Six major psychological effects in interpersonal communication

Six major psychological effects in interpersonal communication

What are the psychological effects in interpersonal communication? Social psychology research shows that in interpersonal communication, the cognition and impression of the communication partner , attitude and emotion, etc., will directly affect the normal progress of communication. However, due to various reasons, interpersonal cognition in the process of communication often suffers from deviations of one kind or another. The following are the six major psychological effects in interpersonal communication that I have carefully compiled. I hope it will be helpful to everyone. Six major psychological effects in interpersonal communication 1

Projection effect

The projection effect means that in interpersonal communication, when the perceiver forms an impression of others, he always assumes that others have something to do with himself. The same tendency to project one's own characteristics onto other people. The so-called "using the heart of a villain to judge the belly of a gentleman" reflects one aspect of this projection effect.

Generally speaking, projection can be divided into two types: one is that the individual does not realize that he has certain characteristics and adds these characteristics to others. For example, a classmate who is hostile to others always feels that the other person has hatred towards him, and it seems that every move of the other person is provocative. The other is when individuals realize some of their own unsatisfactory characteristics and add these characteristics to others. For example, in the exam room, students who want to cheat always feel that other students are also cheating, and they will suffer if they don't cheat. It is worth noting that this latter kind of projection often projects some of one's unsatisfactory characteristics onto the people one respects and admires. The logic is: they still have a glorious image if they have these characteristics, so what does it matter if I have these characteristics. The purpose is to re-evaluate one's unsatisfactory characteristics through this projection in order to achieve temporary psychological balance.

Stereotype

A stereotype is a relatively fixed, general and general view of a certain type of thing or person in society. Its main manifestations are: mechanically attributing the communication object to a certain type of person in the process of interpersonal communication. Regardless of whether he exhibits the characteristics of that type of person, he is considered to be a representative of that type of person, and then the evaluation of the type of person is imposed on him. Stereotypes, as a kind of fixed understanding, are helpful for making general evaluations of a certain group, but they are also prone to biases, leading to the prejudice of "people come first" and hindering in-depth and detailed cognition between people. For example, boys often think that girls are careful, timid, and squeamish; girls tend to think that boys are thick-hearted, bold, and arrogant.

Setting effect

Setting effect refers to the influence of certain ideas in people's minds on their recognition and evaluation of others. In interpersonal communication activities, when we recognize others, we often unconsciously produce a prepared mental state (the emergence of an original idea), and starting from this mental state, we follow the certain external aspects of things. Contact for cognition and evaluation, thus producing a setting effect. The stereotype effect helps us understand others in a general way under certain conditions, but it often leads to cognitive biases. For example, students from rural areas think that students from cities are well-informed, but cunning and stingy; students from cities think that students from rural areas are ignorant, but loyal and honest.

Primacy effect

Primacy is the first impression, or the first impression. In interpersonal communication, people tend to pay attention to the details they first come into contact with, such as the other person's expression, figure, appearance, etc., but pay less attention to the details they come into contact with later. This initial impression formed by previous information and its impact on subsequent information is the primacy effect.

The primacy effect is a relatively common phenomenon in college students’ communication activities. Objectively speaking, the primacy effect plays a certain role in communication activities. This is what we often call "people first", which affects the in-depth development of future exchange activities. Of course, first impressions are not immutable. Although the information on which the first impression is based is limited, due to the comprehensive nature of human cognition, it is possible to connect these incomplete information, fill in the gaps with thinking, and form an overall impression to a certain extent.

Recency effect

Recency, that is, the final impression. The recency effect refers to the impact of the final impression on people's cognition. The last impression left is often the deepest impression, which is the aftereffect explained in psychology.

The primacy effect and the recency effect are not opposites, but two sides of the same problem. In the interpersonal interactions of college students, the first impression is important, but the last impression cannot be ignored. Generally speaking, in the recognition of strangers, the primacy effect is more obvious; while in the recognition of familiar people, the recency effect is more obvious. This tells us that when interacting with others, we should pay attention to not only the impression we usually leave on the other party, but also the first impression and the last impression we leave on the other party.

Halo effect

The halo effect, also known as the halo effect, refers to the fact that in interpersonal communication, people often generalize from a certain characteristic of the other party to other related characteristics. In terms of series characteristics, a complete impression is formed from partial information, that is, a comprehensive conclusion is made about others based on the minimum amount of information. The so-called "beauty is in the eye of the beholder" refers to this halo effect. The halo effect is actually the result of the generalization and expansion of personal subjective inferences. In the halo effect, once a person's advantages or disadvantages become the aperture and are enlarged, their advantages or disadvantages will recede behind the light and be ignored by others. In the interpersonal interactions of college students, the halo effect is also a common phenomenon. For example, male and female college students will assign more ideal personality characteristics to their attractive-looking classmates and often design a bright future for those students who look more attractive. Six major psychological effects in interpersonal communication 2

Living in this society, you must be an authentic relationship person, play an active role in interpersonal communication, and leave a good impression. So how to do a good job in interpersonal communication? We can’t learn professional things like mind reading, but it’s good to understand the psychological effects in interpersonal communication and use these common psychological phenomena and laws in social life to build a good relationship. entry. So what are the psychological effects in interpersonal communication?

1. Primacy effect

The impression left by the first interaction occupies a dominant position in the other person's mind , this effect is the primacy effect. Once the first impression is formed, it is not easy to change it. Even if the subsequent impression is different from the initial impression, the first impression often affects our subsequent evaluation and views of others. In many cases, we will naturally obey Initial impressions. The primacy effect plays a decisive role in the formation of people's impressions.

Due to the primacy effect, the first impression plays an important role in interpersonal communication, so we should pay attention to the first impression we leave on others when we interact with others. In order to create a good first impression, first of all, we should pay attention to appearance, neat clothes, and harmonious and appropriate clothing matching. Secondly, we should pay attention to our speech and behavior, exercise and improve our conversation skills, and master appropriate social etiquette. In social activities such as making friends, recruiting, and job hunting, you can use this effect to leave a good impression on others and lay a good foundation for future communication.

The first impression in people's interactions occupies a dominant position in the other person's mind. This effect is the primacy effect. Therefore, we can use this effect to give people an excellent image in social activities such as making friends, recruiting, and job hunting, and lay a good foundation for future communication. However, in order to have in-depth exchanges in social activities, it is not enough to have the primacy effect. You also need to have complete hardware, that is, the quality of conversation, behavior, cultivation, etiquette and other aspects.

2. Stereotype effect

Businessmen are often considered treacherous, and there is a saying that "there is no business without treachery". Professors are often considered to be white-haired, gentle old people, people from the Jiangnan generation are often considered to be smart and adaptable, and northerners are considered to be bold, bold and upright... When we know and judge others, Instead of understanding the individual as an isolated object, we always regard him as a member of a certain type of person, making him have both personality and personality. It is easy to think that he has all the characteristics of a certain type of person. quality. Therefore, when we generally classify people into fixed and general types to understand them, stereotypes are formed.

The positive effect of stereotypes is that they simplify our understanding process. Because when we know some information about another person, we often infer other typical characteristics of the person based on the characteristics of the group to which he or she belongs. Although this may not necessarily form a correct impression of others, it can help us simplify the understanding process to a certain extent. But the stereotype effect brings more negative effects. Such as racial prejudice, national prejudice, gender prejudice, etc.

It often makes people look at people with points instead of faces, and it is easy to produce biases in judgment and misunderstandings in understanding.

3. Projection effect

A person who likes to eat celery always thinks that others also like to eat celery, so he recommends celery to others whenever he goes to public places, which becomes a joke. Everyone in life is bound to make mistakes similar to judging others by oneself. In psychology, it is called the projection effect. That is, in the process of interpersonal cognition, people often assume that others have the same attributes, hobbies or tendencies as themselves, and often think that others have the same attributes, hobbies or tendencies as themselves. Others take it for granted that they know what they are thinking.

“A villain’s heart is used to judge a gentleman’s heart” is a typical projection effect. When other people's behavior is different from ours, we are accustomed to use our own standards to measure other people's behavior and think that other people's behavior violates the norm. People who like jealousy often attribute the motivation of other people's behavior to jealousy. If others are disrespectful to him, he will feel that others are jealous of him. We should understand ourselves and others correctly, be strict with ourselves, treat others objectively, and try to avoid judging others by our own standards.

4. Recency effect

That is, the impression left by the last meeting in a relationship will last the longest in the other person's mind. When multiple stimuli appear at the same time, the formation of an impression mainly depends on the stimuli that appear later. That is, during the communication process, our latest understanding of others takes the dominant position, covering up the evaluation of others formed in the past. Therefore, it is also called for the "novel effect". Use the recency effect to give your friends good wishes when parting with them, and your image will be beautified in his heart. For friends whom I haven't seen for many years, the deepest impression in my mind is actually the parting scene. A friend always makes you angry, but when it comes to the reasons for being angry, you can only give two or three reasons. This is also a manifestation of the recency effect. This kind of beautification may affect your future life.

If the information obtained twice before and after is different, but there is irrelevant work to separate them, then the latter information plays a greater role in forming the overall impression. This phenomenon is due to the recency effect. The longer the time between before and after information, the more obvious the recency effect. In the process of communication, you can use the recency effect to enhance your own image. For example, if the relationship between the two parties is not getting along, and once they are about to break up, taking the initiative to express good feelings or even apology to the other party will unexpectedly win the other party's favor and even resolve past grievances.

5. Halo effect

As the saying goes: Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. When a lover is in love, he thinks everything about him is good and everything he does is right. Even what others think are shortcomings are indifferent to the other person. This is a manifestation of the halo effect. The halo effect has a certain negative impact. Under this psychological effect, it is difficult for you to distinguish between good and bad, true and false, and it is easy to be taken advantage of. Therefore, we must have a certain sense of defense in the social process.

The halo effect means that when we evaluate others, we often like to start from a good or bad partial impression and diffuse an overall good or bad overall impression, just like a moon halo (or halo) ), gradually spreading outward from a central point into a larger and larger circle, so it is sometimes called the halo effect or moon halo effect. In most cases, the halo effect often causes people to make the mistakes of "overgeneralizing" and "loving everything", creating the illusion that one person is good for everything. A certain quality of a person or a certain characteristic of an object gives a very good impression. Under the influence of this impression, people will also give better evaluations to other qualities of the person or other characteristics of the object.

Celebrity effect is a typical halo effect. It is not difficult to find that most of the people who shoot commercials are famous singers and movie stars, but it is rare to see those little-known people. Because products launched by celebrities are more likely to be recognized by everyone. Once a writer becomes famous, the manuscripts that were previously at the bottom of the box will no longer have to be published, and all the works will be sold. This is all due to the halo effect.

The halo effect often occurs between male and female friends. When two loving people are together, they will feel that both parties have advantages and no shortcomings. This means that when you first fall in love with someone, you actually just like a certain aspect of the other person's advantages. Then after the halo effect expands, you feel that the other person has all the advantages.

"Onlookers know clearly, but those in authority are confused." We must be good at listening and accepting the opinions of others and guard against the negative effects of the halo effect. At the same time, you can also use the halo effect to increase your own attractiveness. When interacting with people, we can use a preconception strategy to let the other person understand our strengths and gain a positive evaluation.

6. Setting effect

A farmer lost an ax and suspected that his neighbor’s son had stolen it, so he observed the way he walked, the expression on his face, and felt that his words and deeds Nothing like an ax thief. Later, the farmer found the lost ax in the mountains. When he looked at his neighbor's son, he felt that there was no sign of stealing the ax in his words and deeds. This story describes the farmer's psychological activity process under the influence of psychological stereotypes. The so-called mental set refers to a psychological reaction tendency that people use "old eyes" - existing knowledge and experience to view current problems in cognitive activities. It is also called thinking set or mindset.

In interpersonal communication, the stereotyping effect is manifested in people using a fixed character image to recognize others. For example: When interacting with the elderly, we will think that they are rigid in thinking, stuck in the rules, and cannot keep up with the times. And they will think that we are young, inexperienced, "hairless and weak in work". When getting along with classmates, we think that honest people will never lie. And once we think that someone is cunning and cunning, even if he expresses a favorable opinion towards you, you will think that this is "a weasel paying a rooster a bad New Year's greeting".

Mental stereotypes often lead to prejudices and stereotypes, preventing us from correctly understanding others. So we should not blindly look at people and things through old eyes.

7. Defense mentality

Most of us may have a feeling that when two people are alone, we will have some defensiveness from time to time. When there are many people, you will feel that you don’t have your own space and worry about the safety of your belongings. Your diary is always locked tightly, fearing that others will take away your secrets. For these, you need to be on guard. This defensive mentality will play a negative role in the communication process, and it will hinder normal communication.

From the above, we can see the psychological effects in interpersonal communication. Only by correctly understanding, understanding, and mastering psychological effects can we better utilize these psychological effects to improve interpersonal communication. Six major psychological effects in interpersonal communication 3

Overview

The primacy effect has a greater impact on people in interpersonal communication and is a more important term in communicative psychology. The impression left by people in their first interaction forms and occupies a dominant position in the other person's mind. This effect is the primacy effect. Here is some relevant knowledge for you.

Four interesting psychological effects in interpersonal communication

First: The primacy effect. We often say "leave a good impression on others", which generally refers to the first impression. , here lies the role of primacy effect. Therefore, in social activities such as making friends, recruiting, and job hunting, we can use this effect to show people an excellent image and lay a good foundation for future communication. Of course, this is only a temporary behavior in social activities, and deeper interactions require your hardware to be complete. This requires you to strengthen your quality in speech, behavior, cultivation, etiquette and other aspects, otherwise it will lead to another negative effect, that is, the recency effect.

Second: Recency effect The recency effect is the opposite of the primacy effect. It refers to the impression left by the last meeting in a relationship. This impression will remain in the other person's mind for a long time. For friends whom you haven’t seen for many years, the deepest impression in your mind is actually the scene when parting; a friend always makes you angry, but when talking about the reasons for anger, you can only mention two or three reasons. This is also a kind of The manifestation of recency effect. Use the recency effect to distinguish yourself from your friends and give them good wishes. Your image will be beautified in his heart. It is possible that this kind of beautification will affect your life, because you may become a "halo" figure, which is the halo effect.

Third: Halo Effect. When you have a good impression of someone, it will be difficult to feel his shortcomings. It is like there is a halo surrounding him. This kind of psychology of yours is the halo effect. .

"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder". When lovers fall in love, it is difficult to find the shortcomings of the other person. They think that everything about him is good and everything he does is right. Even the shortcomings that others think are shortcomings are in the other person's eyes. It doesn't seem to matter, this is a manifestation of the halo effect. The halo effect has a certain negative impact. Under this psychological effect, it is difficult for you to distinguish between good and bad, true and false, and it is easy for others to take advantage of you. Therefore, in the process of socializing, we must "not have the intention to harm others, and the intention to guard against others", and have a certain sense of defense, that is, people's defensive psychology.

Precautions

When two people are alone, we will be a little defensive from time to time; when there are many people, you will feel that you do not have your own space, and whether your belongings are safe Your diary is always locked tightly for fear that others will take away your secrets. For these, you need to be on guard. This defensive mentality will play a negative role in the communication process, and it will hinder normal communication. ;