What does "Yangzhou thin horse" mean during the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

Generally speaking, thin horse = prostitute.

There is a word called "Yangzhou thin horse", which refers to this phenomenon. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the management agencies of the salt industry monopoly were located in Yangzhou, and many businessmen also settled here. Rich salt merchants fattened up the local flower and willow industry, and raising thin horses was one of the most typical ways.

When wealthy businessmen come to select thin horses, they have a very mature process. Face, posture, voice and etiquette can all be used as bargaining chips. In the perverted aesthetics of that time, small feet were a very important item, so the best thin horses must meet the "three-inch golden lotus" standard - "thin, small, pointed, curved, fragrant, soft, and upright." The thin horse chosen by the wealthy businessman will have a gold hairpin or jade hairpin inserted in his hair, which means that he has been chosen. Just like choosing a foal in the horse market, the price of a high-quality product can even reach more than a thousand taels of silver.

To buy the virgin at a low price and sell it at a high price, the madam (or Yapo) had a very clear plan. It's a pity that so many poor and good-natured girls are treated like commodities and allowed to be picked by others. Moreover, those who can marry into rich families as concubines are considered lucky, and there are a lot of poor women who spend the rest of their lives in brothels. Of course, there is also the luckiest thin horse in the legend. She is Tian Guifei who was extremely loved by Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

Chinese language has complex connotations. Sometimes you can’t just interpret the meaning, otherwise you will be totally wrong! For example, the word thin horse!

A skinny horse is not a horse!

Ma Zhiyuan, a famous composer in the Yuan Dynasty, has a famous poem: The sky is pure, the sand is in autumn, the crows are dim in the dead vines and the old trees, the people are in the small bridges and the water is flowing, and the horses are thin in the west wind on the ancient road. The sun sets in the west, and the heartbroken people are at the end of the world. It writes about the writer's sad autumn mood, and is highly praised by the world for its broad and desolate realm. The image of "the thin horse in the west wind on the ancient road" in the song has the feeling of a heartbroken man at the end of the world. Thin horses are considered beautiful. If a scholar rides a fat horse, it will disgrace the scenery.

I once wrote a special chapter about Qin Guan in a book, because Qin Guan is considered a native of Yangzhou, and he is the master of the sentimental and graceful school, and he is the Prince Charming loved by singing girls. Therefore, I was The title given to this chapter is a graceful thin horse. This is due to the influence of Ma Zhiyuan, a composer from the Yuan Dynasty. He thinks that Shouma is an image of a down-and-out scholar wandering around the world. Later, a university professor reminded me and asked me to seriously study the word thin horse!

Shou Ma is a proper term in the Yangzhou Fengyue Fair during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is not something to be said casually. Just like now, you can't call people "Miss" casually, you can't compare others to chickens and ducks, and you can't call your mother "Mommy" affectionately, because habits and customs will affect the language and cause huge changes in the language.

In layman's terms, thin horses are a miserable group in Yangzhou during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Some little girls were raised and sold for money due to poor family circumstances or other reasons. . They may not be prostitutes, but there are many such girls who eventually sink and enter places of prostitution. After all, a thin horse is an object, an object that can be invested in for a long time to obtain huge profits. Tragically, this object is a human being, a girl who once was in her prime!

Yangzhou has been a place of economic and cultural prosperity since ancient times. In addition, there are many wealthy salt merchants in Yangzhou. They are full, warm and lustful, and the custom of drinking, prostitution and keeping concubines is prevalent, so it is a popular place. This sinful business was born, "Weiyang is among the kings, and Sichuan is beautiful, so the women are beautiful, gentle in temperament, and gentle in manners. Because there is a lot of water and air, and they are also attracted by their delicate air, all directions cannot The enemy is also. However, people in Yang are accustomed to seeing strange things. Girls in the market are dressed up and taught how to play calligraphy, painting, music and chess in order to attract high rewards. They call them 'skinny horses'."

Qing Dynasty scholar Wu Changchi had a more detailed record of the thin horse in "Kechuang Xiahua". "Jinling gangsters buy young girls from all over the country, select the handsome ones, condition their skin, decorate their clothes, and teach them by masters. They can do everything like calligraphy, painting, piano, chess, Xiao, flute, and strings. When it comes to melons, they cost a lot. They were sold to wealthy eunuchs and merchants as concubines, or even entered into brothels, where they were called "raising thin horses".

"To put it bluntly, Shouma is a girl bought by a rich man from a poor family and trained to serve as the rich man's "secondary wife reserve team". In other words, it is a kind of naked human trafficking that harms women!

< p> After the Tang Dynasty, people's aesthetic views changed 180 degrees, and they began to regard thinness as beauty. Therefore, the first characteristic of Yangzhou thin horses is that they have a thin body and a slim waist. The owners usually strictly restrict their diet. If they grow into big breasts and fat buttocks, the price will definitely be greatly reduced.

The second characteristic is that they are beautiful, and they basically have them. Artistic attainments in piano, chess, calligraphy and painting. Therefore, their bosses also need to provide them with professional art education, which is a long-term investment.

Third, most of them have a tragic fate. A concubine is a slave, just like the black slaves in Africa in the past. Years of careful training and training are actually to... reveal the largest pornographic service industry chain in ancient times

Do you know "Yangzhou Slim Horse"? ? A product that emerged because wealthy people couldn’t control their lower bodies, and behind it is a huge and professional pornographic service industry chain in ancient China!

What is "Skinny Horse"?

Since the Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou has developed a prosperous commercial economy and is home to a group of wealthy salt merchants. These tycoons have monopolized the national salt industry and can be said to be "super, super, super rich." .

When they are rich, they think about being happy all day long. As the saying goes, "when you are full and warm, you think about lust."

They were tired of eating big fish and meat, and tired of seeing big breasts and fat buttocks, and wanted to change to a lighter "taste". Demand meant business opportunities. In order to cater to the perverted ideas of wealthy businessmen, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Yangzhou appeared

"Raising thin horses" refers to those slender and thin women, and "raising thin horses" refers to training them.

In short, it is similar to raising. It has become a game in which Yapo (traffickers) buy girls, train them to look like the wealthy businessmen, and finally sell them to them at a high price (Shou Ma is an insulting word for women, which means that women can be destroyed and ravaged at will, as in It is common to abuse weak horses)

"Skinny Horse" Development Plan

In order for "Skinny Horse" to be used as a commodity, there must first be a source of supply. It’s the daughter of a poor family. Where there are more rich people, there are often more poor people. What if they can’t survive?

In Yangzhou city, what if you can’t survive? If a poor family raises a good-looking daughter, people will secretly care about her. When she is seven or eight years old, Yapo (human trafficker) starts to come to buy the girl, but no one wants the rustic girl. The most important thing after Yapa buys the girl back is It's "packaging".

Yapo classifies girls according to their appearance, figure and other criteria, and roughly divides them into three types of qualifications. Different qualifications have different development directions and also mean different prices.

First-class qualification: Little Fairy with both virtue and art

"You get what you pay for", the girls with the best quality have to learn the most courses. They have art classes and cultural classes every day. In order to better meet the needs of wealthy businessmen, they even learn the secrets of the house.

Second-class qualification: shrewd and capable female secretary

Girls with less looks and brains, and girls with lower qualities rely on wisdom to get to the top, although they can also Learn to read and play music, but the main training is in bookkeeping, accounting, accounting and other skills. The goal is to become a qualified accountant. After all, the funders are all businessmen.

Third-class qualification: housewife who is an expert at housework

Girls with the worst conditions can’t even get on the stage and can only learn to be women. Red, tailor or learn cooking skills such as frying, steaming and puff pastry, and become a tiring housewife.

The ultimate goal of training is to make them completely conform to the aesthetic taste of the sponsors, such as thin figure, Walking softly and looking at people affectionately, he became a qualified toy. After several years of packaging and development, the "skinny horse" finally reached the age of fourteen or fifteen, and the nannies began to invite customers to come and buy it.

"Skinny Horse" Buying Guide

Although the funders are lewd and perverted, they are not stupid and cannot be taken advantage of. In order to choose high quality They have a set of strict identification methods for the "thin horse" (the most important thing for merchants is the evaluation of the thin horse's small feet). There is a very detailed method for identifying the "three-inch golden lotus", and people have also developed a " "Thin, small, sharp, curved, fragrant, soft, upright" and other seven standards.)

When the donors select the "thin horse", they will put the gold hairpin or jade hairpin The hairpin is stuck in her temples. If she doesn't like it, just give her a few hundred coins to send her away.

The donors spent more than a thousand taels of silver to buy the "Skinny Horse". The biological parents of the "Skinny Horse" only had one or twenty taels, and all the remaining money went into it. In Yapo's pocket, the huge profits from the human flesh trade support many human traffickers. The thin horses trained in Yangzhou are sold in large quantities all over the country every year because of their good quality and numerous praises.

The fate of the “thin horse”

Where did the thin horse go after being bought? Generally speaking, good quality thin horses have two ways out. One is to be bought back by the benefactors for their own use, and become concubines and maids, and become their playthings; the other is to be bought by the benefactors and given to officials and dignitaries as a special way for businessmen to collude with officials. Gift.

If you are lucky, you will be able to enjoy the glory and wealth before your beauty fades. If you are not lucky, you will be It is normal for the head wife to be tortured to the point of death.

Of course not. Those "thin horses" who were not favored by the sponsors were eventually sent to brothels to become prostitutes. "Yangzhou thin horses" are an insult to women and a sin of the ancient human flesh trade. However, even in modern society, transactions involving children and women still occur from time to time.

"Ten Miles of Spring Breeze on Yangzhou Road" At night, the fireworks and willow lanes beside the Qinhuai River are full of singing, dancing, and heavy makeup, but who else remembers the tears shed by the "thin horses"?

In ancient times, Yangzhou was the settlement of salt merchants from the Huaihe River and Huaihe River (Huainan and Huaibei). The salt merchants were very wealthy at that time, and their luxurious life was comparable to that of the royal family. Their wealth also supported a large number of people. One of the industries that rely on it to survive is "raising thin horses". They were created to cater to the abnormal psychological needs of salt merchants.

"Shou Ma" is an insulting term for women, which means that women can be tortured and ravaged at will, just like a weak horse. Why is it called "Skinny Horse"? This is because Ya Gong and Ya Po, who are engaged in "raising thin horses", buy young girls from poor families at a low price, raise them and then sell them at a high price. This is the same business method as a businessman who buys thin horses at a low price, fatten them up and then sell them at a high price. , so people call this type of women "thin horses".

First invest in buying back good-looking girls from poor families and then train them, teach them to sing, dance, play music, chess, calligraphy and painting, and then sell them to the rich as concubines or marry them when they grow up. Qin Lou and Chu Pavilion, in order to make profits from it. Because poor girls are often thin and weak, the name "skinny horse" comes from this. When you first buy a virgin, you only pay a dozen taels for it, but when you get married, you can earn up to 1,500 taels. Seeing the profits, ordinary people imitated the practice and it became a trend. In the Ming Dynasty, Yangzhou salt merchants monopolized the salt transportation industry in the country and became rich and wealthy. Therefore, at that time, the trend of "raising thin horses" in Yangzhou was the most popular in the country.

Some time ago, a girl went to Yangzhou for a trip. At that time, she posted on a circle of friends and wrote: "I would like to be a thin horse in Yangzhou and wander around the world with you." She also added a selfie of herself. All her friends commented below and laughed at her. The "Yangzhou thin horse" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties did not represent the kind of rideable horses raised by herdsmen, but described some of the "special" women of that era.

Therefore, when Chinese characters are broad and profound, if you don’t understand what they mean, don’t use them indiscriminately, otherwise it may end up being a joke.

Special environment breeds special industries

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Yangzhou could be said to be an important gathering place for salt merchants in Huainan and Huaibei. All the so-called salt merchants were wealthy On the one hand, as long as they have money, they will find ways to eat, drink and have fun, so these wealthy salt merchants will spend money to buy "thin horses" in Yangzhou and keep them as concubines when they return home.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many Yangzhou people invested in the industry of "raising thin horses". They bought little girls from poor families and trained them professionally. The little girls were usually around eight years old when they were bought. , there will be specialized people to teach them music, chess, calligraphy and painting, various dances, even cooking various delicacies, and also teach them various needlework. Because most little girls from poor families cannot afford to eat, they are very thin. This industry is like a businessman buying a pony, raising it and fattening it, and then selling it. That’s why it was called “raising” in Yangzhou at that time. "Shou Ma", the term "Shou Ma" was a bad name for the girls who were bought at that time.

After a girl is bought, she is usually trained at home for about five years. When she reaches the age of thirteen or fourteen, she will be sold in a special market. Those wealthy businessmen with big bellies and round waists will come to choose thin horses, and there is a very strict process for choosing thin horses. The first thing they look at at first glance is the facial features, then the figure, and then the girl. foot. A large number of wealthy businessmen value a girl's feet most, and they have a detailed set of identification methods for a girl's feet. If they meet the seven standards of "thin, pointed, small, curved, fragrant, soft, and straight", Then the girl's feet are first-class "three-inch golden lotus". This is the favorite standard of wealthy businessmen.

Good-looking girls who know all kinds of etiquette will be bought by these wealthy businessmen and kept as concubines at home. Such girls are also first-class thin horses, and their fate is relatively lucky. . As for the remaining thin horses selected by wealthy businessmen, their luck will not be so good. Most of them will be bought by the old madams in the brothels, and then go to serve all kinds of people, even if they can't eat or drink. Sad, but my life is ruined like this.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the main reason why so many people in Yangzhou were engaged in the trading of thin horses was that this industry was extremely profitable. People who raise thin horses buy girls from poor families for only ten taels of copper and carefully train them for five years. Generally, they can be sold for dozens or hundreds of taels of silver, and those first-class thin horses can even be sold To thousands of taels of silver. It was precisely because of the huge profits in this industry that many people in Yangzhou were engaged in this industry at that time.

The luckiest "thin horse" in history

If we want to say that the luckiest thin horse in history must be the concubine of Chongzhen, the last emperor of the Ming Dynasty, she is Tian Guifei . Concubine Tian's mother, Mrs. Wu, was a famous prostitute in Yangzhou at that time. Her daughter was trained as a thin horse by learning all kinds of music, chess, calligraphy and painting, boudoir etiquette, embroidery skills, and even how to detect men's thoughts since she was a child. Concubine Tian lived up to her expectations and eventually married Emperor Chongzhen. In the history of the Ming Dynasty, only Tian was the only woman with such a humble background and no children who could become a concubine so quickly. Concubine Tian Guifei was deeply favored by Emperor Chongzhen because of her elegant manners, versatility, and ability in literature and military affairs. Later, on July 15, the 15th year of Chongzhen, Concubine Tian died of illness. Emperor Chongzhen was very sad, and finally buried her in Tianshou Mountain as an imperial concubine. Later, Emperor Chongzhen and Empress Zhou were also buried in this mausoleum. Therefore, Concubine Tian is the luckiest thin horse in history.

Conclusion: The word "skinny horse" is a great insult to women, just like you can't just call a girl "Miss" today. The two words have similar meanings and are both very insulting. sex. It was precisely because of the special environment and the special era at that time that the special industry of buying and selling thin horses was born. Nowadays, the times are developing, and in such a civilized world as it is now, there will no longer be such a dark industry as buying and selling thin horses.

Regarding the definition of thin horse, there is such a description in the book "Wuzazu" by Xie Zhaozhe of the Ming Dynasty: Wei Yang lives in the heaven and earth, and the rivers and lakes are beautiful, so the women are mostly beautiful and gentle in temperament. Be polite and wise. It is said that there is a lot of beauty and energy, and women are also attracted by their spiritual and spiritual energy, so they cannot be defeated by all parties.

However, the people of Weiyang used to regard this as a rare commodity. They sold young girls in the market, dressed them up carefully, and taught them how to play calligraphy, arithmetic, piano, and chess.

Along with the trend of concubinage, there will be a trend of jealousy. For concubines, how to satisfy their lustful desires and avoid the jealousy of the "mistress" (the head wife of the family), taking a concubine from Yangzhou became the first choice. The reason is very simple. The thin horses produced in Yangzhou not only have the beauty necessary for women, but also have skills such as playing music, chess, and cooking. Moreover, the education they received since childhood is how to maintain the peace of the family after becoming concubines. . These thin horses have received the education of "being humble and serving their mistresses". Therefore, even the jealous wives in large families are "stricter than others and lenient to those who increase their wealth." There was indeed a perverted human flesh business in Yangzhou during the Ming Dynasty, which was euphemistically called "raising thin horses."

Generally, if a poor family raises a good daughter, when she is seven or eight years old, a rich family will adopt her. "Shou Ma" is divided into three levels: handsome, ugly, smart and stupid.

Anyone who is smart, handsome, and charming will teach her to play the piano, flute, recite poetry, write, draw, go, play Shuanglu, and dominoes to support her family. Female teachers are generally required to teach the skills. In addition to dressing up, standing, sitting and lying down, they also learn the pillow style according to special teaching materials.

Second-class women with average talents will not be taught skills such as playing, singing, and painting. Generally, she is required to learn a few words, learn two sets of pipa and string instruments, and learn how to calculate accounts, manage household affairs, and do business. Marry the guest and let him be the shopkeeper.

When she reaches the third class, she is no longer asked to learn silk strings. She is only asked to learn some needlework or picking velvet and thread, and she can make money by cutting large and small cuts. Some also learned how to cook on the stove, fry and steam crisps, make stove food, and arrange fruits, each with their own skills.

Yangzhou’s custom of teaching women about physical issues is generally known as the “Fireworks World”.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Yangzhou was a gathering place for salt merchants. The salt merchants were extremely wealthy due to the huge profits from their industry, and their luxurious life was comparable to that of the royal family. This has also led to some industries for its consumption, and "raising thin horses" is one of them.

As the ancients said, hunger and cold are favored by food and clothing, and food and clothing are favored by lust. In order to cater to the abnormal psychology of these wealthy salt merchants, some people with quick thinking provided beautiful women as concubines. They went to some poor people's homes to buy some pretty girls, and asked people to teach them poetry, singing, dancing and etiquette, so as to please the rich people and make a profit. Most of these girls have grown thin due to family difficulties. Therefore, people call this phenomenon "raising a thin horse". Because this phenomenon originated in Yangzhou, it is called Yangzhou thin horse.

My humble opinion, welcome to discuss in the comment area.

The novel "Pan Liangyu" mentioned Yangzhou Slimming, which shows that the history is not far away. It reflects the contempt for women in China's feudal society. At that time, buying a son or daughter was a common way for the poor to survive the life-and-death struggle during the famine years. Like a child bride. Sacrifice one to save the whole family. For the black-hearted landlords and rich people, they had three wives, four concubines and eight aunts who took advantage of them at a low price. They enjoyed life and made money and made small profits. It was common in those years. The maids and children in the TV series all have the same nature. Even better-off poor families raise children and wives. It is a feudal style with a long history. Only the socialist revolution in New China eradicated the feudal residue. The Constitution makes Chinese women's status equal to that of men. India: The country of Mengjiala still regards women as a society

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, many poor families in the south of the Yangtze River gave birth to girls. When they grew up to seven or eight years old, there would be "skinny horses" in Yangzhou. People came to visit, hoping to buy the little girl with money. After buying the girl, he taught her poetry, poetry, chess, calligraphy and painting, and needlework based on her talent and appearance. She then put the girl up for sale and called her a "thin horse."

This kind of dirty business actually has an elegant name like "The ancient road has a thin horse in the west wind, the sun sets in the west, and the heartbroken man is at the end of the world", and it is said that this name The source is a poem by Bai Juyi, a great poet of the Tang Dynasty:

Don’t raise a thin horse, don’t teach a young prostitute.

The funeral is now, don’t believe me, you will remember it.

The horse is fat and can walk quickly, and the prostitute can sing and dance.

In the past three to five years, it has been heard that the owner has changed.

These humble little "skinny horses" who are trampled on by others, have no friends, are alone, and have no food to eat. Their only hope is that when these women are fourteen or fifteen years old, they are recommended to wealthy businessmen by the local nanny. As a concubine, if the buyer takes the fancy, a gold hairpin or jade hairpin will be inserted into the woman's temples.

The Ming Dynasty scholar Zhang Dai recorded the selection process in detail in his article "Yangzhou Shou Ma": "Go to Shou Ma's house, sit down, have tea, Yapa helped Shou Ma out and said: "Girl, come on," he said. He said, "My dear sir." He glanced at her and said, "How old is the girl?" The toe comes out. However, there is a way to look at the toe. If the skirt is raised first, it must be big. If the skirt is tied high and the toe comes out before the person comes out, it must be small. Come out. There must be five or six people in a family, so salty."

Some girls will end up even more miserable if they are not selected by wealthy businessmen, and they may be sold to brothels. Flesh business.

To grow into a qualified "skinny horse", you have to endure strict technical training. Those masters who teach various skills will hit people with big sticks at every turn, even if they play a small note. If you play incorrectly, you may get a severe beating.

In the eyes of most people, Yangzhou thin horse is equivalent to Wei Chunhua's career. This is a misunderstanding. Because losing weight is far from simple. Let’s first talk about what Yangzhou Shou Ma is

Yangzhou Shou Ma is a group of unfortunate girls who have been selected, trained and trained since childhood.

The training they need to receive is not as simple as singing and dancing to please men.

Piano, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry, wine and tea, dealing with others, conversation and behavior are just the most basic basic skills. In addition to these, there are also appreciation of antiques, clothes cutting and embroidery by female workers, massage and medicine, health care, cooking spoons, snack making and so on.

Up to now, all of them are erudite and talented goddess-level figures.

Of course, because people have different qualifications, the training directions of Yangzhou thin horses are also different. According to appearance, figure and talent, Yangzhou thin horses are also divided into three, six or nine grades.

After the high-level generals are cultivated, countless dignitaries will come to ask for marriage. The middle and lower class ones are usually sold to high-end clubs.

It can be said that the Yangzhou thin horse is usually a concubine, or a famous opera actor, and finally an improper career woman.

In addition, Chen Yuanyuan, the most powerful person in the country, was born in a thin horse. Let’s talk about why it’s called thin horse

The word thin horse originally came from Bai Juyi’s poem, “Don’t raise a thin horse, don’t teach a little prostitute.”

The word thin horse is a person who is interested in women. Full of insulting words. It means that women can be trampled and insulted at will, just like a pony that can be bullied.

Later, it evolved into the meaning of buying a pony, fattening it up and then selling it.

In addition, there are also reasons for selection criteria.

"Thin, small, pointed, curved, fragrant, soft and upright". It is the standard for thin horse selection. Because being thin is the most basic option, these unfortunate women are also called thin horses. 3. Let’s talk about the reasons why the thin horse was born.

The thin horse originated from concubinage.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the practice of taking concubines was very popular. Once scholars reached high school, they almost always did two things, changing their names and taking concubines. There is even a saying of "change your number and marry a younger one".

Changing one's number means improving one's status, and marrying a younger one means having more children and growing the family. Of course, there are also people who do it just because they are lustful.

Although the law of the Ming Dynasty stipulated that men could only take concubines if they were over forty years old and had no heirs. But in reality it has not been effectively implemented. Everyone should be able to understand this. Officials are all men, and men are not good-looking.

But everyone also knows that it is almost impossible for a daughter from a wealthy family to be a concubine.

After all, not everyone can be as shameless as Xu Jie in the Ming Dynasty and gave his granddaughter to Yan Song's grandson as a concubine

Unless the daughter of a poor family is very beautiful, few people can look at her. superior. Brothel girls are a career that few people would choose.

Those tricksters who are both good at sex and art, knowledgeable and sensible, and have a clean life experience are very popular. But such a woman is hard to find, so the birth of Shouma was born. (Ji refers to a singing girl who performs her craft without selling her body.)

Because of the prevalence of concubinage, Yangzhou has been famous for its beauties since ancient times. Therefore, in Yangzhou, an industry chain was created in which women were adopted, trained, and then sold. This industrial chain was called raising thin horses at the time.

As for saying that Yangzhou has been a prosperous place since ancient times, and that Yangzhou is wealthy and the salt merchants have abnormal desires, these are all far-fetched statements.

The basis of "Being 100,000 gold and riding a crane down to Yangzhou" is that there are beauties in Yangzhou. Without beauties, the literati and sluts would have gone elsewhere. Summary

Some people once compared Yangzhou Shou Ma, Datong Auntie, Taishan Auntie and West Lake Boat Girl, which is wrong.

In essence, Yangzhou Shouma and Datong Auntie cultivate concubines for dignitaries, and then the rest. This is different from other illegitimate professional women.

But no matter what, it is a tragic product of the ancient feudal ethics where men were superior to women and women were inferior.