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Analyze the content and main points of the text

(A), China Stone Arch Bridge (Author: Mao Yisheng, Chinese bridge scientist, educator. Tang Chen, a native of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu. )

1, word phonetic notation, interpretation

Yanhe: (Xiao) Shuiming, in Hebei Province, China.

Symmetry: (yún chèn) even and proportionate.

Simplicity: simplicity and ancient style.

Zhang Kun: (Zhu), a writer in the Tang Dynasty.

Kyle Poirot: (1254- 1324) Italian traveler. He came to China in 1275, served in Yuan Dynasty 17, and traveled all over China.

Harmony: (xié), with proper symmetry.

Vivid: (xiào), the description is subtle and realistic. Shaw, similar.

Unparalleled: unique and incomparable.

A magnificent leap.

Magnificent gesture: Magnificent gesture.

(method or technique) ingenious and extraordinary.

Ingenuity: There is nothing better than dexterity and cleverness.

Multi-tone character: carrying name

The record in (Z I) says that (chèn) is symmetrical.

Load (zài) and load ratio (chēng)

2. Brief analysis of the text

This is an explanatory article. The author first explains the characteristics of general stone arch bridges, then explains the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges, and then takes Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples to explain the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges in a reasonable order.

The full text can be divided into three parts.

The first part (section 1-2): Generally speaking, the stone arch bridge is characterized by beautiful shape, firm structure and long-term function.

The second part (paragraphs 3-9): The characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge and the reasons for its brilliant achievements are introduced in detail with examples. It can be divided into four layers.

The first floor (the third paragraph): Summarize the long history and characteristics of stone arch bridges in China.

The second floor (paragraphs 4-5): Take Zhao Zhouqiao as an example to illustrate the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges.

The third floor (paragraphs 6-8): Taking Lugou Bridge as an example, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are explained in detail.

The fourth floor (the ninth paragraph): The reason why China's stone arch bridge has made brilliant achievements.

The third part: the new development of Chinese bridge industry and Chinese stone arch bridge after liberation.

The structural feature of this paper is "total-sub-total".

3. Writing analysis

(1) uses various interpretation methods such as examples, figures and metaphors, with accurate language and flexible writing. In order to illustrate the characteristics of stone arch bridges in China, Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge are taken as examples, and the two cases can be compared and supplemented with each other. The column number is "Zhao Zhouqiao is very majestic, with a total length of 50.82 meters, a width of 9.6 meters at both ends, a little narrow in the middle and a width of 9 meters"; Lugou Bridge is 265 meters long and consists of 1 1 semicircular stone arches, each with a different length, ranging from 16 meters to 2 1.6 meters. It is compared to a rainbow and a bridge between heaven and earth.

(2) The material selection is representative. It is convincing to explain the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges and choose two most representative bridges-Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge.

(3) The instructions are in correct order and clear. This paper expounds it in the order from general to special and from generalization to concrete. When explaining the bridge structure, it is from the whole to the part, and the interpretation of historical development is in chronological order. For example, "from general to special": the general characteristics of stone arch bridges in the world → the characteristics of stone arch bridges in China → the characteristics of Zhao Zhouqiao (concrete) and Lugou Bridge (concrete). Another example is "From Whole to Part": "The whole bridge in Zhao Zhouqiao has only one big arch, which is 37.4 meters long ..." (whole); "There are two small arches on each side of the big arch ... The big arch consists of 28 arch rings ..." (Part). Another example is from top to bottom: passenger bridge, Zhao Zhouqiao, Lugou Bridge and Changhong Bridge (in chronological order).

(4) The language is accurate and the explanation is rigorous. For example, The Covenant was completed in 282 AD; Built around 605 AD; Almost parallel to the bridge deck. Although the use of the above-mentioned "approximate number" means "approximate", listing the numbers plays an accurate role and also reflects the author's rigorous academic spirit. Another example is the accuracy of modifiers: "The most famous is Zhao Zhouqiao, Hebei"; "Zhao Zhouqiao" is "a world-famous ancient stone arch bridge"; It is also the oldest bridge used since its completion. Difficult knowledge induction

(A), China Stone Arch Bridge (Author: Mao Yisheng)

1. What is the purpose of this article? What are its characteristics? What are the structural features of Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge?

The research object of this paper is "Chinese stone arch bridge".

The characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge are: beautiful shape, firm structure and long history.

Structural features of Zhao Zhouqiao: (1) The whole bridge has only one large arch, which is 37.4m long. Bridge opening is not an ordinary semicircle, but like a bow. (2) A big arch has two small arches on each shoulder. (3) The large arch consists of 28 arch rings. (4) The whole bridge structure is unified.

Structural features of Lugou Bridge: It consists of 65,438+065,438+0 semicircle stone arches, each with a length ranging from 65,438+06 m to 265,438+0.6 m, with a bridge width of about 8 m and a flat road surface, almost parallel to the river surface. There is a stone pier between every two stone arches, which connects 1 1 stone arches into a whole and is a multi-arch stone bridge.

2. For the bridge, we should first pay attention to its actual function. According to the article, the stone arch bridge is not only beautiful in shape, but also solid in structure. So, first appearance, then function, is it upside down? Besides, it should be "not only ... but also ..." deleted?

In this regard, the author Mao Yisheng's explanation is that writing the form first is an intuitive impression given by the bridge and a perceptual knowledge. Strong structure is a further understanding of the bridge, that is, a rational understanding. Therefore, the relationship between the two is progressive rather than parallel, so the two related words "not only" and "not only" cannot be omitted, but will be used to determine the progressive relationship between them.

3. When introducing the characteristics of Zhao Zhouqiao, the author wrote it according to the length of the big arch, the function of the small arch, the characteristics of the arch ring of the big arch, the characteristics of the whole bridge structure and the surrounding scenery. Why not introduce two characteristics of the big arch first, and then introduce the characteristics of the small arch?

Among the four characteristics of Zhao Zhouqiao, (2) and (3) are not interchangeable. Because the two small arches on the shoulder of the big arch are not only the main features of the shoulder arch initiated by Zhao Zhouqiao, but also the aesthetic form that can be directly seen from the appearance. The 28 arch rings and other arch bridges are laid side by side and can only be seen at the bottom of the bridge. Therefore, the author introduces it according to the size of its features rather than the size of the arch.

4. Practice notes

Read the text and complete the following exercises.

1. What are the general characteristics of stone arch bridges in China? Take Zhao Zhouqiao as an example, in my own words, how it embodies the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridge.

2. The author introduces Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge respectively, and the order of explanation is basically the same. Please specify.

3. According to the text and illustrations, draw a schematic diagram of Zhao Zhouqiao and mark the corresponding data.

The purpose of setting the topic is to let students know that they should grasp the characteristics of things and pay attention to the explanation order in the explanatory text.

1. The stone arch bridge in China has the characteristics of an ordinary stone arch bridge, that is, it is not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. In addition, the stone arch bridge in China has a long history, is widely distributed, has various forms, and has many amazing masterpieces. Zhao Zhouqiao was founded in 605 AD, and it has been over 1300 years since the author wrote this article, so it has a long history. The 37.4-meter-long arch in Zhao Zhouqiao is a shoulder arch composed of 28 arches, which is in harmony with the surrounding scenery, and the carvings on the bridge are also very exquisite, which strongly shows that Zhao Zhouqiao is indeed an amazing masterpiece.

2. The two bridges are introduced in the order of geographical location, construction time and structural characteristics.

3. sketch.

Second, in order to explain things accurately, the language in the explanatory text is very particular about discretion. Think about it, if the words added in the following sentence are removed, what will happen to the meaning expressed?

1. Stone arch bridge appeared earlier in the history of bridges in the world.

2. The "Traveler's Bridge" mentioned in the water mirror notes was built around 282 AD, which may be the earliest stone arch bridge on record.

There are stone arch bridges almost everywhere in China.

(Zhao Zhouqiao) The whole bridge has only one big arch, which is 37.4 meters long, and it was the longest stone bridge in the world at that time.

The purpose of setting the topic is to make students realize the characteristics of accurate and thorough explanation language.

1. "Earlier" is lighter, so the expression is safer.

2. "About" and "Possibility" are both uncertain meanings, just a speculative situation. "Well-documented" makes the basis of speech more reliable.

3. "Almost" emphasizes that stone arch bridges are widely distributed, but it does not rule out the possibility that there are no stone arch bridges in some places.

4. "At that time" has a time limit, and "can be counted" has a degree limit. This is more in line with the actual situation.

3. Rationality, Simplicity and Elegance —— Reading China Stone Arch Bridge (Zhang Pei)

"China Stone Arch Bridge" is an expository article introducing the knowledge of stone arch bridges. In his simple explanation and elegant taste, the author praised the wisdom and strength of working people everywhere, and praised the long-standing culture and new social system of the motherland, which was very touching. The full text is concise, elegant and logical, which can be called a masterpiece in explanatory writing.

From the structure of the full text, this paper adopts the method of combining general description with sub-description: firstly, the shape, structure and function of stone arch bridge are summarized; Then, Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge are taken as examples to illustrate their unique structure and high artistic level through examples and characteristics. Finally, it summarizes the new development of China's bridge industry after liberation, especially the stone arch bridge. In the main part of the article, that is, introducing these two bridges, we always talk about every specific feature and function of this bridge from its geographical location, construction time and function. The full text is classified and analyzed orderly. This clear organization is a true reflection of the various relationships of the objective things themselves, and also shows the author's profound and clear understanding of the explained objects.

Simplicity is not easy, and what is more commendable is that the article "China Stone Arch Bridge" incorporates description in simplicity and is flexible in organization. For example, the first paragraph of the article introduces the shape of stone arch bridge. First, with the phrase "The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow", the modeling characteristics of the stone arch bridge are very concise and vivid. Then, following the word "like a rainbow", the relationship between "rainbow after rain" and arch bridge is further explained from China ancient myths and poets' works. The arch bridge is compared to "lying rainbow" and "flying rainbow", and the water arch bridge is described as "Changhong lying wave". The combination of dynamic and static forms a colorful and vivid landscape map, which leaves a very deep impression on people. This is completely different from the general dry exposition, and it is clearly a beautiful landscape prose.

"Stability" is more than "change", and the writing is free and easy. This can be seen from the different levels of layout of Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge introduced in this paper. This paper introduces Zhao Zhouqiao, emphasizing that it is "a world-famous ancient stone arch bridge and the oldest stone bridge used since its completion". It highlights its ancient architectural age and its service life, which leads to a large section of characteristics. It introduces its design completely in line with scientific principles and ingenious construction technology. The introduction of Lugou Bridge not only gives a general description of its construction age and firmness, but also focuses on its artistic value and commemorative significance in the history of people's struggle in China. In this way, "small differences" appear in "great harmony", and there are ups and downs in stability, avoiding the shortcomings of similarity and slowness.

Clear-cut, flexible, descriptive and mixed, people feel that simplicity contains elegant charm. This is a major feature of the article "China Stone Arch Bridge".

The simplicity of the language application of China Stone Arch Bridge is highlighted in its washing and lightness. The author takes a serious scientific attitude, or talks about principles, or quotes ancient books, or figures, or metaphors, which are unpretentious and clear-cut. The full-text sentences are very short and lively, and they are naturally easy to read without any inflectional feeling. The ancients said: "It is difficult to write with a pen, and it is not easy to use words." It can be described as simple.

However, simplicity is by no means shallow and vulgar. Reading the full text carefully, we can see the depth of the author's pen and kung fu everywhere. Please see: In order to explain that "the stone arch bridge in China has a long history", the author naturally cited the records in the Notes on Water Mirrors in the Southern and Northern Dynasties in China as evidence, which is convincing. In order to introduce Zhao Zhouqiao, "the whole bridge is symmetrical in structure and harmonious with the surrounding scenery;" The stone pillars and slabs on the bridge are also beautifully carved. "The author seems to be handy. In the words of Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, looking at the bridge from afar is like "the clouds rise in the early moon, and Changhong drinks the stream", which suddenly arouses readers' rich imagination and brings people into a beautiful realm. When introducing the stone lions on Lugou Bridge, the author wrote interestingly: "Some mothers and children embrace each other, some whisper to each other, and some listen to the sound of water, which is very vivid." It seems that a lion is displayed in front of readers, which makes people feel that it is coming out. It is really not easy to write such a vivid and interesting exposition of knowledge.

When we say "Chinese stone arch bridge" is simple and superficial, we mean it is concise and clear. Please see the last paragraph of the full text. This passage is only a few more than 200 words. We should not only collect the full text, but also introduce the development achievements of China's bridge industry since liberation. It has a large capacity, but the text is more economical. The first sentence "Over the past two thousand years, countless stone arch bridges have been built in China" is not only in harmony with the beginning of the article, but also the main part of the full text. Then, from the large-scale construction of various bridges all over the country after liberation to "there are many stone arch bridges". Stick to the theme of the full text. Then, taking Yunnan Changhong Bridge, double-curved arch bridge and the largest arch bridge as examples, it finally comes down to "the incomparable superiority of the socialist system", which is naturally convincing.

The author's kung fu, simple and natural skill, is also outstanding in choosing words and making sentences. If you introduce Zhao Zhouqiao's achievements, use "famous"; Introduce its history and use "the oldest"; Explain its shape with "spanning", "majestic" and "majestic"; Introducing its construction technology, it is natural and appropriate to use "ingenuity". In the Song Dynasty, Zhu once said, "Writing should be solid and organized." Only by understanding can we rely on reality. Wang Anshi, a great essayist, once said, "A reasonable man does things without seeking merit." The article "China Stone Arch Bridge" is so concise, simple, interesting and beautiful, and "understanding" and "relying on reality" are indeed very important factors.

Finally, I want to emphasize one point. Ancient people's essays talk about "qi", "reason", "emotion" and "spirit" Liu Xie said in Wen Xin Diao Long: "People's emotions speak of form, while haircuts speak of words." Liu Da, a writer in A Qing, said in his Essays: "Keep it simple. Where the style of writing is old, it is simple, its meaning is true, its words are simple, its words are simple, its sense is simple, its taste is light, its gas is simple, its products are expensive, and its spirit is far away, so it is a simple article. " These words illustrate the relationship between the author's thoughts, feelings, cognitive ability and simplicity of writing. The author, Comrade Mao Yisheng, is an old bridge expert in New China. He lived in two completely different societies and devoted his life to the bridge cause and education in China. Before liberation, he presided over the design and construction of the Qiantang River Bridge, the first modern large-scale bridge that our people are proud of so far, which was designed and built by China people themselves. After liberation, he participated in the design and construction of many relatively new bridges and made outstanding contributions to the bridge industry in China. From his life experience, he deeply realized the infinite wisdom and strength of the working people in our country and was proud of it. In addition, the author loves the motherland and socialism, and has a high degree of cultural literacy and profound knowledge of bridge science, which makes this explanatory article sincere, logical, concise and emotional. I think this is the fundamental reason why Chinese stone arch bridges are written so well.

(Selected from Text Analysis Collection, Guangdong Education Press, 1984 edition)

Fourth, the source of "Lugou Xiaoyue"

According to legend, there is another reason to describe the beauty of Lugou Bridge only by "Xiaoyue": whenever the end of the lunar calendar (dark day) approaches dawn, the hook moon in the lower chord can't be seen clearly elsewhere. If someone comes to the bridge, he will get the light first. It is doubtful whether this popular truth is reliable. In fact, the Lugou Bridge is just a little high. Is it at the top of Xishan Mountain or on the White Pagoda (Beihai Mountain) in Beiping City at the same time, the twilight will be worse than that on Lugou Bridge? However, it is better not to be so restrained. It is a witty remark of an imaginative artist to use "Xiaoyue" as a foil. I didn't prepare future generations for scientific tests. You think: "A day's plan lies in the morning", not to mention the pedestrians arrive early. It is full of vigor and vitality, setting off the charming moon-a huge bridge with a white stone embedded under the blue sky. The pheasants in the capital are looming, the clouds in the western hills are similar in distance, the wilderness is boundless, and Liu Huang rushes, ... such light, such color, such places and buildings, whether it is a chilly morning in spring or a chilly dawn in autumn, although the scenery changes at any time, if there is no rain and snow, the moon, white stone bridge and wilderness at the end of each month,

You said "Xiaoyue" was used to set off this "green grass lugou" (from the word "Changting resentment" in Liu's "Ou Meng Ci" in Qing Dynasty: "Tanchun sells wheel iron, green grass lugou, short connection." Isn't it the most appropriate "fairyland"?

(Excerpted from Wang Tongzhao's "Lugou Abortion" and Selected Modern Prose of China, Volume II, People's Literature Publishing House, 1982).

We can see from the data that the Lugou Bridge, which was built in Yu Jinming in three years (1 192), was named after crossing the Lugou River. The upper reaches of Lugou River are called Sanggan River, which originated from Leishan, Mayi County (now Shuoxian County), Shanxi Province. This river has been called Heigou River and Lugou River because it flows through Lushi Mountain here, and because the water quality is turbid and the water color is black. It was not until the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty that it was renamed Yongding River in order to give this river an auspicious name and curb the frequent flooding of Lugou River. Lugou Bridge, built in the Jin Dynasty, is a multi-arch stone bridge with a length of 266.5m, a width of 7.5m and a hole of 1 1. It is the oldest, largest and most spectacular stone bridge in Beijing. Jin Zhangzong admired this Lugou Bridge very much. He nicknamed it "Lugou Xiaoyue" and listed it as one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing. Some information notes are like this: "Whenever the cock crows at the fifth watch and the moon sets in the west, the moonlight on Lugou Bridge is particularly charming, hence the name Lugou Xiaoyue."

(Excerpted from Chen's Xiao Yue Sleeping in Lugou, published in Beijing Evening News in February 1982+04).

Fifth, talk about expository writing.

Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains and clarifies things. Its purpose is to give readers scientific knowledge, scientifically understand things, or explain the state, nature and function of things, or clarify things. Chinese stone arch bridge belongs to the former. Taking Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples, the characteristics of Chinese stone arch bridges are illustrated, which are not only beautiful in shape, but also firm in structure. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and clarifying things are two types of expository writing.

In order to explain the characteristics of things clearly, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate interpretation methods. Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying, enumerating data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, making metaphors, imitating appearances and so on. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom to choose. Whether to adopt a certain interpretation method or a variety of interpretation methods, whether to adopt this interpretation method or that interpretation method, can be flexible, not fixed.

The instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the contents of the instructions orderly. There are three common interpretation orders: chronological order, spatial order and logical order. The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration. Spatial order, we should pay special attention to the location of space, pay attention to the location and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order, usually expressed by reasoning process. What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects expounded by the author. Explain the development and changes of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly. It is difficult for readers to understand the structure of buildings without spatial order. Explain things in logical order, so as to reflect the internal relations of things.

The accuracy of explanatory language is the premise of explanatory language. Time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. All require accuracy. The explanation is practical. A slight mistake is a drop in the bucket. For example, an explanatory article said, "A dragonfly can eat 2400 mosquitoes a day and night." It is obviously impossible for 2400 mosquitoes to get together, which is many times larger than a dragonfly's body. How did this mistake come about? According to statistics, dragonflies can eat 50 to 100 mosquitoes an hour. Eat/kloc-0.00 animals an hour, 24 hours a day, of course, 2400 animals. The author's multiplication calculation is correct, but he ignores that dragonflies can't keep eating mosquitoes 24 hours a day. This is a joke.

On the premise of accuracy, the explanation language is famous for its simplicity and vividness. Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the language of explanation is also varied: either general or specific; Or concise, or plump; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic.

Reading discourse and writing discourse can be linked. The four points mentioned above should be grasped, and attention should be paid to reading and writing, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality.

[Edit this paragraph] Interpretation method

The article "China Stone Arch Bridge" written by Mao Yisheng, a bridge expert, successfully introduced the characteristics of China's stone arch bridge to readers by using various explanation methods.

For example (1). For example, "The bridge opening of the stone arch bridge is curved, just like a rainbow." "The opening of the bridge is not an ordinary semicircle, but like a bow ..." Compared with "rainbow" and "bow", it highlights the basic characteristics of the stone arch bridge in form and has a vivid image.

(2) give an example. In order to illustrate the characteristics of stone arch bridges in China, the author gives two examples: Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge. Zhao Zhouqiao is the representative of single arch stone bridge and Lugou Bridge is the representative of multi-arch stone bridge, both of which are world-famous. The examples are representative, typical and convincing.

(3) classification. For example, Zhao Zhouqiao said, "The characteristics of this bridge are: (1) There is only one big arch in the whole bridge ... (2) There are two small arches on the two shoulders of the big arch ... (3) The big arch consists of 28 arch rings ... (4) The structure of the whole bridge is symmetrical ..." The classification description is clear, which makes readers have a complete and clear impression on the structural characteristics of Zhao Zhouqiao.

(4) reference. For example, the "passenger bridge" cited by Zhu shows that the stone arch bridge in China has a long history; Quoting the words of Zhang in the Tang Dynasty, "It's amazing, but people don't know why", which shows the exquisiteness of design and construction. Quoting Zhang Kun's eulogy in the Tang Dynasty, "At the beginning of the month, Yun Qi, Changhong drinks a stream", shows that Zhao Zhouqiao has a beautiful body, and so on. These quotations enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of the article.

(5) column number. There are estimates and exact figures, which give people an accurate and vivid impression.

(6) imitation. For example, "some of these stone lions are hugging their mother and son, some are whispering, and some are like listening to the sound of water." Through description and comparison, this paper describes the "various forms" of Shishi, explains the decorative beauty of Lugou Bridge, and highlights the formal beauty of the bridge.

(7) Contrast examples. For example, "When the Yongding River delivers water, it exerts great force. In the past, the riverbanks on both sides of the river were often washed away, but nothing happened to this bridge ... "Comparing the Lugou Bridge with the riverbanks on both sides of the river fully shows that the Lugou Bridge is very strong.