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What is the detailed influence of Germanic peoples on the historical development of Central and Eastern Europe?

The history of this family can be traced back to 10 century. At first, the family occupied land in Alsace and northwest Switzerland. The name Habsburg may also be taken from a castle in Switzerland.

Rudolph I (Rudolph I)

The first German king of the Habsburg family and the holy Roman emperor. His coming to power was supported by Pope Gregory X, because the Pope needed a powerful northern ally to help him defeat Italian Charles I. However, Rudolph I's succession aroused the dissatisfaction of all European countries, accusing the election of the emperor of being unfair. King Otoka II of Bohemia became the leader of the opposition and began to send troops against Rudolph I. Finally, in 1278, Rudolph I defeated Atoka II in the battle of Marci Field, and occupied today's Austrian region, which became the core of the Habsburg family in the future.

Albert I 1298- 1308

After his father Rudolph I died, he inherited his land in Austria. But at this time, the German candidates did not want to see the crown of the Holy Roman Empire become the private property of the Habsburg family. They chose Adolf of Nassau, Duke of Luxembourg, as emperor. Due to the reality of strength, Albert I temporarily accepted this arrangement. However, after several years of saving his strength, he suddenly found it difficult to force Rudolph to forcibly ascend to the throne in 1298, so he forcibly elected a candidate to be emperor again. After he ascended the throne, he continued to consolidate and strengthen the dominant position of the Habsburg family. But eventually, he was assassinated by the opposition. It is said that his nephew is behind the scenes. After his death, Habsburg's throne was overthrown again and Luxemburg's henry vii succeeded him.

After that, Habsburg only controlled Austria, and it was not until Albert II regained the throne.

Albert II 1437- 1439

At first Albert II was only an Austrian duke, but he managed to marry the daughter of sigismund, the holy Roman emperor, and succeeded to the throne as a son-in-law after the death of the old emperor. Of course, the opposition during the period was deafening, and Albert II began to adopt the policy of force. He immediately supported the Hus uprising in Bohemia, but died early, and it was also a heavy loss to fight against Turkey. However, in any case, he still firmly controlled the continued rule of the Habsburg dynasty.

Frederik Iii 1440- 1493

He succeeded to the throne as a great-grandson and became the new leader of the Habsburg family. People often think that he is a weak emperor. At one time, he was driven out of Austria by Hungarian King Matthias Colvis Yunus because of unfavorable combat, and lost Bohemia. But within the family, he still firmly United the strength of the whole family.

maksimian I 1508- 15 19

It was not until 15 years after his father's death that he was officially elected emperor. Before he officially ascended the throne, he married his daughter to French King Charles VIII and forced Princess Brittan to marry himself. Later, a series of marriage methods were adopted, which made the Habsburg family spread all over the European continent. At the same time, he also intervened in the Italian war and gained traditional control and influence over small Italian States in the future.

Charles V 15 19- 1556

Spanish King Charles V succeeded to the throne as a grandson. At this time, Maxim I's marriage policy has achieved initial results, and Charles V began to select and inherit family businesses from various countries. One of the biggest "fruits" is Hungary. Prior to this, Maxim I married his granddaughter to King Uradislaus II of Hungary. After his death, Charles V was a distant relative, and the Habsburg family successfully annexed Hungary and Bohemia. At the same time, it also gained control of the Netherlands by the same means. At the same time, the expression "Austriae est Imperera reorbi Universo" became popular, meaning that all people in the world are subjects of Austria.

Ferdinand I 1558- 1564

After his brother died, he inherited the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. At this time, the Habsburg family empire was also divided into two parts, and his nephew Philip II's Spain and the Holy Roman Empire became two independent political entities.

maksimian II 1564- 1576

Inherit as the eldest son. He changed his ancestors' severe repression policy towards Protestantism and began to implement a policy of tolerance and appeasement towards Protestants. The key to the deterioration of relations with Spain is the right to inherit the throne. He also fought against the Turks and successfully defended Austria in the invasion of the Ottoman Empire, becoming a national hero. He refused to accept the sacraments of Catholicism during his lifetime and was considered to have actually converted to Protestantism, but he never publicly admitted it.

Rudolf II (Rudolf II) 1576- 16 12

Inherit as the eldest son. He inherited his father's religious honor policy, was kind and upright, and was also an excellent historian. But as an emperor, he is unfortunate. During this period, he was also invaded by the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, his younger brother, the later emperor Matthias, launched a rebellion against him in Hungary, and the Pope supported Matthias because he was dissatisfied with his religious policy. The whole empire is in chaos.

Matthias1612-1619

After his brother died of illness, Matthias immediately announced the succession of rebellion and consolidated it by force. Followed by severe religious cleansing, a large number of Protestants were arrested, detained and sentenced. Rebellion and uprising have been going on everywhere. This became the prelude to the war of the next thirty years.

Ferdinand II 16 19- 1637

To the grandson of Ferdinand I's youngest daughter. After Matthias proclaimed himself emperor, he actually continued to implement Matthias' religious policy, which led to the outbreak and deterioration of the Thirty Years' War. The Habsburg family itself did not substantially curb the development and spread of Protestantism, but the domestic country broke the people's poverty and social order collapsed.

Ferdinand III

During his tenure, he dismissed the commander Warren Stein and became the commander-in-chief of the whole army. However, after that, the imperial war went from bad to worse. 1648, Ferdinand III had to sign the Peace Treaty of Westphalia, which hastily ended this long and terrible war. The main result of this war was the end of imperial rule in Central Europe.

Leopold I 1658- 1705

After the death of Ferdinand III's eldest son, he became the Crown Prince. This period can be described as between Scylla and Charybdis. In the west, it must deal with the menacing Louis XIV. In the east, it is a haunted Turk. He first joined the anti-French alliance in the third Dutch war, and then there was an uprising in Hungary. By 1683, the Imperial Capital was surrounded by Turks. But with the help of Polish King Johan III, Lipper I finally saved the day, gradually stabilized the situation of the whole empire, and the Habsburg family was maintained. At the same time, under his management, Vienna became the center of European culture and art, and he himself was a very excellent composer.

Joseph I1705-1711.

He became emperor in the Spanish war of succession to the throne, and died suddenly before the end of the war, only six years in office.

Charles VII1711-1740

Inheritance as a brother. This rule ended the war of succession to the Spanish throne. In the East, he continued to resist the invasion of the Ottoman Empire. After participating in the Polish war. There is no male heir, so in his later years, he devoted himself to making countries recognize the inheritance right of his daughter Maria Teresa. Finally, the parties reached the so-called Vienna agreement, but it soon became a piece of waste paper.

Charles VII

He is the great-grandson of Ferdinand II's daughter and a former voter in Bavaria. Refused to recognize Mother Teresa's right of inheritance, and claimed to be the emperor with the support of Prussia and France. His reign was shorter than that of josef i, and he died only three years later.

Maria Theresa 1740- 1780

1740, at the age of 23, Maria Teresa became the queen of the German Holy Roman Empire in Habsburg and also the queen of Hungary. He also became the King of Zhongxing in Austria and Habsburg. As soon as he came to power, a war broke out about his female inheritance right. Countries dominated by Prussia and France declared war one after another, and Frederick II's army marched straight into Vienna. Finally, Teresa was forced to sign a contract under the unstable domestic political situation and ceded Silesia to Prussia. After that, he formed an old enemy with Frederick of Prussia. Although he failed to defeat Frederick II in the next seven years' war and other sword battles, he did not let Frederick take any advantage. At the same time, it also put forward the saying that "moderate peace is better than brilliant war" and gave up the previous militant policy. At home, she carried out a series of policies to promote commerce and trade, improve government institutions and popularize education, and resumed the policy of religious freedom. Known as the "mother of the motherland" by the people of China.

Note: During this period, her husband actually became the emperor of the empire.

Joseph II 1780- 1790.

Like her mother, Joseph II is an enlightened monarch. After taking office, he made drastic improvements, abolished feudal serfdom, developed freedom of speech, and began to reduce aristocratic privileges in an attempt to establish a democratic parliament. At the same time, it also declared war on the Catholic church, and many churches became hospitals and schools. He himself is also suspected to be a member of the * * * product association. In diplomacy, he adopted the strategy of uniting Russia and Prussia. However, in the tenth year of his reign, he contracted a strange disease and died suddenly. Even later generations have always suspected that this was poisoned by nobles who were dissatisfied with his reform. However, even today, there are still jokes about commemorating Joseph II. It is said that when Joseph II opened the Platte Forest where nobles hunted to ordinary people, some nobles argued endlessly about their merits. A marquis said to the emperor, "Your Majesty, if untouchables can go where only nobles can go in the future, where should we go?" Joseph II said with a smile, "If only the same nobles could get together. It seems that I really want to take a walk in the royal cemetery."

Leopold II 1790- 1792

As a brother, he inherited the throne. During the French Revolution, he tried to save his youngest sister Antoine, but in the end he failed. Two years after he ascended the throne, he also contracted a strange disease, sudden death.

Francis II 1792- 1835

Inherit as the eldest son. After taking office, encouraged by the nobles, Joseph II's previous reform measures were almost completely cancelled, and the country as a whole showed a retrogressive trend. Later, in several wars with Napoleon, the aura of the holy Roman emperor was completely broken, and the capital Vienna fell into the hands of the French several times. By 1806, after hundreds of years, the holy Roman Empire, which Voltaire ridiculed as "neither Rome nor sacredness", finally fell apart. Emperor Habsburg has since lost the honor of the so-called imperial emperor, leaving only the Austrian throne. Francis II became the last king of the Holy Empire. After that, the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to take shape. After Napoleon was completely defeated, he also tried to rebuild the glory of the Habsburg dynasty and establish the so-called "Germanic Confederation". At this time, Prussia has gradually begun to replace its own position, and Prussia's "customs union" has also been established tit for tat. This decline is beyond Francis's control.

Ferdinand I 1835- 1848

Like his father, he is an extreme conservative, but at this time he only has the crown of Austrian emperor. The creation of the first * * * international league was triggered by Marx and Engels in 1847. By this year, that is, 1848, the Declaration of * * * has become a new Bible for the poor proletarians. "What proletarians lose in this struggle is only chains, but what they will win is the whole world." Proletarians have nothing to lose but chains. They have a world to win. This has become their new slogan, and the enthusiasm of the Great Revolution has returned. In March, an uprising broke out in Vienna. As a result, Emperor Ferdinand I was forced to abdicate and his nephew Francis Joseph, who was only 18 years old, succeeded him.

Francis Joseph 1848- 19 16

1848 The handsome young man took over the crumbling family business from his uncle, and then he ruled Austria for 68 years. First of all, in the month of 10, the Habsburg army wiped out the uprising army in Vienna, and the Imperial Capital finally got what your Majesty called "peace and tranquility". Later, Francis also realized that the empire was too deep and had to carry out reforms. Unfortunately, he lost in a series of foreign wars, and Habsburg's prestige reached the bottom. The voice of national independence in China is getting stronger and stronger, and only by his policy of combining hard and soft can he barely maintain unity. 1965438+On June 28th, 2004, Serbian nationalists assassinated Crown Prince Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo, which became the fuse of the war. When World War I broke out, Austria was once again involved in the war. Old Francis knew nothing about the times and blindly understood that the war also sounded the death knell for the Habsburg family.

Francis Joseph Sr.

At 19 16, Francis Joseph, who had never seen the war, died alone in Sch? nbrunn Palace.

Charles I1916-1918

As a nephew, he inherited the throne in the predicament of being besieged on all sides. Two years later, the Austro-Hungarian Empire was defeated, the whole country was in chaos, and finally a revolution broke out. After only two years as emperor, Charles I had to take the royal family into exile in Switzerland and become the last king of the Habsburg dynasty.

Today's Habsburg family

Unlike other overthrown European royal families, the Habsburg family did not disappear or fall apart because of the revolution. The Habsburg family has always maintained a very close family relationship. In the future, they also returned to Austria, where members of the Habsburg family can be found active in the political, commercial and cultural circles. Similarly, they are also respected by society, and members of the royal family can keep their royal titles.