How did humans explore the moon?

Whenever a bright moon hangs high in the sky on a clear night, people can't help but ask: What does it look like on the moon? Is there life there? Can a person fly to the Moon Palace? ... For thousands of years, no one has been able to travel to the Moon Palace in person. They can only be filled with longing and fantasy, which has given rise to many legends and myths.

How many scientists and explorers have put in a lot of effort and are working tirelessly to find a realistic way to the moon. This wish finally became a reality on July 20, 1969. On this day, American astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin set a record by setting foot on the moon in the Apollo spacecraft.

The road to the moon

When landing on the moon, the first thing that comes to mind is the direct landing method. That is to shoot the spacecraft directly to the moon and land it directly. This may be a good idea for a one-way trip, but for astronauts to return to Earth, huge machinery will be required to launch the spacecraft back from the moon. Would it be feasible to send such a device to the moon? Can it launch a spacecraft back to the moon? The difficulty of doing so was so great that scientists gave up on the idea. Among the many plans, the "Apollo" plan was finally drawn up.

The plan is technically complex, but the general idea is simple: 3 astronauts flying in a spacecraft composed of 3 detachable parts. The three parts are the command module, service module and lunar module. The astronauts will fly in the command module, the service module is used to load fuel and rocket engines; the lunar module is used to land on the moon, which includes a separate rocket system to enable the lunar module to lift off from the moon, replacing Launch mechanism.

The landing process goes like this: As the spacecraft approaches the moon, it enters an orbit—a parking orbit. At this time, one astronaut stayed in the spacecraft and continued to fly around the moon. The other two entered the lunar module, separated it from the main body, and landed smoothly on the moon. When it was ready to leave the moon, it lit a rocket, and the lunar module lifted off by recoil and rendezvoused with the main body of the spacecraft at the designated rendezvous point on the parking orbit. The two people in the lunar module climbed back into the command module. Meet that lonely companion.

In order to facilitate the return to Earth and reduce the weight of the spacecraft, the lunar module was discarded in space. When approaching the Earth's atmosphere, a reverse thrust rocket is ignited, the spacecraft slows down, the service module is discarded, and only the command module returns to Earth.

This is the "Apollo" plan drawn up by NASA. It was officially approved by the President of the United States on May 25, 1961, and decided to send people to the moon and return them safely before 1970.

This is a very difficult task because scientists cannot conduct experiments directly in space. According to calculations, it will be as big as a locomotive. When designing, we must think about such a serious question: "How will it perform in space?"

Scientists put some models in a simulator for testing, and the simulation device is called an "air gun." Let a model pass through the tube of an air gun at a high speed of about 3,200 kilometers per hour. At the same time, a high-temperature airflow rushes through the model at the other end of the tube to simulate the pressure that the spacecraft will endure when it returns to the earth's atmosphere and other possible critical situations. , and after obtaining enough data, start building the spacecraft. Thousands of different parts will be manufactured in hundreds of different factories and assembled by specialized engineers and technicians.

According to calculations, to launch the "Apollo" spacecraft, it is also very difficult to build a rocket as long as a football field and with very high thrust, called the "Saturn" V. It has a maximum diameter of 10 meters, a height of about 85 meters, and a total thrust of more than 3,400 tons. Manufacturing it requires a lot of testing. For example, after scientists design a rocket, they must place it upright on a tall, dedicated support and use a mechanical device to vibrate the support to generate strong air pressure to simulate the pressure the rocket will experience when it takes off.

In addition, scientists have to develop hundreds of scientific instruments to install on spacecrafts, rockets, command centers and tracking stations. There are products for which off-the-shelf materials cannot be found, and scientists have to start experimenting and create new materials, and so on. To this end, NASA employs approximately 420,000 people from more than 2,000 companies and more than 150 universities, and costs US$25 billion.

Selecting and training astronauts

Before people can land on the moon, they must have more understanding of the lunar surface and related space knowledge. Is the kisaragi noodle firm? Can it withstand the weight of the lunar module? How long can people live in space? Can humans adapt to traveling to the moon and return safely? Is it possible to walk and work under weightless conditions? Can you complete the complex projects planned? The answers to these questions can only be found during astronaut test flights. For space test flights, astronauts must first be selected and trained.

The physical health of astronauts is extremely important. The space agency selected people between the ages of 25 and 35, and everyone was strictly examined by doctors.

Learn several subjects, such as studying the stars and the moon; studying geology - the science of stones to find stones on the moon; helping scientists understand the age of the moon; and field internships as geologists Show them rocks, etc. that might be on the moon.

They learned the theory of space flight, such as the theory of spacecraft launch, actual flight and landing; they also learned relevant craft knowledge of spacecraft and rockets, interviewed the designers and manufacturers of spacecraft and rockets, and studied each process. The working conditions of individual components and complex instruments, and every detail of the ground control system.

Every astronaut must conduct regular flight, landing and other training. Sometimes, "lunar flight" and "lunar walking" training are conducted in some imaginary simulators. Adaptation training for weightlessness is necessary. The gravity of the earth makes objects weigh. On the ground, human weight is the largest, while in space, human weight is negligible or even disappears completely. In a state of weightlessness, a person's limbs do not seem to grow on his body and cannot be freely controlled, but can only drift. In a spaceship, items must be secured or else they will float around. People cannot drink water from a cup, they must use a plastic tube to suck the water into their mouth. The weightless training involves hoisting them up with a crane, which makes them feel as if they are weightless and their legs are less responsive. This helps them gain some experience in the difficult environment on the lunar surface. In other simulators, they also learned how to fly off the moon and rendezvous with the command module at a fixed point.

When the spacecraft returns to Earth and falls into the wrong place, human lives may be threatened, and the astronauts must try to survive before being rescued. Special training takes them to live in quite difficult environments such as remote deserts, dense forests and seas for several weeks. There, they learned how to make shelters, how to make clothes from parachutes, how to get drinking water by evaporation, how to hunt, butcher and cook.

There are also necessary physical training and physical examinations every day, and many examination items are uncomfortable. Such as jumping up and down quickly on a narrow table; standing in a basin of water close to freezing point to measure blood pressure; lying on a special table in an unnatural and uncomfortable position to observe the heart's response; Blindfolded, sit in a rapidly rotating vibrating chair, using a joystick to keep the chair steady; spend two hours baking in a stuffy small room; spend several hours alone in a dark, soundproof room ;etc.

The training is comprehensive and arduous, and everyone must undergo this rigorous 18 months of training before their first flight.

Preparatory flights for the moon landing trip

From 1961 to 1969, American astronauts conducted 22 test flights for the moon landing expedition.

The small "Mercury" spacecraft is about 3 meters long and only carries one person. John Glenn flew three times around the Earth. During the last orbital flight, the automatic control system failed. He controlled the spacecraft with his hands and returned to Earth safely. This shows that astronauts must have a skilled level of technical control and a flexible and agile response ability to cope with unexpected changes. During Gordon Cooper's final "Mercury" flight, he orbited the Earth 22 times and completed some space project tests. After taking a nap, he checked his vision in space. He clearly saw the source of the flash signal on Earth and accurately marked its location on the map.

The test flight of "Mercury" shows that people can survive in space for many hours, and the space environment does not harm people's health and spirit. If the automatic control system fails, the spacecraft can be controlled by humans. These results are encouraging.

The "Gemini" is a spacecraft twice the size of the "Mercury" that can carry two people and test and practice various technologies in the Apollo program. Since the "Apollo" spacecraft that reached the moon had to be able to change its orbit, in 1965, the "Gemini" made its first test flight. After two astronauts orbited the Earth, they climbed to a higher orbit. During the second test flight, astronaut Edward White performed a space walk for about 20 minutes. It was like tying himself to a spaceship with a long rope and floating in space. He found it so interesting that his companions had to call him back. This shows that not only can people leave the spacecraft, but they can also completely return to the spacecraft.

The next test flight answered another important question: How long can people survive in space? The two astronauts made an 8-day flight. Four months later, the other two astronauts did even better and lived in space for nearly two weeks. Scientists estimate that the trip to the moon will take about a week.

Since then, the "Gemini" has achieved a fixed-point rendezvous. Then Armstrong and Scott tried to complete the space connection between the spacecraft and the rocket. Unfortunately, they were not completely successful, and they were lucky to escape this disaster. It turned out that after the spacecraft and rocket orbited the earth six times, the electronic system of the spacecraft suddenly failed, became tethered to the rocket, and rotated violently. They struggled to break away and finally separated, otherwise they would die, so they quickly returned to Earth. This work was accomplished by the flight crews of John Young and Michael Collins, who not only performed the difficult connection brilliantly, but also calmly exited the spacecraft to inspect the rocket and collect some "space dust" for the first time. Then return to the spacecraft. In the end, Aldrin left the spacecraft for five and a half hours during the test flight and found that the weightless state did not cause him any serious problems, indicating that people could work on the moon.

The results of the "Gemini" test flight implemented all the complex technologies of the lunar voyage and answered many questions that troubled scientists and doctors.

The "Apollo" spacecraft test flight experiment began. On the afternoon of January 27, 1967, three astronauts dressed in spacesuits were lying and strapped to the armchairs of the Apollo 1 spacecraft. Glenn was on the left, White was in the middle, and Chaffee was on the right. The spacecraft is on top of the "Saturn 1B" rocket, with a total height of 68.32 meters and is surrounded by a 94.55-meter working tower. This is the last realistic rehearsal. The cockpit was filled with pure oxygen, but since the rocket was not loaded with fuel, everyone did not think it was a dangerous experiment and were a little nonchalant. The hatch was closed and sealed. "10 minutes to prepare, 5 minutes to prepare..." Suddenly, the final countdown was horribly interrupted. It turned out that in the cockpit filled with pure oxygen, an electric spark filled the entire cockpit with flames and thick smoke. There was no way to quickly open the hatch from the inside or outside, and all three astronauts were burned to death inside.

After the launch pad tragedy, the image of the sacrificed warriors often lingers in the minds of spacecraft designers. What they remember most is Glenn's words: "If we die, we want everyone to treat it as a normal event. What we are doing is an adventurous business, and we hope that if something happens to us, it will not delay the progress of the plan. Conquering space It’s worth risking your life.”

Good things come hard. People only regard this "what if" accident as the price to pay for landing on the moon. They spent nearly a year conducting a comprehensive inspection and improvement on the spacecraft, adding many safety ejection equipment such as rapid opening of the hatch. In October 1968, the test flight, which had been delayed for nearly two years, began again. The three astronauts spent 10 days in space and flew 163 times around the earth without any problems. Two months later, three other astronauts made the first flight around the moon on Apollo 8. They successfully circled the moon 10 times and then returned to Earth. During the Apollo 9 test flight, astronauts practiced fixed-point rendezvous and connection techniques in orbit around the Earth. In the last test flight of "Apollo" 10, the astronauts practiced fixed-point rendezvous and connection techniques in lunar orbit. As Apollo orbited the moon, astronauts tested the lunar module's landing system. They detached it from the spacecraft, with John Young remaining in the command module. Cernan and Stafford went to the lunar module, descended to 15 kilometers from the moon, and then climbed back up to interact with the spacecraft. Rejoin and dock.

During this period, unmanned probes collected a large amount of data about the lunar surface, and scientists accordingly formulated the safest landing site - near the Sea of ??Tranquility. People have sufficient confidence to start moon landing expeditions.

Close contact with the moon

Now, everyone wants to know which three astronauts became the heroes of this great expedition. Although most of the 52 trainees aspired to be the first people to land on the moon, fortunately, the space agency selected Armstrong, Aldrin and Collins, and appointed Armstrong as commander. These three people are all about the same age, 38 or 39 years old. They are all experienced aircraft pilots. They have been astronauts for 6 or 7 years and have all done space test flights on the "Gemini" spacecraft. In addition, the space agency also selected two reserve team members to replace any of the three who fell ill before the voyage.

The spacecraft is about 25 meters long and weighs 45 tons. The command module is at the top, the service module is in the middle, and the lunar module is at the bottom. It is mounted on the Saturn rocket. This is a three-pole rocket, about 85 meters long, weighing about 2,700 tons, with 2 million working parts, a rocket automatic navigation system and 11 powerful engines. The pilots sit in the command module, which has three armchairs. The various instruments that control the spacecraft are above the armchairs so that they can operate the spacecraft even when lying down, which is the safest position. Wearing loose and comfortable "flight overalls" for most of the voyage, space suits are only required during launch, rendezvous, connection, lunar landing and re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, or when performing complex and dangerous work.

The food during the voyage is dried and solidified and stored in the cupboard on the wall. When eating, put the dry food in a plastic bag and mix it with water. Maybe these foods taste unpalatable, but they can keep astronauts healthy.

The service module provides all necessary services for lunar travel. The lunar module is divided into two sections. The upper section is the pilot module for two astronauts, and the lower section is the landing mechanical device. When it lifts off from the moon, it serves as the launch pad and is then discarded on the moon.

The date of the lunar landing voyage was July 16, 1969. At 9:30 that morning, the three astronauts were lying on the armchairs, waiting for takeoff. A monotonous flat voice came from the command center: "10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1, lift off!"

With a roar, the lunar spacecraft It began to rise. The sound was louder than thunder, almost deafening people's ears, and even the buildings began to tremble. Millions of people who had been waiting all night for this moment shouted happily: "Go up, go up, all the best! Have a safe journey!"

The spacecraft is lifting off, ejecting clouds of yellow smoke and vapor . They felt uncomfortable at first, but after two minutes, the cabin pressure dropped and they felt more relaxed. As the speed increases, the rocket breaks out of the Earth's atmosphere and brings the spacecraft into orbit around the Earth. Armstrong used a wireless phone to report to the command center: "Everything is normal!"

At this time, they used the stars to determine whether the path to the moon was correct. This is a very complex mathematical problem that requires precision. If there is a slight deviation, it may never reach the moon. Since the moon revolves around the earth, the spacecraft cannot fly directly towards the moon. They are 500,000 kilometers away from the moon and will take 3 days to get there. Therefore, the astronauts must aim the spacecraft at the position where the moon will arrive in three days without any carelessness.

The astronauts checked all instruments and electronic systems and found no loopholes. At this time, the command center instructed: "Go to the moon!" The last stage rocket restarted at the absolutely correct moment, and the spacecraft "shot" out from orbit around the earth like an arrow, starting a three-day and night flight to the moon. During this time, the astronauts were in constant contact with the command center. Collins described the scenery seen from the spacecraft: "The earth looks really beautiful. We clearly saw many countries. It is so beautiful!" A commander replied: "We are all a little jealous of you." He also made some naughty jokes. Once, Collins shouted: "Hey, commander, can you turn the earth so that we don't always see water."

"The commander replied: "That can't be done. I can only ask you to suffer a little and look at the water, hahaha..." Aldrin also talked about the "housework" he did on the spacecraft: " I was very busy just now. I spent the whole morning cooking and cleaning, and I haven't finished it yet! "He didn't sound very happy.

On the afternoon of the third day, July 19, the astronauts put on their spacesuits again and prepared to enter the lunar orbit. Millions of people were watching the TV People praised the astronauts for their calm demeanor, but they were not afraid of the great danger ahead. As soon as "Apollo" entered the back side of the moon, the connection with the command center was immediately interrupted because the moon rotated around the earth. They all have the same hemisphere (front) facing the earth, and the other hemisphere (back) is always "out of sight" of the earth and cannot communicate.

And "Apollo" has to be there. The far side of the moon enters the lunar orbit. For this arduous task, the command center has no choice but to wait. The high-speed spacecraft must first slow down before entering the lunar orbit, because the moon's gravity is only one-sixth of the earth's gravity. The crew will turn the spacecraft around and ignite a rocket engine in the service module to generate a reverse thrust. If the engine cannot be ignited, the spacecraft will not enter orbit and will return to Earth if the engine burns out for more than 6 minutes. , if the speed drops too low, the spacecraft will crash on the moon. 25 minutes later, Aldrin’s calm voice finally came: “Okay, everything is normal! "Apollo" safely entered the parking orbit around the moon, and the people in the command center breathed a sigh of relief. The spacecraft traveled 500,000 kilometers, only 3 minutes later than the budget time.

The astronauts saw the moon for the first time. They happily described the close-up view to the command center: “The color there is gray; it looks dark below the landing site. "The astronauts turned on the television cameras and showed the world the mountains and craters of the moon. After an hour, the command center stopped talking and reminded them that it was time to work.

Collins remained in the command module After performing the mission, Armstrong and Aldrin climbed into the lunar module, checked all the devices, power and communication systems of the landing system, and then returned to the command module. They were exhausted and fell asleep after eating. This was the first time. The last sleep before the moon landing.

On July 20, the first human attempt to land on the moon began. The two astronauts told Collins a joke: "Hey, we are leaving, we will be there soon." Come back, wait for us, don't leave. He said: "I will never leave, I wish you good luck!" "He said and climbed into the lunar module. For the convenience of communication, the lunar landing system is called "Eagle", and the command module and service module are collectively called "Columbia." "After all preparations were completed, the command center ordered the "Eagle" to be detached from the main body of the spacecraft.

Three minutes later, the dangerous work of separating the "Eagle" had to be carried out on the back, and the signal was interrupted again. People waited anxiously. Finally, Armstrong's voice came from space: "The eagle has wings." The people on the "Eagle" shouted to Collins: "Goodbye, see you later." "

"Eagle" landed on the moon in two stages. When it was about 300 meters in front of "Columbia", it ignited an engine and threw it into a lower orbit. There was no big danger at this stage. , as long as it is in orbit, it will not fall to the moon. If something happens, "Columbia" will come down and rescue the people. This stage ends when the "Eagle" drops to an altitude of 16.5 kilometers from the moon. >

The moment of final decision has come. Should they leave the orbit and continue their descent? If they cannot land safely, they will never be able to come back. If they change their mind now and abandon the landing, the danger ahead is very high. But the two astronauts did not hesitate. They bravely pressed the button and ignited the descent engine. For the sake of scientific exploration, they had put their lives at risk.

The engine reduced the speed of the "Eagle" and broke. It balanced with the moon's gravity. In an instant, it broke away from the orbit and began to descend along a curved route. The angle became steeper and steeper. This stage of the descent process took 12 minutes. This was the most dangerous 12 minutes. The command center said. People almost held their breath.

The "Eagle" was getting closer to the moon and descended along the channel under the guidance of the computer, but the astronauts could not see the moon clearly until they landed directly above the landing site. But they were surprised: there was a huge crater below, surrounded by large rocks, and the "Eagle" was about to land in the center of this dangerous crater. Armstrong quickly and calmly controlled the "Eagle" with his hands, and with superb skills, guided the "Eagle" over the rocks, avoiding a terrible crash. This shows that scientific explorers must have good psychological qualities to deal with dangers.

They found a flat place about 7 kilometers away from the crater and decided to land there. When the speed drops to 1 meter per second, the "Eagle" must land smoothly. If the landing angle is slightly wrong, one leg will break and tilt to one side, and the astronauts will not be able to leave the moon, and no one will be able to rescue them.

Fortunately, the failure did not occur. An instrument under the "Eagle" touched the moon surface, and the green light in the cabin turned on. Aldrin said: "The moon has landed!" Armstrong shut down the engine and reported excitedly to the command center: "The Eagle has landed!" Millions of people who are listening and waiting are relieved and relieved. Mrs. Aldrin was so happy that she shed tears.

Armstrong wants to see if it's safe to stay on the moon? Is the "Eagle" damaged? Can its systems and instruments work properly? Is the "Eagle" standing at the correct angle? If there is a malfunction, it must be airborne immediately. After checking, everything is normal. The command center allowed them to stay there and congratulated them: "Everyone in the command center is smiling!" The people on the moon replied: "The two people on the moon are also smiling." Collins also said on "Columbia" : "Yes, but don't forget the people in the command module!" Lonely, he highly praised his friends: "What you are doing there sounds great. This is an amazing move, great!"

It's really great. With their superb skills and courage, they avoided an accident that destroyed the "Eagle" and successfully ended the expedition, which shocked the world and made mankind's dream of landing on the moon come true.

The astronauts found their positions on the lunar map and felt very clear-headed, so they applied to walk on the moon early, and the command center agreed to their request. They quickly eat something and then put on special clothes to protect them from high temperatures or radioactive substances and germs that they may be exposed to. Carrying oxygen supply equipment and other equipment on their backs, they opened the hatch of the "Eagle" and looked out 6 hours and 15 minutes after landing.

They saw a strange scenery. The sky above them was dark, but the moon was bathed in bright sunlight. The moon is a desolate world of dust, rocks and craters. It is silent and devoid of any life. They are the only living things on the moon.

Armstrong, wearing a huge space suit, squeezed out of the hatch and prepared to walk down the escalator. He turned on the television cameras and millions of viewers watched the thrilling scene. It was difficult to walk down the escalator. Since there was no air, he felt little sensation in his hands and feet, and he could not feel the steps on the escalator. Aldrin stood at the open doorway, observing and pointing. For about 20 minutes, Armstrong carefully walked to the end. He paused for a moment on the last step, stretched out his left foot, left the first human footprint on the moon, and said the long-awaited words: "It's a small step for a man, but for a man... It's a big step for mankind." He examined the moon and found that it was strong and safe. When he lifted his feet, the footprints of his boots were only a fraction of a centimeter. Don't forget, his weight is only 1/6 of his weight on Earth.

Nineteen minutes later, Aldrin also came down. He was so happy that he jumped up and down on the moon and the escalator, shouting: "Ah, it's so beautiful!" Their attempt to walk on the moon was Very interesting. Since they were almost in a state of weightlessness and lost their balance, they staggered as if they were drunk. Simulation training helped them overcome this difficulty and float confidently. The two picked up some small stones and threw them out to see what would happen. Unexpectedly, the stones jumped into the air like balls. The two laughed and said, "It's really interesting."

The two set up a ball on the moon. A television camera and a small ceremony were held next to the Eagle.

They revealed the cover of the steel memorial plate installed on the legs of the lunar module and placed it on the moon. It read: "In July 1969 AD, man came here from the planet Earth and set foot on the moon for the first time. Moon." with an American flag next to it. Since there is no wind on the moon, the flag is made of a particularly hard material in an unfolded shape. At this time, US President Nixon had a phone call with the man on the moon. Armstrong thanked the president and said: "It is a great honor for us to be here."

Next, the two carried out experimental work on the lunar surface. Three scientific instruments were installed and stone and soil samples were collected. At this point, they looked around and thought, "We'll never come here again." Then they climbed into the Eagle, closed the hatch, and prepared to return. Now they feel very tired. After eating, they can take a peaceful nap.

Farewell to the Moon

Now, the two astronauts who have lived on the moon for 21 hours and 36 minutes are about to leave the moon and meet the "Columbia" 110 kilometers above the moon. Met. But whether they can successfully launch is still worrying, because ascent from the moon may be more dangerous than landing. There is no complete launch pad, only the small rocket engine, which has never been tested. If it fails, the two astronauts will have to wait for death on the moon. Rescue is impossible. As long as the oxygen runs out, people will be finished.

The command center gave the order to take off, and Aldrin counted down the numbers: 5-4-3-2-1. Armstrong pressed the button and the engine ignited. In an instant, the "Eagle" rose into the air and safely entered orbit. The commanders wiped the sweat from their faces and said excitedly: "Eagle, the whole world is proud of you!"

"Eagle" and "Columbia" were successfully connected again, becoming "Eagle" Apollo" spacecraft 11. The three of us were so happy to be together in the command module. On July 22, the spacecraft began its long journey back to the earth's oasis. The lunar module completed its mission and was thrown into space. Armstrong and Aldrin felt a little sad when they abandoned their small cabin. They wanted to take it home, but that was impossible.

They bid farewell to the lunar module and prepared to leave the lunar orbit. This is another anxious moment. If the spacecraft engine fails, "Apollo" will continue to fly in the lunar orbit and will never be able to return home. As a result, it successfully entered orbit around the Earth. After about 60 hours of routine navigation, at 12:22 pm on July 24, they abandoned the service module and began their descent into the atmosphere. A few minutes later, they landed on the Pacific Ocean.

The three astronauts who have completed their trip to the moon cannot go home immediately. They have to stay at the immunization center for two weeks until the dangerous period of the germs is over before they can be reunited with their families.

The rocks and loose soil they brought back were sent to scientists in many countries, helping mankind answer many mysterious questions. From the analysis of lunar rocks, people know that the moon is about 4.5 billion years old, the same as the earth; the average temperature of the moon is about 700 degrees Celsius; it can be said that it has a shell, but nothing is known about its thickness, etc. The first landing on the moon was a great victory for mankind in conquering space.

Humanity enters the space age

Following the successful moon landing of "Apollo" 11, the United States successively launched "Apollo" 12 to 17 manned spacecraft and successfully carried out Moon exploration, at this point, the "Apollo" flight is over. What it enlightens us is: success comes from countless failures, and failure also contains success; it is worth risking your life to conquer space and conduct unprecedented human exploration; any success comes from careful design, careful construction, careful operation, Direct carefully; any failure often comes from carelessness, neglect of small problems and confusion in management.

The scientific achievements brought about by the lunar exploration were enormous. In opening up the road to the moon, space technology has been developed unprecedentedly and human space vision has been expanded. It has enabled mankind to gain a lot of knowledge about space. However, the vast universe has endless mysteries. In order to conquer the universe and further explore the secrets of space, future scientific explorers who are committed to science still need to continue to work hard.

The advancement of space technology such as artificial satellites, sky laboratories, space shuttles, and various unmanned detectors will surely promote the arrival of the space age.

Now, scientific explorers still want to send people to Mars, which is indeed a bold adventure. The journey from the earth to the moon is less than 500,000 kilometers, but it takes hundreds of millions of kilometers to fly to Mars. People can reach the moon in a few days, but it will take about a year to reach Mars. Such interplanetary travel expeditions may require a new type of nuclear-powered spacecraft and rockets.

“The earth is the cradle of mankind, but people cannot live in the cradle forever.” With the development of science and technology, the ideal of human beings landing on other planets will definitely become a reality.