Find Japanese sentence patterns

Translation can be said to be a hard work between two languages. A good translation or a good translation requires the translator not only to be proficient in the language of the original text, but also to have a deep understanding of the language of the translation. Due to the poor foundation of the original text, mistakes are inevitable in translation; If the translation language is poor, it will naturally appear that the words are meaningless and the foreign accent is foreign. On the issue of Japanese translation, many people have a misunderstanding that there are many Chinese characters in Japanese, so you can do translation with a little grammar. In fact, this is a misunderstanding in translation. The same Chinese characters do provide some convenience for Japanese-Chinese translation, but sometimes it is also a trap, because many synonyms in the same trade interfere with each other. Examples of mistranslation of translated words can be said to be common. For example, a set of books published by Jilin People's Publishing House 1994 is called "Watanabe Mei Jia Boutique? Two mistranslations in one of the mystery novels "Bloody Cherry Blossom Series" are all caused by misunderstanding of the meaning.

1, "It is said that crows are interested in people's things. They can even take pipes and knives "(page 19 of this book).

Example 2, "..., and yesterday's wolf (? ) Leftovers are divided up by bears, pigs and birds. That's how the forensic doctor identified it. "(page 22 of this book)

The word "Guan" in 1 is obviously caused by misunderstanding of the original word. In Japanese, the word "パィプ" has both the meaning of "pipe" such as water pipes and gas pipes, and the meaning of smoking pipe or cigarette holder. Obviously, it should mean "cigarette holder" rather than "pipe"

The mistranslation of Example 2 lies in the word "pig", which should refer to the "wild boar" infested in the forest. Because the "pig" raised by farmers will never stay with the beast "bear". In Japanese, "pig" means wild boar, pronounced as "ぃのしし", while in Chinese, the pig raised by farmers is written as "dolphin" and pronounced as "ぶた".

From the above two examples, we can see the harm of word creation. It is said that in English-Chinese translation, there has also been a joke about translating the word guirea pig into "guinea pig" ○ 1 Of course, it is common to misinterpret individual words due to negligence or carelessness. On the other hand, it can be avoided as long as the attitude is serious. However, we notice that due to the improper analysis of the sentence structure of the original text, there are quite a few times when sentences are translated incorrectly or inappropriately. For example, a foreign language training textbook for professional technicians published by a publishing house 1992 "Japanese exercises and answers" has such a passage:

"When I was walking on the barren hills, I was very interested in photographing plants. I went to ⌨ ⌨ ⌨ ⌨ ⌨ ⌨ ⌨ (page 224).

The author checked the original text, and it is like this:

"Private wild mountains, plants and photos are all interesting." ○へってくるとぅとそこにはがしぃplants.」

As long as we read the original carefully, we will find that there is something wrong with the translation. The original problem lies in the misunderstanding of sentence structure. The first sentence is a typical "~ はが ~" sentence pattern in Japanese, but the translator divides this sentence into two sentences, that is, "I am walking on a wild mountain" is one sentence, and "I am interested in taking pictures" is another sentence. In fact, this is a sentence that means "Walking in Yuan Ye or the mountains and taking some photos of plants is my hobby". The next sentence is a sentence in which the active voice and the passive voice appear alternately. Because this kind of sentence often omits the subject and personal pronoun, it is easy to make mistakes The key words of this sentence are two verbs, namely "Yan" and "Wen". The subject of the former is "I" and the verb is active, while the verb of the latter is passive. The literal translation is "I was asked by others". Once or twice, I said I was going to XXX, and people asked me if there were any exotic plants there. As can be seen from the above examples, each language has some special sentence patterns. Only by correctly understanding some special sentence patterns can we avoid mistranslation. The author believes that in complex Japanese sentence patterns, at least special attention should be paid to the translation of sentences with the following structures.

I. The sentence "~ はだ (です)"

This is a common sentence pattern in Japanese, which is generally used to express judgment. However, what I want to emphasize here is that this sentence pattern is used to express some special meanings. For example:

△ servant's meal.

△はです. Father

Anyone with a certain Japanese background will understand that this is a sentence that is difficult to translate from the surface structure or the original sentence. It is obviously illogical to translate "I am rice" and "Dad is my sister". However, if it is explained from the perspective of context or pragmatics, it will be easy to understand and translate. It turns out that these two sentences are "I eat rice." And "Dad likes his sister." The meaning of. Of course, such sentences should have a certain language environment. For example, the first sentence may be said to the chef in the canteen, or it may be answered when someone asks him what to eat. The second sentence is probably "Mom likes me." Premise, and then say, "Dad likes his sister."

There is also a sentence with a similar structure to the above:

△ "Servants and women kill each other and think about each other." 」

The author once asked several third-year Japanese undergraduate students to translate this sentence, and many people translated it: "I'm going to kill her with a car." In fact, this sentence means: "I want to kill her because of this car." The relationship between them used to be very good. Later, because "she" earned some dirty money and bought a high-class foreign car, the two had an argument. Finally, "I" had the idea of killing her.

When translating sentences with this structure, don't stick to the simple sentence of "what is what", otherwise it will be difficult to express the original intention. For example:

△ Yesterday, たけのこは early summer, スィカ midsummer, サンマはとぃ𞊣

Japanese Practice and Answers (page 222) is translated as follows:

"In the past, bamboo shoots were in early summer, watermelons were in midsummer, and saury was in autumn, which was the seasonal food on the table."

The translation of this sentence is a bit too straight, or stick to the sentence of the original judgment. In fact, it might as well be translated into:

"In the past, the table was filled with seasonal foods, such as bamboo shoots in early summer, watermelons in midsummer and saury in autumn."

For this kind of sentences, we can add some suitable words according to the specific content, and sometimes it is better to translate them into verb sentences. For example:

△ Surgery tomorrow. I will have an operation tomorrow.

△はででまれはだったはだたたた./Yosuke was born in Shiga and studied in Kumamoto.

△ ところで、あなたのおじさんはまだヨーロッパですか。 That's right. That's right. /Is your uncle still in Europe? I remember France, right?

Second, the personal pronoun default sentence

Compared with Chinese and English personal pronouns, Japanese personal pronouns are characterized by a large number and different personal pronouns used in different occasions. English "I" and Chinese "I" have almost no restrictions on venue time and qualifications, but Japanese is different. For example: "わたし, わたくし (for both men and women), れ, ぼく (for men), ぁた" Although there are many personal pronouns in Japanese. For example, when it comes to English, the words I, I and I are always indispensable. However, if personal pronouns are used repeatedly in Japanese, it will often give people a negative and bad feeling. Japanese people are even more afraid to use personal pronouns too much. When speaking, they pay special attention to the people and environment around them and try to avoid highlighting their expressions. When it comes to other people, they are usually expressed by means of respect, self-modesty, morphological changes of verbs and auxiliary verbs, and rarely name names. However, it is worth noting that this kind of expression that Japanese people like often brings us a lot of trouble in translation. Sometimes it takes great effort to translate the default sentence of a personal pronoun. If you are not careful, you will make mistakes. The author recently saw such a mistranslated sentence.

△がのでぁるにしてぃた. Master

My husband lives in a university teacher's house.

The subject of the predicate "stay in the next place" in this sentence does not appear, nor is it the "master". "Host" is actually the subject of "Mr. University", so the correct translation should be: "I (or someone) stay in the home where the host is a university teacher."

Generally speaking, it is not difficult to understand the subject and personal pronouns in simple sentences by default. When there are two predicates, one subject or no subject in a sentence, the sentence becomes much more complicated. Because the predicate is related to which subject or personal pronoun, it directly affects the correct understanding of the sentence. To sum up, the personal subject default sentence is as follows:

1. Default theme, for example:

△そんなにをすとこっちもちょっとにな./

There is no agent in the first half of this sentence, and the subject in the second half is the personal pronoun "こっちも". "

2. Default theme, such as:

△ If there is no uniform, there will be too many. /I can understand the psychology that girls don't like wearing school uniforms.

The subject of this sentence should be the speaker himself, but it does not appear.

3. The size of the theme is the default, for example:

△からなければぇてぁげる./If you don't understand, I'll tell you.

Neither of the two subject characters in this sentence appears. The front theme should be "ぁなたが (you)" and the back theme should be "わたしは (me)". This sentence can be established because there are auxiliary verbs to express the relationship between the two. In addition, it is also important to know whether it is the subject or the target language. For example, there is such an example:

△ぼくがきなのがぃればです.

The key word of this sentence is "ぼくが". If you take "ぼくが "as the subject, it means" If there is a girl I like, I will be satisfied ". If "ぼくが" is regarded as "object language", it is "if a girl likes me, I am satisfied". The two translations have completely different meanings. In fact, the latter is right. Because this sentence defaults to the personal subject of "foot", it is ambiguous. Another example is:

△ entertain guests, bride and groom, make wishes and give gifts.

This sentence is given by the author in the translation examination for the third year of undergraduate course. Many students misinterpreted it as "invited guests know to congratulate the bride and groom". The key is that the sentence structure is not thoroughly analyzed. That is to say, whether the subject of "fen かる" is "されたが". In fact, the subject of this sentence does not appear, it should be the speaker. It is understandable that the speaker thinks that guests will give gifts to the bride and groom.

In addition, when translating this kind of personal pronoun default drama sentences, most of them need to supplement personal pronouns to make the meaning of the sentences clear. For example:

△ぉをっても, だまされません/No matter how well you say it, I won't be fooled.

△ぁまりめられたのでくことにした./Everyone kept urging me, so I decided to go.

△ English をぇてもらぅわりに Japanese をぇてぁげまし/You teach me English.

Third, long sentences and long main sentences

There are many long sentences in Japanese, mainly long attributes and long subjects. This sentence can be said to be "big head, small tail". First of all, let's look at a long definite sentence. Sometimes a long definite sentence is several juxtaposed words, and sometimes it is an attributive clause. Why is there a long-term statement? This topic depends on the relationship between modification and modification in Japanese sentences. One of the characteristics of Japanese sentences is that modifiers must be placed in front of the modified ones, so all modifiers are concentrated in front of the modified ones, thus forming the phenomenon of overlapping modifiers. On the other hand, English is different. Some modifiers can be put in front and some can be put behind, thus reducing the pressure of modifiers. Try the following comparison:

The best book I know is this one.

Get to know each other personally Let's have a look at this book.

The mountain whose top stands above the white clouds is Mount Fuji.

At the top, there are white clouds, at the top, at the top, at the top, at the top, at the top, at the top, at the top, at the top, at the top.

As can be seen from the above examples, English modifies the modified components from both front and back. The advantage of this modified structure is that we can easily grasp the key words. However, modifiers are too long, and all of them are concentrated in front of modifiers, which will often distract our attention and affect our grasp of the main components. Therefore, when translating such sentences, it is necessary to decompose long modifiers, that is, to adopt the so-called "split translation" translation method. For example, the following is a passage in a short article, only three words have been modified, but the modifier is very long.

△タィのでぅかりのにをかてRest in peace.

Obviously, a sentence like this cannot be translated directly according to the original sentence. Even hard translation is not standard Chinese. When translating, you can mention the modified ingredients in front and translate them into:

"An American, in a temple in Thailand, accidentally rested on the head of the Buddha statue and was photographed, so he was deported. When an American professor was in a class in an Egyptian university, he inadvertently stretched out his leg and pointed at the students with the sole of his foot, and was sued for this. Another Nigerian student was stopped by the police while driving in the United States. When the international students stopped the car and came down immediately, they were shot. "

Japanese sometimes has a long attribute, but as long as it does not affect the normal expression, or as long as it conforms to Chinese habits, it can remain the same when translated. But there is one difference between Japanese and Chinese, that is, Chinese rarely adds modifiers before names. In this regard, some scholars pointed out: "Pronouns, personal names, place names and similar nouns are all' unique' and generally cannot have additional words. Now some people imitate foreign grammar with additional words. Some things are really necessary and some are unnecessary. Therefore, sometimes the modifiers in front of Japanese sentence names, although short, should be taken apart or put behind, which will appear smooth and natural. For example:

△そまつなにぉちつたベーーーンの/Beethoven is in a humble attic in Vienna.

△ 〾〾ぉけるのやる〾〾ぃるによよぅてぅるによよよ 12424

△ののrefers to と」をったさんだがががそのをしが.

By the way, please mention the modifiers of personal pronouns here. Chinese personal pronouns such as "I", "you" and "he" rarely have modifiers in front of them, but Japanese is used to it. For example, there is a saying:

△ そんなですからよくらなぃらなぃ〾のととと〾〾や〾

If translated into "because I am like that", it is obviously not authentic Chinese. Therefore, when there is such an ingredient, it should be translated in reverse: "Because I am such a person, I can't talk to people I don't know or meet for the first time." Another example is:

△ Marry if you are poor, suffer if you are bitter, and suffer if you are bitter. /The young man said: "Marrying a poor man like me can only suffer."

△ Wife's illness, illness, illness, parents' affection, and so on. He thought his wife's illness was dangerous, so he sent a telegram to his relatives and friends to tell them about her illness.

On the other hand, when the predicate of a sentence is "noun+だ (or です)", that is, the "coordinate structure" in Chinese, if there is a long attributive modification before the predicate, then the modified component, that is, the predicate, should also be mentioned before it. For example:

△ is the same as じことをしながら, のぁとはまったか

The word "two people" in this sentence was originally at the back, and it is more fluent to put it in front when translated into Chinese. Another example is:

△ Less seats, fewer passengers and stronger transportation capacity. The purpose is to reduce seats, increase passengers and improve transportation capacity.