English translation of Archimedes' short stories is urgent! ! !

(287-2 BC12 BC). Archimedes studied hard all his life, devoted himself to science, was loyal to the motherland and was respected and praised by people. Archimedes once discovered the law of lever, and archimedes principle was named after H. And use these laws to design various machines, behave people and make contributions to the motherland. The details about He Pingping have been unable to be verified. But the story about his invention and protection of the motherland has been passed down to this day.

The establishment of lever law

Since ancient times, people have used levers and used them skillfully. When the pyramids were built in Egypt, slaves used levers to pry up heavy stones. Shipbuilders use levers to mount masts on ships. People use the Al boom to draw water from the well ... but why can the lever be made like this? Before Archimedes discovered the lever law, no one could explain it. At that time, philosophers insisted that this was "evil" when talking about this issue. Archimedes denied what "evil" it was. He knows that all kinds of phenomena in nature are always explained by natural reasons. Lever also has its natural reasons, and he decided to explain it. After repeated observation, experiment and calculation, Archimedes finally established the law of lever balance. Yes, "the arm of force is inversely proportional to the force (weight)." In other words, it is: how many times the small weight is heavier than the large weight, and how many times the long arm should be longer than the short arm. After Archimedes established the lever law, he predicted that any weight can be pushed up by force as long as the appropriate lever length can be obtained. It is said that he once said such rude words in Hao's speech:

"Give me a fulcrum, and I will lift the earth for my ability!"

Queen Laguri's Xu said to Archimedes: "By Zeus (Zeus is the king of gods in Greek mythology, in charge of heaven, thunder, electricity and rain), Archimedes, what you said is really strange!" After Archimedes explained the characteristics of lever to the king, the king said, "Where can I find a fulcrum to lift the earth?"

Archimedes replied, "So there is no fulcrum."

"So it is impossible to convince people of the divine power of mechanics?" Said the king.

"No, no, you misunderstand, your majesty. I can give you some examples." Archimedes said.

The king said, "You are too boastful! You can push the same weight for me and see what you say. " The king had a difficult problem at that time, that is, he built a 1 big ship for the king in Egypt. After the ship was built, it mobilized many people to pull the whole city into the ancient well, but it didn't push it into the water. Archimedes said, "Well, I'll push the boat instead of you."

After Archimedes left the king, he used the principle of lever and pulley to design and manufacture a set of exquisite machines. When everything was ready, Archimedes invited the king to watch Argos go into the water. He gave one end of the thick rope to the king for him to pull gently. Immediately, the ship moved slowly and successfully slipped into the water. The king and ministers were surprised to see such a miracle, just like seeing magic! So, the king wrote to Archimedes and issued a notice to the whole country: "From now on, no matter what Archimedes says, you must believe him ..."

Measure the hard core of the crown

In the eyes of ordinary people, Archimedes is a "freak". In the words of Plutarch, a Roman historian, "He seems to be an evil man, indifferent to all food and his body." Sometimes, the rice is put on the table to ask him to eat, and he seems to hear it and draw some sketches of him in the ashes of the brazier. His wife always looks at him. Just like when he wiped his body with oil, then he just sat and painted with oil paintings, but forgot what he was doing. His wife was even more afraid of sending him to the bathhouse to take a bath. This joke was caused by a newly crowned king.

King Foer soon asked a craftsman to build him a golden crown. So the king gave him all the gold needed by the craftsmen. Craftsma n's craft is excellent, and the crown made is exquisite, interesting and novel, and its weight is as heavy as the gold given by the king. However, someone said to the king, "When the craftsman made the crown, he privately destroyed a part of the gold, and the same weight of silver was produced." After hearing this, the king was puzzled, so he went to Archimedes. His opinion was to measure whether there was Zen silver in the golden crown and whether the craftsman stole gold. This time, Archimedes was stumped. He went home and thought hard for a long time, but he didn't find a way. Every day, he was full of food, felt that he couldn't sleep well, and didn't take a shower, like writing evil or something.

One day, the king sent someone to the temple to urge him to make a collective report. His wife saw that he was too dirty and forced him to take a bath. When he was taking a bath in the bathhouse, his mind was still thinking about the crown problem. Suddenly, he noticed that when his body sank into the bathtub, some water was overflowing from the side of the bathtub. At the same time, he felt that the deeper the water, the lighter his thinking. So he immediately jumped into the bathtub, forgot to wear clothes, and ran to the crowd in the street. As he ran, he shouted, "I've got it, I've got it, and the solution to the crown has come out!" "

After he entered the palace, he said to the king, "Please allow me to do an experiment first, and then I will report the result to you." King's approval. Archimedes put gold, a piece of silver and a crown, which are similar in weight to the crown, into the basin one by one, respectively. It was found that the water emitted by the gold nugget was less than that by the silver nugget, but the water emitted by the crown was more than that by the gold nugget.

Archimedes said to the king, "Crown for silver!" The king didn't understand the experiment, so he asked Archimedes to explain. Archimedes said: "One kilogram of wood is bigger than one kilogram of iron. If you put them into water separately, the large wood will emit more water than the small iron. I apply this truth to gold, silver and crowns. Because the density of gold is high and the density of silver is low, the physical volume of silver must be greater than that of gold for the same weight of gold and silver. When gold bars and silver bars with the same weight are put into water, the amount of water sprayed by gold bars is smaller than that sprayed by silver bars. The experiment just now shows that the crown shoots more water than gold bars, indicating that the density of the crown is smaller than that of gold bars, which proves that the crown is not made of pure gold. Archimedes told and made the king's letter in an orderly way. The experimental results show that the craftsman put the gold in his pocket.

This experiment of Archimedes is the embryonic form of "hydrostatics". But he didn't stop there, and continued to study the problem of floating corpses. As a result, archimedes principle, an important principle in natural science, was discovered. That is: the object is immersed in a liquid porcelain, and the physical volume of the liquid is equal to the physical volume of the object immersed; Maintain the buoyancy of the floating body, equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the floating body.

Spectacular scenes in the history of war

In 2 13 BC, the Roman army was introduced into Archimedes' country by road. At this time, Archimedes, who was 75 years old, immediately tried his best to help the motherland and attack the enemy.

Roman commander Lu, after continuing to capture the second city of Syracuse, became even more arrogant. He believes that as long as five days of preparation time is used, the ancient city of Xula, the capital, can be captured. But it just occurred to him that Archimedes, a white-haired old man, loved his motherland and broke his whole plan.

This battle 2 190 years ago was called by historians as a spectacle in the history of war!

Ma Erkai Road led a big ship and attacked Xula ancient ship from the water. Soldiers on one of his battleships used bows and arrows, slingshots and smooth guns, and Xu Gu, who was pulling the convoy, rushed into the city, and then made the soldiers rush to Schygulla through the battleships on Kaesong. However, Archimedes made full preparations. When the enemy's fleet approached, Archimedes began to build those huge long-range projectors. The long-range projector can project 1, 000 meters away to more than 200 kilograms of stones. (equivalent to the range of18th century artillery) These huge stones, like hail, hit the battleship, making Ma Erkai Road panic, causing the ship to sink and die, causing panic. Ma Erkai Road had to hastily withdraw its warships and leave.

Ma Erkai Road once again decided to attack at night. He thinks Archimedes can't see far at night, and so on. When the fleet arrived at the gate, his huge remote engineering machinery was not needed. However, just when Ma Erkai Road attacked at night, another disaster happened. Archimedes' short-gun-range machines started. These machines kept throwing short-guns and stones, which dealt a heavy blow to another Roman army and almost killed even Ma Erkai Road.

Ma Erkai Road is unwilling to give up the plan to capture Xu Lagu. He continued to press his engineers and continue to compete with Archimedes. The result is all bitten on granite. Sometimes, Rome took a battleship that broke through the city machine and went to the bottom of Xulaguta. The guarding machine opened a machine with a "long mouth" to move, and pieces of stones fell from the "long mouth", which not only smashed the city-breaking machine, but also smashed one of the battleships, making Roman soldiers desperate. Sometimes an iron hook is put back from the city, which is very flexible to operate by machine. The iron hook can hook the bow of a Roman warship, and then pull the warship, so that the warship is partially turned over and buckled into the water.

Ma Erkai Road exhausted all kinds of offensive means, which were all broken by Archimedes' invention. The Roman army was as timid as a mouse. When they saw a rope sticking out of the wall, they ran away desperately and shouted, "Archimedes teased us with another machine!" "

At the end of Ma Erkai Road, there was no way out, so we had to pull the ancient Xu city and surround it, trying to trap the people in the town at random. In this way, Archimedes could do nothing. The Roman army besieged for eight months, and finally took advantage of the ancient Xu La to celebrate the festival, while Shu took advantage of the defensive opportunity to sneak in from an abandoned city gate, which simply offended Xu La Gu.

When the Roman army rushed into the city, Ma Erkai Road once ordered not to kill the great physicist. But that time, Archimedes just drew his sketches in his laboratory. Footsteps disturbed the soldier after he rushed in. This trouble made him wake up in surprise and shouted angrily, "Hey! You broke my picture, leave quickly! " As a result, he provoked Roman soldiers excitedly and painfully, and Archimedes died by the sword.

Although the great physicist Archimedes died in an accident, his contribution to mankind in science is immeasurable!

Two thousand one hundred and ninety years ago, a great physicist appeared in Syracuse, Sicily, ancient Greece. His name is Archimedes (287-2 BC12 BC). Archimedes studied hard all his life, devoted himself wholeheartedly to science and was loyal to the motherland, and was respected and praised by people. Archimedes discovered the lever law and Archimedes principle named after him. And use these laws to design all kinds of machinery to serve the people and the motherland. The details of his life cannot be confirmed. But the story about his invention and defense of the motherland has been passed down to this day.

The establishment of lever law

People have used leverage since ancient times and know how to use it skillfully. When the pyramids were built in Egypt, slaves used levers to pry up heavy stones. The shipbuilder used a lever to erect a mast on the ship. People use shaduf to get water from wells and so on. But why can leverage do this? No one could explain the lever law before Archimedes discovered it. At that time, when talking about this issue, some philosophers insisted that it was "magic". Archimedes denied what "magic" it was. He knows that there are always natural reasons for all kinds of phenomena in nature. Lever also has its natural reasons, and he is determined to explain it. After repeated observation, experiment and calculation, Archimedes finally established the law of lever balance. That is, "the arm of force is inversely proportional to the force (weight)." In other words, it is: how many times is the small weight and how many times should the long arm be the short arm. After Archimedes established the lever law, he concluded that any heavy object can be lifted with little force as long as the appropriate lever length can be obtained. It is said that he once said such grandiloquence:

"Give me a fulcrum and I can lift the earth!"

King Syracuse heard this and said to Archimedes, "In the name of Zeus (Zeus is the king of gods in Greek mythology, in charge of heaven, thunder, electricity and rain), what you said is really strange, Archimedes!" After Archimedes explained the characteristics of lever to the king, the king said, "Where can I find a fulcrum to lift the earth?"

"There is no such fulcrum." Archimedes replied.

"So, it is impossible to convince people of the divine power of mechanics?" Said the king.

"No, no, you misunderstood, your majesty. I can give you other examples. " Archimedes said.

The king said, "You are too boastful! You can help me push the same heavy thing and see what you say. " At that time, the king had a problem, which was to build a very big ship for the king of Egypt. After the ship was built, the whole city of Syracuse was mobilized, and it was impossible to push it into the water. Archimedes said, "Well, I'll push the boat for you."

After Archimedes left the king, he used the principle of lever and pulley to design and manufacture a set of exquisite machinery. When everything was ready, Archimedes invited the king to watch the ship launch. He gave the end of a thick rope to the king to pull gently. Suddenly, the big ship moved slowly and slipped into the water smoothly. When the king and ministers saw such a miracle, they were as surprised as if they were watching magic! So the king persuaded Archimedes and issued a notice to the whole country: "From now on, no matter what Archimedes says, you must believe him ..."

The problem of weighing the crown

In the eyes of ordinary people, Archimedes is a "freak". In the words of Plutarch, a Roman historian, "He seems to be an enchanted man. He doesn't care about food or his body." Sometimes, the rice is put on the table and asked to eat, but he doesn't seem to hear it. He is still drawing his geometry in the ashes of the brazier. His wife should look after him at all times. For example, when he rubbed his body with oil, he just sat and oiled himself and forgot what he had done. His wife is more afraid of sending him to the bathhouse to take a bath. The joke was caused by a new crown of the king.

Not long ago, the king asked a craftsman to build him a golden crown. The king gave the craftsman the gold he needed. The craftsman's craft is very clever, and the crown produced is exquisite and unique, and the weight is as heavy as the gold given by the king at the beginning. However, someone reported to the king: "When making the crown, the craftsman swallowed some gold privately and mixed the same weight of silver." Hearing this, the king became suspicious, so he called Archimedes and asked him to try to determine whether the gold crown was mixed with silver and whether the craftsmen kept the gold for themselves. Archimedes was stumped this time. When he got home, he thought hard for a long time and couldn't find a way. I can't eat, sleep or take a shower every day, as if I were possessed.

One day, the king sent someone to urge him to report to the palace. His wife saw that he was too dirty and forced him to take a bath. When he was taking a bath in the bathhouse, he was still thinking about weighing the crown. Suddenly, he noticed that some water overflowed from the side of the bathtub when his body sank into it. At the same time, he felt that the deeper he went into the water, the lighter he was. So, he immediately jumped out of the bathtub, forgot to wear clothes and ran to the street of the crowd. He ran and shouted, "I found it, I found it, and the solution to the crown was found!" " "

After he entered the palace, he said to the king, "Please allow me to do an experiment, and then I can report the result to you." The king agreed. Archimedes put the gold, a piece of silver and the crown, which are as heavy as the crown, in the basin one by one, and saw that the gold nugget discharged less water than the silver nugget, while the crown discharged more water than the gold nugget.

Archimedes said to the king, "The crown is mixed with silver!" " "The king looked at the experiment and didn't understand. Let Archimedes explain. Archimedes said, "One kilogram of iron is bigger than one kilogram of wood. If you put them in water separately, the big wood will discharge more water than the small iron. I apply this principle to gold, silver and crowns. Because the density of gold is high and the density of silver is low, if gold and silver are equally heavy, the volume of silver must be greater than that of gold. Gold nuggets and silver nuggets with the same weight are put into water, and the amount of water discharged by gold nuggets is less than that of silver nuggets. The experiment just now shows that the crown discharges more water than the gold nugget, indicating that the density of the crown is smaller than that of the gold nugget, which proves that the crown is not made of pure gold. " Archimedes' methodical narration persuaded the king. The experimental results prove that the craftsman put the gold in his pocket.

This experiment of Archimedes is the embryonic form of "hydrostatics". However, he did not stop there and continued to study the floating body problem in depth. Results Archimedes principle, an important principle in natural science, was discovered. That is, when an object is immersed in a liquid, the volume of the displaced liquid is equal to the volume in which the object is immersed; Keep the buoyancy of the floating body equal to the weight of the liquid discharged by the floating body.

Miracles in the history of war

In 2 13 BC, the Roman army led by Marcailu invaded Archimedes' country Syracuse. At this time, Archimedes, who was 75 years old, immediately tried his best to help the motherland and fight against the enemy.

The commander-in-chief of Rome, Marcailu, became even more arrogant after successively capturing two cities in Syracuse. He believes that as long as it takes five days to prepare, the ancient city of Sila can be captured. But what he didn't expect was that Archimedes, a white-haired old man who loved the motherland, broke all his plans.

This battle 2 190 years ago was called a wonder in the history of war by historians!

Makaru led the fleet to attack Syracuse by water. The soldiers on each of his warships were equipped with bows and arrows, slings and light darts to drive the defenders of Syracuse out of the city, and then let the soldiers rush into Syracuse through the siege machines installed on the warships. However, Archimedes made full preparations. When the enemy's fleet approached, Archimedes started those huge long-range projectors he made. The long-range projector can project more than 200 kilograms of stones to a distance of 1000 meters (equivalent to the range of 18 th century artillery). These boulders hit the battleship like hail, which made Ma Kailu in a hurry and the ship sank to death, causing panic. Makaru had to evacuate the remaining warships in a hurry.

Makaru decided to attack again at night. He thinks Archimedes can't see the distance at night, and when the fleet reaches the gate, his huge long-range projection machine is unnecessary. However, when Makaru attacked at night, it was another disaster. Archimedes' short-range machines started, and these machines kept throwing short darts and stones, which caused the Roman army to suffer heavy losses again, and even Marcaille almost died.

Makaru was unwilling to give up his attempt to occupy Syracuse. He urged the army and forced his engineers to continue to compete with Archimedes. As a result, everything was in vain. Sometimes, when Rome rushed the warships equipped with siege machines to the gates of Syracuse, the city guards started a machine with a "long mouth", and pieces of stones fell from the "long mouth", which not only smashed the siege machines, but also smashed the warships, leaving Roman soldiers in a desperate situation. Sometimes, putting down an iron hook from the city is very flexible to be manipulated by the machine. The hook can hook the bow of a Roman warship and then pull it up, so that it can be overturned to one side and buckled into the water.

Mackailu tried all kinds of offensive means, which were all broken by Archimedes' invention. The Roman army became as timid as a mouse. As soon as they saw a rope sticking out of the wall, they ran away desperately and shouted, "Archimedes played tricks on us with another machine!" " "

Ma Kailu finally had no choice but to surround the ancient city of Silla in an attempt to trap the people in the city to death. In this way, Archimedes could do nothing. The Roman army has been besieged for eight months, and finally took advantage of the opportunity of celebrating festivals in ancient Syracuse and neglected to take precautions, and sneaked in through a remote gate before capturing Syracuse.

When the Roman army rushed into the city, Marcailu ordered not to kill the great physicist. But at that time, Archimedes was painting in his laboratory. Footsteps disturbed the soldier after he rushed in. The noise woke him up and shouted angrily, "Hello! You broke my picture, run quickly! " As a result, his indignation angered Roman soldiers and Archimedes died by the sword.

Although the great physicist Archimedes was killed, his contribution to mankind in science is immeasurable!