How to examine the topic proposition argument

At school, the teacher asked students to write a topic called propositional composition. Some students said: proposition composition is difficult. This is not unreasonable. Propositional composition, as an important way of composition training, requires us to write according to the content specified in the topic, and we can't leave the topic and write freely. As far as argumentative writing is concerned, it also brings certain restrictions on what and how to discuss. Proposition composition is often only a few words, without any material inspiration and suggestion. Especially in the exam, candidates should determine the writing path for the proposition in a short time, and the examination of the topic naturally seems very important. Now, let's look at the topic types of propositional argumentative essays. To sum up, it can be roughly divided into the following eleven categories:

The title of the argumentative essay itself is the argument of the article. For example, worry about the world first, enjoy the world later, and be content with the ordinary philosophy, which can be compensated by diligence.

Conceptual formula puts forward the problem to be discussed with a concept. For example, "speaking habits." Talk about clothes, simply talk about fashion, etc.

There are two or more related concepts in a relational type, which means that the relationship between them should be demonstrated. Such as individual and collective, personality and nationality, genius, diligence and conditions.

Contrastive type uses two comparable concepts or things to put forward a proposition, and requires to demonstrate the contrast or transformation relationship between them. Such as inferiority and conceit, failure and success, computer and human brain.

The choice of metaphor can be used as the proposition of metaphor and analogy, which requires revealing the truth contained in metaphor and analogy. Such as clean stream and life source, scientists and spring silkworms, flower appreciation, flower cultivation and flower protection.

The symbolic choice of symbolic things needs to discuss some kind of spirit and character symbolized by things. For example, praise the style of green leaves, road signs and grass.

A comment on a person, an event or an idea. Such as Lu Xun's Spirit, On the Collapse of Leifeng Pagoda, Comments on the Rites in Cangli, etc.

Extension is an introduction to something or a proposition of something, which needs to be discussed by topic. Such as "Chasing Han Xin from Xiao He", "Playing People with Rou Shi" and "Association of Panda Scrap Boxes".

Textual research is a formal proposition, which requires textual research on a certain issue, verification and comments. Such as "Question and Answer" and "The Origin of Gambling". "Write as if there is a new solution to God" and so on.

Feeling is put forward in the form of post-reading feeling or post-reading feeling, which requires expressing feelings and discussing. For example, some thoughts on reading "Takeism", some thoughts on Riesling being clubbed, and a review of the movie "Opium War".

Refutation type aims at disagreeing with views or opinions, using rhetoric or question propositions to refute. For example, "The more knowledge, the more reactionary?" "refusing to live is a transaction", "being loyal to the original" and so on.

Although each type of propositional argumentative essay has its own characteristics of topic examination, as a propositional composition, no matter what type, it has the same requirements for topic examination, that is, to try to figure out the meaning of the topic itself, establish the topic and discuss it. Distinguish the similarities and differences between conceptual propositions and relational propositions. Although they are both conceptual propositions, the former expounds a concept, while the latter demonstrates the relationship between two or more related concepts. To understand the characteristics and requirements of comparison, metaphor and symbol propositions, especially metaphor and analogy propositions, it is necessary to make metaphors appropriate, closely follow analogy points, and comprehensively and profoundly reveal the * * * similarity between analogy things and the truth to be explained; We should also understand that when we grasp the analogy between the natural phenomena provided in the proposition and the familiar life phenomena and deduce the truth from them, the more typical the life phenomenon is, the more common the truth is and the more profound the discussion is. It is necessary to distinguish the subtle differences between identification, extension, textual research and emotional proposition. Appraisal needs evaluation and reasoning, extension needs to be played by the topic, textual research needs to be verified and confirmed, and feelings need to be discussed. If we grasp this subtle difference in the examination, we can accurately reflect the proposition intention in the discussion; For the rebuttal proposition, we should examine and clarify where the other party's argument is wrong, pay attention to the targeted rebuttal, and don't talk to ourselves and digress; Even if you encounter an argumentative proposition, it seems that you can know it at a glance, but you should understand the meaning of the argument word by word, and you can't expect business to be business.

For example, the national college entrance examination essay topic "Worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later" is a famous saying of Fan Zhongyan, a famous minister in the Song Dynasty, in Yueyang Tower. Some candidates don't understand the meaning of this famous saying, which means that people who come down from their husbands are always sad, while those who come down from their younger generations are always happy and joking, so the article naturally doesn't know what to say. Some candidates know little about this famous saying. In the article, they put forward a view that the joy of the world comes first and the worry of the world comes later, and criticized it with negative examples. I don't know that the worry of the world means that everyone is worried and I am worried. It should be said that it still contains the thought of worrying about the country and the people. It is obviously inappropriate to criticize it as a negative argument. Therefore, the examination of argumentative propositions cannot be taken lightly. From this point of view, no matter what kind of propositional argumentative paper, we should try to figure out the meaning of the topic itself and grasp the object, scope and focus of discussion. In order to achieve this goal, we can adopt the following three methods.

(1) marking method. Is to see the mark on the title of the article clearly and understand the object of discussion. For example, the words "being honest and knowing manners" are the marks in the title. If you read these two words clearly, you will know that the relationship between honesty and courtesy must be clearly analyzed when writing this topic: honesty and courtesy mean that material production will have a direct impact on moral concepts, so the importance of honesty should be discussed first. But on the other hand, I still don't know what I really know, so I should make a fuss about literacy, discuss how to really understand etiquette and express my views; Grasping facts and knowledge to discuss can not only closely follow the meaning of the problem, but also judge the depth. Generally speaking, most of the topics in the argumentative papers of the college entrance examination have a certain score. If we can thoroughly understand the meaning of keywords as markers by carefully scrutinizing every word in the topic, then it is not difficult for us to clarify the requirements of the topic and the object of discussion, which can effectively prevent digression.

(2) Analysis method. It is to analyze the language relationship and meaning of the topic and understand the scope and focus of the discussion. For example, the title "Rou Shi talks about playing tricks on people" has a long sentence. We can analyze the language relations that make up the topic: This topic can be divided into two parts: Talking about the deceptive peace talks in Rou Shi. The relationship between the two is that the former is the origin of discussion and the latter is the focus of discussion. Rou Shi's four words "harming others but not benefiting himself" are classic, which comes from Lu Xun's evaluation of Rou Shi in the article "Remembering Forgetting": no matter from the old morality or the new morality, he will choose and recite anything that harms others and does not benefit himself. This gives Rou Shi an evaluation of selfishness and limits the scope of discussion. Obviously, the focus of the article is not to evaluate Rou Shi's revolutionary life, but to praise his selfish noble character, and to discuss it with the current reality. This correctly understands the meaning of the problem.

(3) Comparative method. If you can't grasp the writing focus of a topic for a while, it is also a good method to compare another similar topic together to distinguish different discussion focuses and then examine the meaning of the topic. If we compare the origin of gambling with the harm of gambling, we will understand that the focus of the former topic is to dig the root of gambling, study how gambling originated, and discuss it with the origin suppressed, while the focus of the latter topic is the harm of gambling; Another example is that "writing seems to have a new understanding of God" and "reading like a book, writing seems to have God", which seem to be very similar, but in fact they are quite different. The previous question has a new explanation, so it is not required to discuss the content of Du Fu's original poem in the second question. Where else is the new one? On the contrary, judging from the quotation marks added to the word "God" in the next writing, the meaning of the title obviously does not refer to the result of Du Fu's original poems breaking through thousands of volumes, so what caused the writing to be like a god? Worth pondering; If we make a few more comments on the gods, this is a new solution.

As the saying goes: only comparison can identify. Contrastive analysis of similar topics can help us know how to exclude irrelevant content or materials from writing, and can also inspire us to avoid the same ideas of similar topics through comparison, so as to grasp the key points of writing and explore new ideas that others have not noticed in the article. Skillfully using these three methods to examine questions can be said to have mastered the skills of examination of propositional argumentative papers. As is known to all, Liu Yiqing in the Southern Dynasties recorded a story in Shi Shuo Xin Yu, which said that Huan Wen of the Jin Dynasty led troops to the north, ordered Yuan Hu to draw up official documents by relying on horses, and Yuan Hu gave orders by relying on horses to grasp the requirements. He made seven articles in one fell swoop and made a very good proposition composition, which was later called "leaning on horses". Therefore, mastering the skills of examining questions and insisting on regular training of proposition composition will be of great benefit to training the pertinence and agility of our thinking, and also help to cultivate a horse-learning talent with fast writing ability.