Rent reduction joke

Xihe drum is a typical form of drum music in northern China, which is widely popular in Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Beijing, Tianjin, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. In the process of spreading, there were names such as Drum Book, Plum Blossom Melody, Xihe Melody, Hejian Drum and Heizi Drum, which were named Xihe Drum in Tianjin in the 1920s and are still in use today.

trace the history (of)

Xihe drum is developed from wooden drum. In Hebei, Ma Sanfeng was the earliest and most prestigious person to sing Xihe Drum. He is a native of Duan Village, Anxin County, and is called one of the founders of Xihe Drum by Gotama. His disciples Zhu Daguan (Xiongxian), Wang Zhenyuan (stage name "Maoben", Xincheng) and Wang Zaiwang (stage name "Instant King", Xiongxian) are all famous artists of Xihe Tune. Among them Zhu Daguan is the most famous. He has many artistic creations, brought many disciples and formed a huge Xihe system in the rural areas of central Hebei.

According to the legend of artists, in the early years, there were "black boy Ben" and "single drum board" circulating in central Hebei, and actors played and sang with small three strings. By the mid-Qianlong period, Baoding artists such as Liu Chuanjing, Zhao Chuanbi and Wang Lu combined Black Boy Book with single drum board to form a performance form in which one actor played the drum board and the other played the small sanxian, forming the early wooden drum. It was quickly popularized in central Hebei.

Before and after the Revolution of 1911, the wooden drum turned into Xihe drum. In rural areas, novellas are mainly sung in the form of "rushing to the temple fair", which is widely popular in rural areas of Hebei, and some artists go to cities to make a living. The nearest city to its birthplace is Tianjin. The earliest actors who came to Tianjin were Zhang Shuanglai, Jiao Yongquan, Jiao Yongshun, Zhang Shide, Zhang Shiquan, Bai Wensheng and Bai Wenming. At that time, there was no name for Xihe Drum, but in rural areas they were still called "plowshare tablets" or "plum tunes", and some were called "storytelling". 1924, the king of Yixian cooperated with other famous artists in Tianjin to "make the four seas equal". When writing posters, Jin Wanchang's plum blossom drum (also known as "plum blossom tune") was already in Tianjin. For the sake of distinction, it was named "Xihe Drum". Because this song comes from the Daqing River and Ziya River basins, Tianjin people are used to calling these two rivers Xihe and Xiaxihe, hence the name. Although it was named by accident, it has been recognized by peers because it conforms to the actual situation of the genre and has been used ever since.

After Xihe Drum entered Tianjin, it was initially "storytelling on the ground" in the area of Xicheng Gener, and later moved into the storytelling shed in the grassroots period. Over the years, it took the library and teahouse as the main performance places, and gradually developed into the form of rap novels, which made many actors constantly improve their "calligraphy" and put singing power amplifier in a secondary position. As a result, some people gave up singing and became storytellers, such as Shi Xian. After these people switched to storytelling, they still performed in the "book road" of drum music. Generally speaking, they lack delicate descriptions, knowledge interspersed and comments on love in the book, but they can focus on the compact plot, which is welcomed by many audiences and forms a bond with storytelling.

Others mainly sing short paragraphs and participate in various comprehensive Quyi performances. On the basis of the original short paragraph, they used the popular drums such as Jingyun Drum for reference, used Xihe Drum Tune, sang a fixed script, and enriched their vocals, thus improving their singing skills and performing in comprehensive folk art performances. For example, Jiao and Jiao, who traveled to and from Beijing and Tianjin, Ma Zengfang, who settled in Tianjin from Beijing, etc., all made certain achievements in developing Xihe Drum Festival. In 1930s, the "Zhao School" appeared in Tianjin. Hao and his children (Hao Qingxuan, Hao, etc.) formed the "Hao School". ); Before and after the founding of the People's Republic of China, the "Horse School" represented by Ma and Ma appeared, which made the Xihe Drum School colorful and presented a colorful artistic style.

After the founding of New China, most Xihe drummers still mainly talk about long books in the teahouse library, but occasionally sing short songs when attending various concerts, such as Hao, Yan and Wang Tianxia. After the "Cultural Revolution", young actors Hao (Hao's daughter) and. He is good at writing short stories, while Hao plays both novels and short stories, and both of them have become well-known actors in Tianjin audience.

Artistic feature

Xihe drum is mainly composed of medium and long pieces of rap, and a few actors specialize in short aria. Xihe Drum was formerly known as Black Drum and Wooden Drum, which were popular in the middle of Qing Dynasty. The black book is matched with the little three immortals, and the actors play and sing themselves; The wooden drum is accompanied without strings, and the actors rap on the simple board and the book drum. Later, these two kinds of Quyi artists performed on stage, accompanied by a small three-stringed drum board. Ma Sanfeng, a wooden drum artist in Gaoyang County, Hebei Province, inherited the previous reform experience, changed the wooden board into an iron plow head, changed the small three-stringed instrument into a big three-stringed instrument, and improved and innovated the singing method, which made this kind of music mature in art day by day. Xihe Drum was originally called "plum blossom tune" and "plow blade" and was once called "Hejian Drum". When performing in Tianjin in the 1920s, it was named "Xihe Drum". In the following decades, with the flow of artists, many famous artists appeared, including Beikou Zhu (Hualin) School of Wang (Zhenyuan), Nankou Li (Dequan) School of Zhao (Yufeng), and Ma School founded with his father Ma in the 1940s. These schools were widely circulated in Peiping, Tianjin and some towns in Northeast, Northwest and East China.

The singing music of Xihe Drum is developed on the basis of the natural phonology of Jizhong pronunciation and absorbing some folk music vocabulary. In the form of music structure, there are about 30 kinds of vocals of music and phrases attached to the main theme, which are divided into three types: the first board with three eyes and one board, the second board with one eye and one board without eyes, and the third board with no eyes. All of them can be greatly expanded in speed, and some of them have also derived a variety of variant singing methods. Singing is harmonious and smooth, lively and easy to sing and understand. There are five tight sentences, four slow sentences, a third-rate horse, and the headboard. Baner's vocals include: rising board, flowing water board, double height, fishing for the moon in the sea, anti-cavity, ephemera going up the mountain, clapping and clapping, thirteen coughs, etc. The three-board vocals include loose board, tight flowing water and tail cavity. The basic tune of Xihe drum is generally reflected in the running water board, the second board rising board is the extension of the middle and lower sections of the running water board, and the first board rising board is the development and change of the running water board, and most other vocals are also related to these vocals.

The traditional bibliography of Xihe Drum consists of 150 medium-long books and 370 short book caps. The content is mostly historical romance, folk stories, popular novels, fairy tales, fables and jokes in war stories. Many works reflect the thoughts and feelings of the working people to varying degrees, with tortuous plots and vivid language, and inherit the fine traditions of our national folk literature. After 1937, many Xihe drum artists actively participated in the anti-Japanese national salvation work, and compiled and performed many new tracks, such as Zanggang Massacre and Rent and Interest Reduction, which were compiled and performed by Wang (189 1 ~ 1947); Wang Zun's three plays, Defending Great Wuhan, Blood for Blood, The Little Girl in Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei, etc.

Inheriting meaning

Xihe drum is an excellent folk art heritage in China with its tortuous plot and vivid language. Since its birth, it has been deeply loved by people all over the world, and famous artists such as Ma Ruihe, Zhu Daguan, Mao Ben, Wang Zaitang, Zhang Shuanglai, Hao, Ma, Wang Yanfen and Duan Shaofang have appeared. And Biography of Xiang Ma and Hu Fang.

However, since the middle and late 20th century, the inheritance and development of Xihe Drum has encountered an unprecedented crisis. Its creation has withered, its communication has been cut off, it is on the verge of extinction, and it is in urgent need of rescue and protection.

The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Quyi was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.