall and the opposite hall are connected by cross-hall and corridor. Among them, there is a corridor connecting the sleeping hall and the opposite door on the south and north sides, and the corridor on the south side is also called "Toudu Hall" or "Toulang" because it is a cloister building, and its width (calculated by the length of the beam) is about one room [according to the current conversion method, 1 room =6 feet (1.8m); In peacetime 1 room 10 feet (3m)]. If there is a pool in the courtyard, it is necessary to build an anti-bridge-these are important factors that constitute the early construction of the sleeping hall.

The two corridors on the north side are about two wide and one on the south side. In addition, the two corridors on the north side are separated from the middle, and one of the width spaces is used as the ladies' room.

Third, the central corridor extends from the East Hall to the South Courtyard. The sleeping hall, the east-west hall and the central corridor wrap the south courtyard.

The central corridor is in the form of a single corridor, with no wall and no connecting window on the side facing the south courtyard. In addition, there are small temples, such as Diaodian and Quandian, on both sides of the middle gate at the exit from Zhongxuan to the South Campus.

In addition, the middle gate is divided into the north corridor of the middle gate and the south corridor of the middle gate. Among them, the North Gallery of Zhongmen is used by officials, temple officials and other upper-class nobles to enter and leave the mansion. On the south side of the middle gate, there is also a parking space for ox carts and a lounge for private waiters. In the direction of the main entrance (east or west), there is a corridor for waiters such as housekeeping to enter and exit the opposite hall.

Finally, on the north side of the mansion outside the main palace group, there are houses for handyman to live in and houses such as warehouses, bathrooms and barns to prevent daily use, which are collectively called miscellaneous houses or lower houses.

Description of each temple:

Door:

According to the architectural model of the sleeping hall, doors generally open in three directions: north, west and east. Among them, the east and west gates are the main entrance (also known as the "main door", that is, the main entrance today); In addition, there are several general doors called "middle doors".

As for why there are no doors in the south-there are no clear rules. "Yuan in? In the article "January 15th of the first year of Hezhen (1345)", Ashikaga Tadayoshi, who entered Beijing, replied: "Should a gate be set in the south when building a mansion?" Related content of this question:

"Nankaimen is indeed an old example of royal residence. But there are no other similar examples. Because there is no explicit provision, I don't know why. Chengmingmen is located in the south of Miyagi, which is the main entrance of Chenzi Hall-that is, it is equivalent to the middle door in the bedroom building. )

From this point of view, although only Miyagi has a south gate, there is no prohibition on the south gate. As the imperial palace of Emperor Houyudo, two Takakura halls are one example of setting the gate in the south.

The high wall surrounds the mansion of the upper nobility, and people can only peek at the scenery in the courtyard from the door-this is also a symbol of status.

Of course, according to different social status and grades, the style of the door of each mansion is also different. From high to low, its style can be divided into: four-legged door-east gate-Tang gate-Shangtu gate. In addition, there are eaveless earth doors (also known as "earth doors"). But with the passage of time, Tangmen and Tumen gradually became the same level of doors; Later, it was integrated into one, and a new style of this door was derived, "Four-legged Tangmen".

This top front door can only be built by ministers or above. In books such as The Big Mirror and Biography of the Rich Family, it is recorded that courtiers who were building the East Gate or the Tang Gate were suddenly promoted to ministers, so they demolished the new gate and built a four-legged gate. In addition, the style of this door is only four-legged door and Tang door; Shangdi goal and earth gate are common door styles.

Because the door system symbolizes the identity and rank of the head of the household, in the Edo era, various famous people distinguished the door style by their own stone level and formulated clear laws and regulations.

Courtyard wall:

In the construction of sleeping halls, the walls around the courtyard are called "building walls" or "building ground". The interior of this courtyard wall usually takes the wooden column as the central fulcrum, strengthens the column with wooden boards, and then coats the outside with soil; On the other hand, the walls of Miyagi and Yusi were supported by wooden frames, and the method of "plate building" was adopted, and gradually reinforced with soil from bottom to top-this construction method was also used to build earth barriers until stone-walled castles became popular.

Today, when we talk about "building land? Many people think of painted walls and tiled roofs. In fact, however, aristocratic mansions in peacetime have wooden roofs-on the wooden roofs, there is a layer of soil called "Shangtu"; White plaster is only painted on the "side walls" about two feet (6m) wide on both sides of the door.

Compared with the wooden roof of Gongqingfu, tile roofs can be used in Miyagi and monasteries-tiles did not become a popular building material until the Antu Taoshan era.

Similar to the same door system, the courtyard wall is also different according to the status and grade. In the third year of Changyuan (1030), A Brief History of Japan was published on April 23rd.

Officials under grade six are not allowed to repair the roof with Pinus thunbergii bark when building the courtyard wall. "

The content of.

In addition, in "Pillow Grass" and "Tale of Genji", it is mentioned that simple courtyard walls are easy to be damaged, and such people often have funny anecdotes-however, due to economic reasons and some other factors, the courtyard walls of some lower-class aristocratic mansions can not be repaired even if they are damaged, and they can only withstand wind and rain. I'm afraid a lady who has never picked flowers lives in such an environment.

In addition to guarding the mansion, the courtyard wall can sometimes play a decorative and beautiful role. According to the records in The Big Mirror, various flowers and plants corresponding to the four seasons are planted on the courtyard walls of some houses, and the owner can enjoy the flowers and songs hanging in the cloister of Tang Jin Shang and enjoy elegance.

Sometimes, ditches are built outside the courtyard walls. In this case, a clearing with a width of about 5 feet (1.5m) should be left between the wall and the ditch, which is called "dog lane". Finally, let's end this introduction with Fujiwara's "Loyal Song of Peace":

"I am a lonely figure on the dog path under the broken courtyard wall."

-"Six New Posts in Ancient and Modern Times"

Bedroom:

Sources and uses of 1

In ancient China, "Sleeping Hall" meant proper sleeping, and the proper sleeping place was the central room. Therefore, Japan takes the "Sleeping Pavilion" as the main pavilion. Of course, the bedroom here does not refer to the bedroom; This is a "temple house". There is a saying in historical records:

"The bedroom is called bed. 」

As the central hall in the mansion, the bedroom is the place where all kinds of important ceremonies and banquets are held. But with the changes of the times, it gradually evolved into the owner's residence.

2 Indoor structure:

In the sleeping room, the part occupying the main space area is called the "mother house", which is the owner's living place, and there is a "Sun Throne" in the middle for the owner to use during the day. In addition, at the western or eastern end of the mother house, there are two × two "painting cages"-its main function is to store the treasures handed down from the family and the ancestors' gods, so it can be said to be an altar in the whole house. Of course, sometimes painted cages are also used as the living quarters of the owners-from this design, we can see that people respected the souls of their ancestors at that time.

Out of respect for ancestors, painted cages can also be used as places for "coffin-covering ceremony" in weddings; The delivery room and the place where the dead body is placed.

In addition to the painted cage, there is a wing room (also called "wide edge" and "big bed") in the center of the mother house, which is slightly lower in height than the mother house. Usually, this is the residence of the ladies' room; However, when a banquet is held, it is a seat for distinguished guests. Basket refers to the space around the wing, in which the floor height is slightly lower than the wing. Around it, there are goulan (also called gaolan). The earliest function of the basket was as a passage, and later it became a banquet in the south courtyard, a viewing platform in the ceremony, and a place where the royal budget and several accounts were stored in the wing.

The above is the basic composition of the sleeping room, but some mansions also set up another wing outside the wing-this wing is called "Sun Wing".

Mother room, wing room and grate room, the space is generally divided by the space between royal room, wall, soft barrier, curtain and screen.

3 structure:

Eaves:

As mentioned above, more than five nobles repaired the roof of the mother house with cypress trees, while less than six officials built it with wooden boards.

Ceiling:

The basic bedroom building has no ceiling. Its function is to hide the building materials at the top of the temple, so it is often decorated with wooden boards. In the mother house, the ceiling is made up of thin strips of wood. Starting from this simple material, the ceiling gradually developed into a gorgeous "lattice patio".

Column:

In ancient Japan, aristocratic mansions generally used round white wooden columns. Today, only pillars (called "corner pillars") are built at the four corners of the temple; In peacetime, pillars (called "pillars") were also built between the solar module and the hanging basket and the extension of the roof. In addition, there is no painting of Dani on the pillars in the shrine.

Floor:

It is usually paved with wooden boards, but if necessary, it will also be lined with mats and other things. In order to avoid gaps between boards, mats are often laid under the boards. Of course, the height of the mother house, wing and basket is different. The difference between thallium is called "long bet" and "long bet".

Wall:

The wall is located between the columns, and it is made by wrapping and fixing the bamboo lattice (called "Little Dance") with clay and gypsum. However, there are few walls in the bedroom except the painted cage.

Stairs:

There are wooden stairs in the center of the sleeping hall called "steps", which are generally five steps high. In addition, there are high fences on both sides of the stairs and hidden steps behind them.

Split props:

In the bedroom building, the objects used to divide the indoor and outdoor areas are: grids, cups, wives, and households; Objects used to separate indoor space are obstacles.

The grid and the basket are arranged between the upright posts of the wing and the basket; In addition to the double grid in the south, it is used everywhere else-that is, half a cockroach. The specific use method is: fix the lower end of the grid with metal and lift the upper end outwards. If there is only one heavy grille, its upper end is hoisted inward.

The door of the wife's house is a wooden double door. There are two doors on the east and west sides of the bedroom, and two doors on the north and south ends of the wing, which are the main entrance of the bedroom. In addition, there is a wife household in the center of the north compartment.

The door is a wooden sliding door, and the north is the entrance and exit of the hall and the miscellaneous courtyard; Sometimes used as indoor partition props.

The barrier in peacetime is the general name of screen and coat barrier, which generally refers to coat barrier. Buckets are independent props used in mother houses and compartments. At that time, the "vertical barrier" was movable, but now the "opening barrier" is fixed.

Opposite the temple:

Sources and uses of 1

The opposite hall is the main hall outside the sleeping hall in the mansion, also known as the opposite hall. Generally speaking, with the sleeping hall as the center, there are symmetrical "west hall" and "east hall" on the left and right sides. In addition, there is a "North North Hall" on the north side of the sleeping hall. (In a big mansion, there may also be "Northeast Hall" and "Northwest Hall". Among them, temples facing east and west can also be called "threatened temples"; If there is a hall facing north, there should also be a back hall and a back hall in the mansion.

Examining the etymology of "dui", we can think that it means "corresponding to the bedroom to form a palace"; In addition, it also means "matching houses".

Early sleeping halls were generally built in the east and west halls; However, with the decline in the frequency of use, the setting of temples has gradually been cancelled. In the early days of peace, the opposite door was generally used in the daily life of the host family; Later, it gradually became a place for ceremonies and banquets.

2 Composition and structure of indoor space:

There is basically no difference between the east and west halls and the sleeping room, but there are some differences in structure:

Opposite to the south of the sleeping hall, the east hall is west, and the west hall is east;

The floor of the opposite hall is lower than that of the sleeping room;

The roof of the temple adopts the style of "cutting the wife" and "breaking the wind" (although some temples also use the roof of the mother house);

The stairs leading to the hall are generally three steps, facing the south yard, for VIPs to enter and leave.

However, the building structure of Beitang is divided into two forms: sleeping together and long house.

Through the temple:

1 purpose

The lobby is a corridor connecting the sleeping hall, the opposite hall and other halls, which can be roughly divided into lobby and lobby. There is a cross-hall connecting the sleeping hall and the opposite hall, one south and one north, with Bidu Hall in the north and Toudu Hall in the south. In addition, if there is a canal passing through the capital, the rebel bridge will be built, so it is also called the anti-crossing hall.

2 structure

The Toudu Hall is a semi-open corridor composed of floor and roof, with a width of about 1 room (3m), and a high fence on the side facing the outside of the sleeping hall. However, with the changes of the times, the Toudoutang, which connects the sleeping hall and the opposite hall, is no longer used by people.

Bidu Hall is a closed corridor. It is twice as wide as the Toudu Hall (two rooms), one of which is used as a passage and the other is usually the residence of the ladies' room. In the choice of building materials, the roof of Bidu Hall is two wooden buildings, so it is also called "two corridors". With the changes of the times, Bidu Hall has gradually changed from a female residence to a master bedroom and guest room. Later, it became a special place for guests to live above the temple (known as the "official seat").

Middle porch:

1 purpose

The central corridor is a corridor extending from the east and west halls to the south courtyard.

From the bedroom to the south yard, you need to go through the middle door. There is a central gate north corridor in the north and a central gate south corridor in the south. In the dormitory building, the middle entrance is also the entrance and exit of the dormitory and across the hall, which is equivalent to today's entrance (therefore, there is a special place for people to take off their shoes at the southern end of the north entrance of the middle door). But the central corridor is the gateway of ministers, temples and other nobles; Other servants went in and out of the building through the corridor.

2 structure

The middle porch adopts a single corridor structure, and the side facing the south courtyard is hung with windows and doors for shielding; And the inside is open. The top of the corridor was repaired with bark and tiles of Pinus thunbergii; The top of the corridor in the middle door is higher than the corridor-so it is also called "upper middle door". As for the style of the middle door, the four-legged door was first used, and later it was changed to the gate. In addition, because the North Corridor is a corridor for officials and people in and out of the temple, its height is the same as that across the hall; There is no floor in the south corridor, only mud and stones.

Gallery:

1 purpose

From this gate (that is, the main gate) to the middle gate, the slender hall built on the north side of the courtyard is called "corridor". It is:

(1) Housekeepers and places where people work;

(2) entry and exit portals and reception rooms for junior officials (below doctoral level).

In Dongsantiao Hall, there is also a corridor called "Table Gallery" in the northeast of the bedroom hall, which is used to manage the ladies' room. In addition, generally speaking, junior officials are not allowed to enter the inner hall of the central corridor, so the owner of the mansion needs to meet these visitors on the corridor. If a second gallery is built in the small atrium on the north side of the gallery, the owner can give instructions to the steward and junior officials inside.

2 structure

Completed at the beginning of14th century (late Kamakura? Muramachi's "Hou Daiyuki Neifu Copy" records the structure of the gallery as follows:

"Stone house has five rooms wide. Separated by barriers. The upper two rooms are used by doctors [four or five officials who can't enter the cool hall], and the lower three rooms are used by Tsing Yi waiters [six people]. Waiter's table, table board (red paint, four feet one foot, eight feet one foot); Tatami is wrapped in purple cloth, and the barrier is decorated with purple edges. This is a gift from the doctor. 」

In addition, there must be an earthen wall in front of the gallery.