What are the sperm semen tests? When will it be ready?

Semen consists of sperm and seminal plasma, of which sperm accounts for 10% and the rest is seminal plasma. Besides water, fructose, protein and fat, it also contains a variety of enzymes and inorganic salts. Semen contains zinc.

Sperm semen is produced by testis. Seminal plasma is secreted by prostate, seminal vesicle gland and urethral ball gland. The seminal plasma contains fructose and protein, which are the nutrients of sperm. In addition, seminal plasma also contains prostaglandin and some enzymes. Normal semen is milky white, light yellow or colorless, and the number of sperm in each milliliter of semen is generally between 60 million and 200 million. Sperm with fluidity accounts for more than 60% of the total. Abnormal sperm should be less than 10% of the total. Sperm motility lasts for 3-4 hours at room temperature.

Semen is alkaline and female genitalia is acidic. So semen will be neutralized when it enters a woman's body.

The fifth edition of the WHO 20 10 Manual for Laboratory Examination of Human Semen is "Normal Semen Standard", as shown in the following table 1- 1:

Table 1- 1 normal semen standard

result

Normal reference value

result

Normal reference value

external

Normal: even milky white and semi-liquid.

Total sperm count

Every ejaculation is not less than 39 million.

Sperm volume

1.5ml or more

Sperm motility rate

Over 58%

pH value

7.2 or above

sperm motility

Over 40% (a+b+c)

Or more than 32% (a+b)

Liquefaction time

Within 60 minutes at room temperature, generally not more than 15 minutes.

Normal form

More than 4%

Sperm concentration

More than150,000/ml

white blood cell (WBC)

Less than 1× 10/ ml

A fertile normal male ejaculates 2-6 ml at a time, with an average of 3.5 ml. The amount of ejaculation is negatively correlated with the frequency of ejaculation. If the amount of ejaculation is still less than 2 ml after abstinence for 5-7 days, it is regarded as semen reduction; If you don't ejaculate, this is called azoospermia. Seminal plasma is the medium of sperm activity, which can neutralize the acidic secretion of vagina without affecting sperm motility. The decrease of semen volume (insufficient seminal plasma) is not conducive to sperm entering uterus and fallopian tube through vagina, which affects fertilization. If the amount of ejaculation exceeds 8 ml, the sperm will be diluted, which is not conducive to fertility. This may be caused by excessive gonadotropin secretion in the anterior pituitary gland, which increases the level of androgen. You can also see it in people who have been abstinence for too long.

Semen contains an antibacterial substance comparable to penicillin-semen cytoplasm. Experts pointed out that semen cytoplasm is a kind of protein with unique function. Once in the cell, it can prevent the synthesis of ribonucleic acid, thus killing bacteria. It is observed from laboratory culture that semen cytoplasm can kill many pathogenic bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus.

ask

If you take semen for examination, it is best not to discharge semen within 5 days before the examination. Generally speaking, semen can be collected by masturbation or sexual intercourse with special condoms. Semen should be kept in a dry and clean bottle and sent for inspection immediately.

Semen is a body fluid. So many sexually transmitted diseases can be transmitted to each other through semen. The semen of AIDS patients contains HIV, so it can be transmitted to each other through sexual intercourse. Anal sex is a dangerous sexual behavior, because the tissues near the anus are more likely to be injured. If there is a wound rupture, semen with HIV can be transmitted to anal sex through the wound. This is why gay men are more likely to get AIDS. As long as there is body fluid communication, heterosexual sex can also spread sexually transmitted diseases.

"The amount of semen that every man can discharge in his life is about four buckets (about 80 liters). When he runs out of the last drop of semen, a bead with the words' finished' will appear. " -A joke

In order to determine a man's fertility, doctors often ask him to have a semen test. Normal semen color is grayish white or milky white. If abstinence lasts for a long time, it may be light yellow. If it is bright red and dark red, it means that the patient has inflammation or genital tract injury. The amount of semen discharged each time is 2~6 ml, which is often affected by the number and frequency of semen discharge. Fresh semen is viscous and jelly-like, and should be liquefied into a dilute liquid within 1 hour. Insert a small glass rod into semen and lift it. The length of the formed semen filaments is generally less than 2 cm, otherwise it is regarded as abnormal. Semen is weakly alkaline, and its PH value is 7.2~7.8. The normal sperm count should exceed 20 million/ml. Active sperm within 1 hour after sperm discharge >: =50%. The World Health Organization suggests that sperm motility can be divided into four levels: level 0: inactive; Grade 1: Sperm wobbles in situ; Grade 2: moderate forward movement; Level 3: active forward movement, fast linear movement. Sperm with normal sperm activity rate of grade 2-3 >: =40%~50%. Sperm morphology: abnormal sperm is less than 50%. The analysis of male fertility can not be based on a certain index of semen, but should be based on the comprehensive ability analysis of sperm quantity, vitality, activity rate and liquefaction time abnormality rate. Sexual life must be stopped within 5 ~ 7 days before collecting semen, and masturbation and wet dream are not allowed. Smoking and drinking are prohibited, and drugs that have an impact on spermatogenesis are avoided.

It is best to take semen in the morning, and wash hands and genitals, especially glans penis, with warm water before taking semen. Ejaculation can be caused by masturbation or electric massage. Sperm is discharged in a certain order. The first part comes from prostate, epididymis and ampulla, accompanied by a large number of sperm, and the last part comes from seminal vesicle. Therefore, to collect the whole semen, we must not miss any part, especially the first part. Because it is easy to lose the first part of semen, it is impossible to collect semen by interrupting sexual intercourse. The container containing semen should be clean, sterile and dry, and the temperature of the container should be the same as room temperature before collecting semen; The bottle should not be too big, but the bottle mouth should not be too small, so as to avoid semen from the bottle; It should also be labeled to record the name and time of sperm collection. In cold weather, semen samples should be kept warm and placed in underwear bags. They should not be tilted or inverted, and should be sent to the laboratory within 1 hour as far as possible.

Abnormal factor

1, computer radiation

Many young people don't get enough sleep, and the endocrine disorder caused by it will not only lead to many diseases, but also affect the movement of sperm, making it difficult for women to get pregnant. If you surf the internet all day, long-term computer radiation will do great harm to your testicles, and it is inevitable that your spermatogenic function will decline.

2. Illness

Some young people are very open to sex, but they don't know how to protect themselves. If you are infected with urethritis without active treatment, it may lead to epididymitis and orchitis. The former is blocking the vas deferens, while the latter is worsening the spermatogenic function.

Adolescent boys should be careful of mumps. Although mumps is a self-healing disease, if you don't have a good rest and medication, and stay up late as before, resulting in decreased resistance, it may cause testicular atrophy, the disappearance of spermatogenesis function and even azoospermia.

Varicocele of spermatic vein and hydrocele of tunica vaginalis will damage testis and cause spermatogenesis disorder. Moreover, the older you get, the more serious the damage to sperm is.

3. High temperature

Sperm is extremely sensitive to temperature. Generally speaking, the testicular temperature is lower than the body temperature 1-2 degrees Celsius, which is most beneficial to the production of sperm. However, many men like to take a bath and soak in hot springs, and some people regard wearing tights as a fashion, which will lead to the testicular temperature rising above 37℃, thus inhibiting sperm production. The same is true of riding a motorcycle and driving a long-distance bus. The high temperature of the cushion affects testicular spermatogenesis, perineum is compressed for a long time, and prostatitis will follow.

4. Fried food

Many people know that "gluttony" will affect health, but they may not know that infertility may also be "eaten". One of the hidden dangers is barbecue and fried food. For example, there is a substance called acrylamide propionate in fried food. Excessive intake can cause cancer and kill sperm. Foods such as French fries and biscuits contain trans fatty acids, which will inhibit androgen secretion, so the sexual function of men who love snacks will decrease and the number of sperm will also decrease.

5. Some Chinese medicines

Eating cottonseed can prevent pregnancy because cottonseed has spermicidal effect. But for young couples without children, this contraceptive method is likely to go too far and lead to infertility. Fructus Cnidii has aphrodisiac effect, and many men use it to enhance sexual function. But at the same time, it will reduce sperm motility, so men should eat less of these drugs. Sophora flavescens also has spermicidal effect. It is suggested that drinking herbal tea should pay attention to whether it contains such drugs.

Inspection steps

1, the ejaculation volume of normal people is about 2-6 ml each time, 1-2 ml is suspected abnormal, and those less than 1 ml or more than 7 ml are regarded as abnormal. The determination of semen volume is related to the abstinence time before taking samples. Abstinence time is long, and semen volume is relatively large. Generally abstinence for 3-7 days is appropriate.

Under pathological conditions, when the amount of ejaculation is more than 7ml, not only the sperm density decreases, but also it is easy to flow out of the vagina, resulting in a decrease in the total number of sperm, which is common in seminal vesiculitis; Less than 2ml means too little semen, but usually less than 1ml. At this time, the contact area between semen and female reproductive tract is small, or because of its viscosity, it is not conducive to sperm entering the woman's cervix, leading to infertility, which is common in severe accessory gland inflammation, low testosterone level, ejaculatory duct obstruction, retrograde ejaculation and so on.

2. Sperm density is generally expressed by the number of sperm per milliliter of semen. The sperm density of normal people is 20 million-1.500 million /ml, which varies greatly among individuals. Less than 20 million /ml is oligozoospermia, which can be seen in the dysfunction of spermatogenesis caused by various reasons, which can lead to low fertility or infertility due to the decrease of the chance of sperm entering the uterine cavity and fallopian tube; More than 250 million /ml is polyspermia, and sperm motility is affected; If sperm is not found after repeated examination or centrifugation, it is azoospermia. The above three factors are all infertility factors. It should be noted that some people are less than 20 million /ml, but they can have children with strong sperm motility and low deformity rate. If the total amount of semen discharged each time is less than 20 million/ml, it is basically impossible to conceive naturally.

3. After normal liquefied semen is injected, it becomes gelatinous under the action of seminal vesicle coagulase, and becomes a less viscous liquid after 5-30 minutes. If it does not liquefy for more than half an hour, it means that semen does not liquefy and sperm cannot move freely, leading to male infertility. In addition, contact the glass rod with liquefied semen, observe the viscosity, and gently hold it to form semen filaments, which are generally less than 2cm in length.

4. The abnormal rate is normal. Sperm head is oblate and oval, and tail is long and curved, similar to tadpoles. But some are pointed, big and double-headed, and the tail is short, forked and double-tailed. If these abnormal sperm exceed 30%, it is called teratospermia, which can lead to infertility.

5. How to check the abnormal semen of male sperm? The color of normal semen is grayish white or yellowish. If the semen is bloodshot and red or pink, it is bloody semen. A large number of red blood cells can be seen under the microscope, which are common in inflammation of the accessory gonads and posterior urethra, and occasionally in tuberculosis or tumors. If the semen contains yellow secretion, it is purulent semen, and a large number of pus balls can be seen under the microscope, suggesting that there is inflammation in the reproductive tract or accessory gonads.

6. The PH value of normal semen is between 7: 2 and 7: 8. Too acidic or too alkaline semen is not conducive to sperm activity and metabolism. Less than 7: 02 is seen in ejaculatory duct obstruction or urine pollution; More than 7: 8 is seen in seminal vesicle inflammation or old specimens.

7. Inflammatory cells: White blood cells in normal semen are less than a "+"sign. Leukocytosis indicates that there is infection in reproductive tract or accessory gonad.

8. The survival rate is generally within one hour in after ejaculation, and the mobile sperm should be no less than 70% (generally 60-80%). If it is less than 60%, it is asthenospermia; If all the sperm in semen die, it is azoospermia.

9. Sperm motility is generally divided into four levels. Grade 0 refers to inactive sperm; 1 grade refers to the sperm moving in situ; Grade 2 is the slow swimming of sperm forward curve; Grade 3 is sperm swimming straight ahead; Grade 4 is a fast and straight sperm. Generally, sperm above grade 3 may fertilize eggs. Generally, grade 3+grade 4 (some marked as grade A+grade B) sperm ≥50%. The common reasons leading to the decline of sperm motility and survival rate are hypogonadism, varicocele, ciliary immobile syndrome caused by chronic respiratory infection, the existence of anti-sperm antibodies in semen or improper preservation of specimens.

classify

general inspection

(1) Semen volume: 2 ~ 5ml of semen is discharged by a normal person at a time.

(2) Color and transparency: The normal semen just injected is milky white or grayish white, and it is translucent milky white after liquefaction, and it may be pale yellow if the semen is not discharged for a long time. Bright red or dark red blood semen can be seen in inflammation of reproductive system, tuberculosis and tumor, and yellow purulent semen can be seen in seminal vesiculitis or prostatitis.

(3) Viscous liquefaction: Normal fresh semen is a viscous colloid several seconds after discharge, and begins to liquefy under the action of fibrinolytic enzyme in semen 30 minutes later. If the viscosity decreases like rice soup, it may be that the number of sperm decreases, which is seen in inflammation of reproductive system, and semen does not coagulate due to obstruction or injury of seminal vesicle; If semen does not liquefy after 1 hour, it may be caused by inflammation destroying fibrinolytic enzyme, such as prostatitis. Non-liquefaction of sperm will inhibit sperm motility and affect pregnancy.

(4) pH: pH value. The weak alkalinity of normal semen pH value is 7.2 ~ 8.0, which is beneficial to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions. PH less than 7 or greater than 8 will affect sperm activity and metabolism, which is not conducive to pregnancy.

microscopic examination

(1) Sperm survival rate: 30 ~ 60 minutes after ovulation, the normal sperm survival rate should be 80% ~ 90%, and the decline of sperm survival rate is an important cause of infertility.

(2) Sperm motility: refers to the state of sperm motility, and also refers to the quality of motile sperm. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that sperm motility be divided into four levels: ① sperm motility is good, moving fast, lively and powerful, and moving straight; ② Sperm activity is good, the speed of movement is acceptable, the swimming direction is uncertain, and it shows a linear or non-linear movement with rotation; (3) poor sperm movement, slow movement, spinning or shaking in place, and poor ability to move forward; 4 dead sperm, sperm is completely inactive. Normal sperm motility should be above ③ level. If >: 40% sperm motility is poor (③, ④), it is often an important reason for male infertility. The low sperm motility is mainly caused by varicocele, nonspecific infection of urogenital system and the use of antimalarial drugs, androgen and other drugs.

(3) Sperm count: The sperm count of normal people is 0.6×10/2 ~10.5× 0.012/L, which is equivalent to a total of 400×106 ~ 600×/kloc. When sperm count value

(4) Sperm morphology: In normal semen, abnormal sperm should be less than 10% ~ 15%. If the number of abnormal sperm in semen is more than: 20%, it will lead to infertility, which may be caused by varicocele, toxic metabolites in blood, lead pollution, or abnormal sperm morphology caused by high-dose radiation and cytotoxic drugs. If > 1% pathological immature cells, including spermatogonia, spermatocytes and immature spermatocytes, suggest that the spermatogenic function of testicular seminiferous tubules is affected or damaged by drugs or other factors. If sperm agglutination >: 10%, it indicates reproductive tract infection or abnormal immune function.

Semen is less than1.5ml; No liquefaction or incomplete liquefaction after 30 minutes in vitro; The active sperm is less than 40%; Or poor sperm activity; The number of sperm is below 0.6 billion/ml; Those with less than 80% normal sperm may lead to infertility. Semen is less common in seminal vesicle and prostate diseases; Azoospermia or oligozoospermia are common in tuberculosis and nonspecific inflammation of reproductive system, such as parotitis complicated with orchitis and testicular dysplasia. A large number of white blood cells in semen are common in seminal vesiculitis, prostatitis or tuberculosis; A large number of red blood cells in semen are common in seminal vesicle tuberculosis and prostate cancer.

titular

Subjects are forbidden to have sex within 5-7 days after frequent sperm discharge for a period of time (the interval between the last sperm discharge and specimen collection shall not be less than 100 hour); [1] Prepare a clean and dry container with a big mouth and a lid, masturbate to obtain semen, and inject it into the container at one time, cover it and record the time of the specimen in vitro; Keep warm close to your body and send it to the laboratory within 30 minutes, giving inspectors time to take out samples. Routine observation of semen: total semen volume (ml), sperm motility, sperm density (one/ml), semen liquefaction time (time from specimen taking to semen liquefaction), sperm cells (one/high power field), etc.

Sperm cells can only be distinguished by staining: inactive sperm, dead sperm, immature sperm and so on.

If no sperm can be found, it must be tested after centrifugation, and still no sperm can be found; Before reporting azoospermia. No sperm was found after three sampling tests, and azoospermia was confirmed.

Review time

Routine semen examination is an important method to evaluate male fertility, and it is also an experimental basis for diagnosis and curative effect observation of andrology diseases. It takes about 30 to 40 minutes for men's semen routine examination to get results, and it takes about one hour for semen analysis to get results. Men abstain from sex for five to seven days before the examination, and prenatal eugenics examination recommends that both husband and wife check at the same time.

reference value

[Clinical significance]

1. If you don't ejaculate for several days, the semen volume is less than 1.5ml, which means that it is abnormal, indicating that the seminal vesicle or prostate is diseased; If the amount of semen is reduced to a few drops, or even cannot be discharged, it is called azoospermia, which is seen in specific infections of reproductive system, such as tuberculosis, gonorrhea, nonspecific inflammation and so on.

2. If the amount of semen is too much (more than 8ml at a time), the sperm will be diluted and reduced accordingly, which will hinder fertility.

Second, the color inspection

[Normal reference value]

Gray or milky white, it may be light yellow if you don't ejaculate for a long time.

[Clinical significance]

1. yellow or brown purulent semen: seen in seminal vesiculitis or prostatitis, etc.

2. Bright red or dark red with blood semen: seen in inflammation, tuberculosis and tumor of reproductive system.

Three, viscosity and liquefaction test

[Normal reference value]

Sticky jelly liquefies itself within 30 minutes.

[Clinical significance]

1. Semen viscosity is low, like rice soup, which can be caused by the decrease of sperm number and can be seen in reproductive system inflammation. ?

2. Too long liquefaction time or no liquefaction can inhibit sperm activity and affect fertility, which is common in prostatitis.

Fourthly, sperm motility rate detection.

[Normal reference value]

Normal sperm motility is generally above Grade III (good mobility, moderate movement, but more fluctuation), and after ejaculation is good at coping with 1 hour, and the motility above Grade III >: 0.60.

[Clinical significance]

If the sperm of grade 0 (dead sperm, immobile, still immobile after heating) and grade I (immobile, sperm spinning in place, swinging or shaking, slow movement) are above 0.40, it is often one of the important reasons for male infertility.

Five, sperm motility detection

[Normal reference value]

Sperm with motility above grade III within 30-60 minutes in after ejaculation >: 0.80: after ejaculation 120 minutes > 0.60; Sperm with 0.25-0.60 can still move after ejaculation 120 minutes.

[Clinical significance]

The increase of motile or inactive sperm is one of the important reasons for infertility. Nonspecific infections such as Escherichia coli infection, some metabolic drugs, antimalarials, estrogen, nitric oxide mustard and other diseases common in varicocele and genitourinary system can also reduce sperm motility.

Six, sperm count

[Normal reference value]

(100-150) ×109/l or the total amount of primary semen is (4-6)× 108.

[Clinical significance]

1. The number of sperm is less than 20× 109/L or the total amount of sperm discharged at one time is less than 1× 108, which is abnormal and can be seen in harmful industrial pollution such as varicocele and metal lead, high-dose radiation and the influence of some drugs.

2. Sperm was not found to be azoospermia for many times, mainly due to the low spermatogenic function of testis, congenital defects of vas deferens and seminal vesicles or obstruction of vas deferens. There should be no sperm in semen 2 months after vasectomy, otherwise the operation will fail.

3. The number of sperm in the elderly began to decrease from the age of 50, and even gradually disappeared.

Seven, sperm morphology examination

[Normal reference value]

Abnormal sperm:

[Clinical significance]

1. Abnormal sperm in patients with varicocele increase, suggesting that sperm has entered semen at an immature stage, or the scrotum temperature is too high due to poor venous return, and testicular tissue is deprived of oxygen, or blood carries toxic metabolites back to testis from kidney or adrenal vein, which is unfavorable to sperm morphology.

2. The increase of agglutinated sperm in semen indicates reproductive tract infection or abnormal immune function. ?

3. When the spermatogenic function of testicular seminiferous tubules is affected or damaged by drugs or other factors, more pathological immature sperm cells can appear in semen.

Eight, sperm cell examination

[Normal reference value]

White blood cells (WBC):

[Clinical significance]

1. Leukocytosis in semen is common in seminal vesiculitis, prostatitis and tuberculosis.

2. Erythrocytosis in semen is common in seminal vesicle tuberculosis and prostate cancer.

3. If cancer cells are found in semen, it is of diagnostic significance for germline cancer.

Nine, semen pH (pH) check

[Normal reference value]

7.2-8.0。

[Clinical significance]

1. Semen pH value

2. Semen pH >; 8.0, common in acute infections, such as seminal vesiculitis and prostatitis.

X. determination of male fertility index

[Calculation formula]

I=M(N×V)/(A× 106) where I is the male fertility index; M is the percentage of active sperm; N is the number of sperm per milliliter; V is the speed of sperm movement; A is the percentage of abnormal sperm.

[Normal reference value]

Fertility index of normal people > 1.

[Clinical significance]

1. The fertility index is 0, indicating that there is no fertility at all.

2. The fertility index is between 0- 1, indicating that there are different degrees of fertility disorders.

Second, biochemical and immunological tests:

1, determination of refined berry sugar

The normal reference value is 9.11-17.67mmol/L.

Clinical significance (1) Semen fructose is 0, which can be seen in congenital absence of bilateral vas deferens and seminal vesicles, complete obstruction of bilateral vas deferens or retrograde ejaculation. (2) The decrease of fructose in semen is common in seminal vesiculitis and insufficient androgen secretion, which can lead to insufficient energy of sperm movement and even make it difficult to conceive.

2. Determination of acid phosphatase in seminal plasma

Guinness method for normal reference value: > 255nmol s- 1/L

Clinical significance (1) The content of acid phosphatase in seminal plasma is increased, which is common in patients with prostatic hypertrophy or early prostate malignant tumor. (2) The content of acid phosphatase in seminal plasma is decreased, which is common in patients with prostatitis. (3) The detection of acid phosphatase in seminal plasma is the most sensitive method for forensic identification of semen.

3. Determination of acrosin activity in seminal plasma

The normal reference value is 36.7221.43u/lu/l.

Clinical significance The activity of sperm acrosin is positively correlated with sperm density and sperm acrosomal integrity rate, and its insufficient activity can lead to male infertility.

4. Determination of lactate dehydrogenase X isoenzyme in seminal plasma

The absolute activity of LDH-X in the normal reference value is 26201340 u/l; Relative activity of LDH-X: ≥0.426.

Clinical significance LDH-X has the tissue specificity of testis and sperm, and is a key enzyme good at exercise empowerment. The detection of LDH-X can be used as a valuable index to diagnose male infertility. LDH-X decreased or disappeared in patients with testicular atrophy's disease. There is no LDH-X production when sperm is defective, and the activity of LDH-X decreases in patients with oligozoospermia or azoospermia. Taking gossypol can also inhibit the activity of this enzyme.

5, seminal plasma carnitine determination

The normal reference concentration is 239.56l05.59umol/l/l.

Clinical significance of determination of carnitine in seminal plasma Carnitine is mainly secreted by epididymis, followed by seminal vesicle. Carnitine in seminal plasma can be divided into free carnitine and acetyl carnitine, and epididymis contains high concentration of carnitine, which is mainly related to the energy source needed by sperm when epididymis matures. It is considered that the changes of carnitine content and fructose content in seminal plasma often reflect the functions of epididymis and seminal vesicle. The contents of carnitine and fructose in seminal plasma are normal, indicating that epididymis and seminal vesicle function normally. When the content of carnitine is higher than the normal 50%, but the content of fructose is lower, it means that the seminal vesicle is dysfunctional and the epididymis is normal. Carnitine in seminal plasma is about 50% of the normal content, and fructose content is normal, indicating that epididymis is dysfunctional and seminal vesicle function is normal; However, carnitine decreased sharply and fructose content also decreased, indicating that the function of seminal vesicle and epididymis was damaged.

6. Determination of anti-sperm antibody

The normal reference value is negative.

Clinical significance The detection of anti-sperm antibody has important clinical significance in the etiological examination of infertility. AsAb exists in serum or genital secretions, which can inhibit sperm activity, interfere with sperm movement, hinder sperm penetration and sperm-egg combination, and make fertilization difficult. Even if it has been fertilized, it may affect the developing embryo and cause immune abortion. The positive rate of AsAb in infertile couples is 25%-30%. When the sperm outlet pipeline is blocked, testicular injury, inflammation, epididymis and other reproductive system infections occur, it is an autoantibody produced by sperm escape.

Disease problem

How long should I abstain from sex before the examination?

Some men need to abstain from sex before examination, for example, it is best to abstain from sex for 3 to 5 days before semen examination, and the longest is no more than 7 days. Less than 3 days or more than 7 days will affect semen results and affect doctors' judgment and analysis of diseases.

If the abstinence time is not enough, it may not reach more than 2 ml required for sperm collection, and it is easy to have more immature sperm. If abstinence time is too long, sperm and abnormal sperm may increase, and the activity rate may be low.

What are the precautions before inspection?

First, before leaving semen, patients should stop sexual intercourse for 4 ~ 7 days. Testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylacetate and testosterone norpropionate should not be used before examination 1 week. When taking semen, you can massage the penis with soft soap or paraffin oil and collect the specimen in a sterile test tube. You can also use condoms (washed without spermicide) or use sexual intercourse to collect semen, but the amount collected in this way is often small. If the above method can't collect semen, you can massage the seminal vesicle and the end of the vas deferens through the rectum and press the urine to check whether there is sperm in the sediment. Don't let semen overheat and supercool. Consult the doctor in time, no more than 30 minutes. Pay attention to keep warm in cold weather, and put it in your underwear pocket to keep warm when sending for inspection.

Secondly, if bacterial culture is to be carried out, the urethral orifice should be washed and disinfected first, and then the semen should be collected in a sterile test tube. Couples who have lived together for more than 3 years without taking any contraceptive measures are called infertile. If it is infertility, don't blindly doubt one party before both parties have checked, let alone think that the reason for infertility is the woman. Pregnancy is a matter for both husband and wife. To get pregnant, the man's semen content should be normal, and his shape and motivation should be normal. The woman can ovulate normally, and sperm and eggs can combine to form fertilized eggs, which can be implanted into the endometrium. Obstacles in any of these links will lead to infertility.

3. If the semen of the above test results is normal, the woman should also go to the hospital for examination, including general situation, reproductive organs, ovarian ovulation function, fallopian tube patency, immune examination, etc. [