Non-punctuation materials in classical Chinese

1. Why is there no punctuation in China's classical Chinese?

Now let's complain: Who asked such a painful and exhausting question? It's easy to ask, but it's fatal to prove it.

=========================== = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = p

The short horizontal line circled by the red circle above is punctuation.

Lao Zi in the silk book of Wang Dui of Han Ma:

Punctuation in it is marked with blue circles. At this time, the punctuation system has become more complicated. In addition to the previous single and double short horizontal lines, there are corner symbols, triangle symbols, dot symbols, box symbols, etc., and their usage is also different.

The Classic Interpretation by Lu Deming in Tang Dynasty (the picture shows the engraving of Song Dynasty):

The pause and period here have basically taken their present forms.

Notes on Shangshu Table in Song Dynasty

The punctuation marks are circles, squares, black triangles, flat strips and semicircles.

The punctuation in Records of Crime in the Ming Dynasty is similar to that in Classic Interpretation, and basically there are two kinds of pauses and periods. In addition, circles are also used as bullets.

Yongle Dadian in Ming Dynasty:

Only a period (circle) is used as punctuation, and the little red circle in the picture is it.

In addition, there are punctuation methods without symbols in classical Chinese, such as:

space punctuation, such as Huayang Guozhi in the Song Dynasty;

punctuation, that is, punctuation will be done at the place where the whole sentence is marked, such as Selected Notes on Six Ministers in the Song Dynasty;

Chinese punctuation, reading with "sentence". For example, Interpretation of Reading Four Books and Sentences in Qing Dynasty

Of course, there were a large number of books without punctuation in ancient times. For these books, specific methods were often used to express punctuation, such as repeated forms and neat sentences in Poetry, and "Xi" in Sao to indicate the end of a sentence. In addition, teacher Fan Yanting has given a more detailed explanation, so I won't go into details here. Note that these are not only ways to divide sentences, but also problems that must be paid attention to when writing articles at that time. "Wen Xin Diao Long Zhang Sentence" talked about the problem of using function words to help readers break sentences when writing articles: "The poet used the word" Xi "in the sentence limit, and the word" Chu Ci "was used, and the word came out of the sentence. Looking for the word Xi is a sentence, but language helps the rest of the sound. Shun Yong's "South Wind" has been used for a long time, but Wei Wu is good, isn't it useless? As for the "husband only covers the old", it is the first song of the originator; It is the old style of Zagreb's sentence that "it is based on it"; Those who "are too good" will also be given the last regular course. According to things like idle, in the real cut. Skillful luck, sewing style, will make a few sentences, a word of help. The foreign characters are difficult to understand, and the situation is awkward. "

Of course, these methods still can't solve all the problems, which is why there are many unsolved cases in ancient Chinese. For example, the first sentence of the Analects of Confucius Zi Han:

What should I do if Zi Han talks about profit and life and benevolence? "Zi Han talks about profit, life and benevolence." It's still "the son is poor in words and benefits." With life and benevolence. " People have always put forward different explanations. When encountering these problems, we need to refer to a number of annotations, cooperate with the basic skills of primary schools, and carefully identify them in order to understand their original intention.

In fact, you should be able to see that there were many books with punctuation in ancient China, not only without punctuation. The problem is that the punctuation system is not uniform. Almost every family uses a system. You use a circle and I use it. You use a solid one and I use a hollow one. You mark it on the left side of the text and I mark it under the text ... Like other kinds of knowledge, the problem is that there is no system. There is no system, so it cannot be circulated, and then it will be lost. 2. Punctuation in ancient Chinese

Qi Qiu is firmly attached to the Jin division, and Jie Shi rides in his car to throw people and birds, which is a kind of mulberry. He said, "He who wants to be brave is more brave than Jia Yu!" Gui You, a teacher of Chen Yu's in Xia Yu Yu Qi Hou, and his ugly father was on the right. Jin Jie Zhang Yu Ke Zheng. Qiu Huan was on the right Qi Hou, saying, "Yu Gu lost this place." However, if you don't introduce food to the DPRK, the horse will rush to it, and it will hurt your blood. Zhang Hou said, "From the beginning, the arrow penetrated the left hand and elbow, and the rest was folded to defend the left wheel. How dare Zhu Yin say that he is ill?" My son put up with it and said slowly, "From the beginning, if there is danger, I will push the car down. Do you know it?" I'm sick! " Zhang Hou said, "The teacher's ears are focused on me, and we are marching forward and retreating from this car. One person's temple can be assembled. If it is, why should it defeat the monarch with illness?" If a soldier is firmly armed, he will die. My son encourages him before he dies. "If the left and the right help him, Ma Yi can't stop. If the teacher follows him together, he will be defeated. (The battle of Zuo Chuancheng Gong Er Nian)

Non-professionals are not necessarily right! 3. Where is the score of middle school Chinese composition < P > Basic level: < P > Content; The center highlights the content, enriches the emotion, and is sincere and in line with the meaning of the topic

language; The language is accurate, fluent and vivid

structure; Careful structure, clear organization

Development level:

1. Profound content, which is reflected in three aspects: A. Revealing the inner causal relationship of things through phenomena; C. The viewpoint is enlightening

2. Rich performance, which is reflected in four aspects: A. Rich materials; B. Sufficient arguments; C. Full image; D. Far-reaching artistic conception; 3. Linguistically "literary talent". It is reflected in four aspects: A is apt to use words; B is flexible in sentence patterns; C is good at using rhetorical devices; D is expressive; 4. Writing thinking is "creative", which is reflected in five aspects: A is novel; B is fresh in materials; C is ingenious in ideas; D is unique in reasoning and imagination; 4. Why there are no punctuation marks; P > It is impossible for ancient people in China to read even a very small text in one breath, and there must be a pause in reading.

The Book of Rites says, "Enter the school next year, and enter the school in middle age. A year, depending on the departure from the classics ... "Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty noted:" Departing from the classics is absolutely impossible. "

Tang Kong Yingda said, "A scholar has just entered school for one year, and a doctor in Xiang Sui will examine his profession at the end of the year. Leaving the classics means separating the manager and cutting off the chapters. "

Tang Hanyu said, "I don't know what to read, I'm puzzled, or I'm ignorant, or I'm absent-minded. I left a legacy in primary school, but I haven't seen it clearly." It can be seen that sentence reading is an important method for ancient people to read.

There are countless jokes caused by improper sentence reading since ancient times. For example, "Han Feizi's Foreign Stores Tell the Left Down" has the following record: "Lu Aigong asked Confucius:' I have heard about the ancient times, but what is the fruit and trust?' Confucius said,' No, it's not a foot. Real talent is resentful and disgusting, and many people don't say hi.

although, the reason why it is protected from harm by others is to trust it. Everyone said, "Only this one is enough."

it's not a foot, but a foot. Mourning the public said:' It is enough to judge but to be solid. According to archaeological findings, some symbols indicating sentence reading were used in the process of writing and copying books in ancient China. For example, in the silk book Lao Zi unearthed in Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha in 1973, in the silk book A, besides the round black dot at the beginning of the chapter as the chapter number, there is also an irregular black dot behind a complete sentence, which should be the sentence reading symbol added by the ancients when copying the book.

During 1972-1976, in a batch of Han bamboo slips excavated by the Juyan Archaeological Team in Gansu Province, besides the symbol "=", there were symbols such as ■, ▓, ●, "w", ∠ and ∕. For example, at the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the bamboo slips "Swallow the North Tunnel and Die Tian ∣ (this is a calligraphy symbol) eat three times in the first month ∽ take it by yourself in the first month = ?"; The bamboo slips in the Han and Yuan Dynasties were "flat, lost goods, fire"; There are "three soldiers died in the 29th tunnel on the right" and "thirty soldiers died on the right" in the 27 th exploration party of the Broken City. Make a new start's two-year bamboo slips "Slipping Rong ∠ Wang Yang ∠ Lu Shang ∠ Han Shou □" and so on.

These special symbols in Han bamboo slips have their own special uses, and some of them play the role of ",",such as "●"; Some play the role of ",",such as "▲", "∣", ∠ "and so on; Some play the role of a full stop, such as "Yi"; Others play the role of identifying chapter heads, branches and paragraphs, such as "W" and "■" placed at the beginning of the text; Some symbols, such as "∽", "s", "▓" and "=", etc., are still difficult to determine exactly what role they play in writing; Some symbols placed at the end of the text, such as "W", are specially used to express their particularity when copying or writing; Some symbols are used together, such as "w", "s", "m", △ "s" and so on, which is very puzzling. At the same time, similar symbols such as comma ","and pause "appeared in Han bamboo slips, and their functions were similar to those of later generations.

this shows that at the latest in the Han dynasty, people still used some special symbols to express sentence reading when writing or copying books, so as to facilitate people's reading. There is a symbol ""in the fifth part of Shuo Wen Jie Zi, and Xu Shen explained that ",stop; Knowing it, everything belongs to it. "

scholars of all ages have explained this. Xu Kai, a Song Dynasty poet, said, "If you study in Chinese, you can learn from it."

Duan Yucai, a Qing dynasty, said, "This refers to things in the Six Books. Everything is different, everything can't be done, the meaning exists in the Lord, and the mind knows its place. It doesn't mean that reading is not enough. "

Zhu Junsheng also said, "It is also a specialty to recite books and read sentences today." Yang Shuda, a close friend, said: "That is, the reading point used today" ("On the Interpretation of Ancient Book Sentences").

Everyone is sure that ""is at least a sentence reading symbol, which means that ""is the original word of "reading" and is a marker symbol that breaks sentences. The word "sentence reading" was first seen in He Xiu's "Preface to Explaining the Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram" in the later Han Dynasty. As the saying goes, "If you quote his classics, you will lose your sentence reading, so you can laugh at them if you do nothing."

Gao You also said in "Huai Nan Zi Xu": "There are few self-lures, and I learned from my old servant, Jun Lu, the same county." Therefore, the word sentence reading has appeared for at least two thousand years.

Zhan Ran, a Buddhist monk in the Tang Dynasty, said in The Records of Fahua Words and Sentences: "Every scripture is called' sentence', and it is called' reading' if it is not finished." That is to say, "reading" indicates that the meaning is not exhausted and needs to be paused, and "sentence" indicates that the meaning of the words is exhausted.

Liu tui, a native of the Tang Dynasty, said in Wen Zhong Ming: "Fifteen years have gone by, and we have got 2,18 pieces of paper. There are those who have painted B, those who have printed letters, those who have covered their backs, and those who have beads around them. "

Luo Ruhuai, a Qing dynasty man, explained: "Surrounding is the circle of today, which is the method of circling in the Tang Dynasty but prevailing in the Song Dynasty." (Collected Works of Lvyi Caotang, Volume 16) This shows that "reading" was represented by symbols very early, and "sentence" had no corresponding special symbols before the Tang Dynasty.

after the Tang dynasty, popular books in China began to be widely used. As a period.

according to the existing literature, the establishment of the usage standard of sentence reading symbols in China should be in the Song Dynasty. Yue Ke, a person from Song Dynasty, said in "The Evolution of the Nine Classics and Three Biographies": "There are no sentences to be read in all the books on the supervision of Shu, but it is convenient for scholars to copy the books in the pavilion or add points from the side.

of course, it's just reading the scriptures sentence by sentence. However, the combination of Shuzhong and Xingguo will benefit the whole week. "

Mao Huang, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, also said in his Zeng Yun: "In today's secret and provincial proofreading style, every sentence should be placed next to the word, and the reading score should be slightly in the middle of the word." ","and "."

has become the official symbol of point reading and the source of today's pause and period. Later, when the novels published in the Ming Dynasty appeared, two proper names began to be added: one was to add a straight line "│" next to the person's name, and the other was to add two straight lines "‖" next to the place name, both of which were added to the right of the straight line.

The above two kinds of dots and labels are the earliest punctuation marks in China. In the Yuan Dynasty, Cheng Duanli almost determined some basic rules of punctuating sentences when reading in his book "Cheng's Family School Reading Annual Schedule".

This book of Cheng's specifically defines the difference between "sentence" and "reading", and the sentence reading symbols mentioned in the book have been standardized. By the Qing Dynasty, scholars had made great efforts to study sentence reading. 5. punctuation marks in classical Chinese in junior high school

1. analysis of test sites punctuation marks are an indispensable part of written language, which are used to express pause, mood and the nature and function of words.

punctuation marks include dot and label. There are seven kinds of dots, nine kinds of labels and sixteen kinds of * * *.

The function of the dot is to break, which mainly indicates the pause of the sentence and the tone of the structural relationship. According to the different positions used, the dot can be divided into two types: the dot at the end of the sentence and the dot in the sentence.

The dot at the end of a sentence: period, question mark and exclamation point; Dots in sentences: comma, pause, semicolon and colon. Labels mainly indicate the nature and function of words or sentences.

The labels are: quotation marks, brackets, dashes, ellipsis, bullets, spaces, book names, etc. (1) The use of pause, comma and semicolon 1. The pause is the smallest pause in a sentence and is often used between juxtaposed words or phrases (pause is not allowed between clauses).

such as: (1) there is a stream flowing quietly, giving its humor, aura and true feelings to the earth and people. (Hangzhou Senior High School Entrance Examination in 26) (2) Literary works, regardless of poetry, prose, novels and operas, have their own logical structures and have the function of cultivating thinking ability.

(senior high school entrance examination in 27) But there is no pause between the coordinate predicates and complements, only commas are used. Such as: (1) This year's water conservancy construction in this province has heavy tasks, difficult projects and large scale.

(2) You should make continuous progress, be literate and produce. (3) His story is true and touching.

(4) There is a stream flowing quietly, giving its humor, aura and true feelings to the earth and people. 2. There is no pause between coordinate words with modal particles, only commas are used.

I have been familiar with the mountains, water, trees and grass here since I was a child. 3. The conjunctions "and, or, and, and" have been used in the coordinate words, and the pause can no longer be used.

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