Briefly describe the occurrence, development and glory of China's classical Chinese novels in several historical periods.

Following the classical Chinese novels in Yuan Dynasty represented by Ji, the creation of classical Chinese novels in Ming Dynasty was not lonely. Especially in the early Ming dynasty, when vernacular novels had not yet formed a climate, classical Chinese novels were more active.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Qu You's "A New Story of Cutting Lights" caused a sensation in the literary world. This book has * * * 4 volumes, 20 articles and an appendix. Most of these novels wrote some stories about the chaos in the world at the end of Yuan Dynasty, with strange colors. Many of these works record the mentality of scholars in troubled times in absurd forms. For example, "Huating meets an old friend" is written about Quan and Jia Erzi who rose to help Zhang Shicheng when the national army surrounded Gusu, and died in the water because of defeat. Wandering souls meet old friends in the suburbs and talk about the dilemma of "thinking about wealth" and "recovering from danger when rich" in troubled times, which can well reflect the mentality of scholars at that time. They also lamented that Han Xin, Liu Wenjing and other "heroes" and "all those who died were punished by foreigners". It goes without saying that it is time for Ming Taizu to kill the hero. In "Xie Wen Zhuan", the author also criticized the contemporary people for "being able to bribe people, get into the house, exaggerate their appearance and take them for nothing", revealing the author's dissatisfaction with the dark society.

There are many love and marriage stories in the book, which exudes the breath of some citizens. Secular civilians and businessmen began to become the protagonists in the novel. They despise ethics and boldly pursue the autonomy of marriage and love. For example, I wrote a pair of rich sisters Xue and Xue. They are smart and beautiful, and they can also write poems. One day, Zheng Sheng, a small trader, was taking a bath by the river. He "threw out a pair of lychees" and offered to be nice. At night, when the bamboo bag is hung down, Zheng Sheng will be hung on a tall building. "Naturally, there is no dusk, but there is no". After the parents of both sides knew it, they did not reprimand them according to the ethics, but enlightened and fulfilled them. This new concept of love and marriage is also very obvious in Biography of Cui Cui. Cui Cui, the heroine in the novel, is a "Huai 'an citizen's daughter". After she fell in love with her classmate Jin Ding privately, she said to her parents publicly, "I have promised. If I don't follow it, I will die, and I will never go to another door! "When the man was too poor to consciously" lose to the portal "and dared not agree abruptly, the woman's parents said," Marriage is about wealth, which is the way to get rid of it. I know how to choose a husband, nothing else! "Obviously, they don't care about feudal ethics. Later, Cui Cui "lost her virginity" in the war, and the author didn't mean to condemn her. Finally, a couple is always together. The appendix "The Story of Qiuxiang Pavilion" describes that Shang Sheng and Yang fell in love since childhood and they agreed to get married. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the two separated, and eventually it was difficult for lovers to be married. Marry Wang who opened a colorful silk shop. This tragedy is autobiographical, but it objectively describes the disasters brought to the people by troubled times and reflects the growth of businessmen's strength.

Some of the works in "A New Edition of the Story of Cutting Lights" have obvious traces of imitating predecessors' masterpieces, and the interspersed verses are sometimes a bit excessive, but on the whole, as Ling said in the preface: "The husband's meaning is strange, the wording is wonderful, and suddenly it becomes a family statement. Those who read it make people like to dance, and they hide their tears and have a cover. " This is not difficult to understand, it can not only make the so-called "frivolous people struggle to recite", but also make "born of Confucianism, don't teach more, remember to talk day and night" ("Records of Yingzong", volume 90). Its appearance marked the rise of legendary novels in Ming Dynasty, and had a strong influence on the creation of classical Chinese novels in Ming Dynasty and even in Qing Dynasty. After that, some legendary novels and some excellent works appeared in the Ming Dynasty, such as Lotus Screen and Swing Club in Cut the Lamp, The Story of Strong Heart Stone in Flower Collection, Gui Qian's Dream Record in Shao's Looking for the Lamp, Song and so on. The collection and the accompanying collections, such as The Story of Negative Feelings, The Pearl Embroidered Shirt, etc., are all very distinctive. Other legendary novels, such as Ma's The Legend of the Wolf in Zhongshan, are also widely known and circulated.

The uniqueness in the history of legendary novels lies in the emergence of a number of "novellas" in the Ming Dynasty. This kind of works are directly or indirectly influenced by The Collection of Jiao Hong, and all of them are about love stories, with the length exceeding 10,000 words, and some even exceeding 40,000 words (for example, Searching for Lotus). The story of Jia Huayun's coming back from the dead in "Cutting the Lights" during Yongle period and "Love of Beauty" written by Yufeng's master at the end of Chenghua both describe the persistent pursuit of pure love by young men and women, which is tortuous and vivid, and both have the meaning of competing with "Jiao Hong Ji". The difference is that "Jia Huayun's Return to the Soul" drags the tail of a comedy and downplays the color of tragedy, while "The Heart of Beauty" completely ends with a happy ending of a comedy. Driven by the love of beauty, there was a climax of novella legend creation between Hongzhi and Jiajing. Most of his early works described young men and women's bold and active pursuit of independence in marriage and love, which impacted the traditional unreasonable marriage system and occasionally exposed the society, such as The Story of Long Hui Lan Chi, Li Shi, Li Jing Chuan, Huai Chun Ya Ji and so on. In particular, the biography of Liaoyang Poseidon tells the story that Cheng Xian, a Hui merchant, fell in love with Poseidon and made a fortune in business. Strange imagination and beautiful writing reflect the situation of commercial trade and the improvement of businessmen's status at that time, which is favored by people. With the excessive propaganda of public opinion on human desires and the increasingly decadent world style, several works focusing on sexual indulgence and even promiscuity appeared in Jiajing period. Almost all of these novels promote scientific fame and immortal achievements at the same time, which fully exposes that the excessive expansion of people's personal desires will inevitably lead to the overall distortion of human nature. Later, Liu Sheng discovered that the story of Lotus criticized these works as "cruel and naive". Together with "Biography of Two Pairs" written after Wanli, it tried to save the decadent wind and get closer to "emotion". It also showed respect for the normal order of society and its character rebounded, but in the end it did not have an excellent masterpiece.

There are abundant and complete kinds of notes in Ming Dynasty, far superior to those in Tang and Song Dynasties. Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio, such as Zhu Yunming's Strange Stories from a Lonely Studio, Lu Xie's More Thoughts, Yang Yi's Different Stories from Gaopo, Min Wenzhen's Different Stories, Xu Changji's History of Harmony, Hong Yingming's Wonders of Fairy Buddhas, Qian Xiyan's Gardens, Wang Tonggui's. Looking forward to human nature, it is important to remember anecdotes, such as Lu Rong's Garden Miscellanies. He writes beautifully, telling stories, remembering customs, discussing historical events, and sometimes having some original opinions. Zhang's "Du Lie's New Book" focuses on all kinds of fake stories and widely exposes the world trend of the idea of mixing water in the late Ming Dynasty. Mei Dingzuo's The Story of the Green Mud Lotus records the deeds of prostitutes in the past dynasties, praising them as lotus flowers that emerged from the mud without contamination, expressing their pursuit of freedom and love and their tragic experiences. There is also a kind of notes of local chroniclers, which is more famous than Yulin. It collected more than 2,700 ancient stories from the Han Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty. After cutting and casting, it has its own characteristics of the times and individual colors, and the style of the book is unified, "simple and elegant" ("Mu Zong and Shi Yulin" by Siku). Generally speaking, these grotesque and humanistic note novels in the Ming Dynasty still had a broad market in the literati circle at that time, but they lacked artistic development after all. In the late Ming Dynasty, humorous and joke works with street flavor created a new situation. This may be related to the social atmosphere of active commercial economy, relatively free and open thinking and "interesting" literati at that time. There are more than thirty kinds of jokes in the late Ming Dynasty. Representative works include Feng Menglong's Overview of Ancient and Modern Talks (later renamed Ancient and Modern Laughter and History of Laughter) and Laughter House. These two books collect nearly 2,500 ancient and modern folk jokes, satirize feudal officials, unscrupulous profiteers, incompetent doctors, pedantic teachers and other figures with clear and sober writing, expose the shortcomings of feudal society and the weakness of human nature from one side, and push the art of jokes to a peak.

With the prosperity of China's classical novels and readers' hobbies, it has become a common practice to collect and publish all kinds of China's classical novels. In fact, the above-mentioned books, such as Poem of Mystery, Green Mud Lotus, Yulin, and A Survey of Ancient and Modern Talks, are all collectible. Among these books, Feng Menglong's Love History is also very famous. It edited more than 870 love stories in history, divided into 24 volumes, many of which affirmed the resistance to feudal ethics, praised pure and loyal love, and showed a relatively new concept of love, which provided rich materials for future drama novel creation. In addition, the more famous novel anthologies or series include Yan Yi Border, Yuchuzhi, Ancient and Modern Seas, Three Stories of He Ke, Gu Shi's Novel, Forty Articles of Guang, Yan Hai, Yan Cheng, Novels of the Five Dynasties, Shuo Qiao and so on. These books have made great contributions to the collection and preservation of a large number of classical Chinese novels from ancient times to Ming Dynasty, but most editors compiled them to meet the needs of the market, and their attitude is not too serious.

Although the creation of classical Chinese novels in Ming Dynasty did not produce first-class writers and works, it also played an important role in the history of literature. They play a connecting role in classical Chinese novels in Qing Dynasty. Works such as Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio are influenced by them in the choice of theme, plot conception, expression technique, aesthetic intention and charm. Classical Chinese novels and vernacular novels in Ming Dynasty also influenced and supplemented each other. Vernacular novels have a wide range of themes, popular language, tortuous plots and long length, which have affected the development of classical Chinese novels. The exquisite language, exquisite brushwork, elegant content and implicit charm of classical Chinese novels have also promoted vernacular novels. In particular, the classical Chinese novels of the Ming Dynasty provided rich materials and created favorable conditions for the creation and development of vernacular novels and operas. For example, The Biography of Wang collected by Yan Xuyi and other books has only 1200 words. Later, it became a vernacular novel, in which Hu used Di Qing skillfully, Wang Cuiqiao reported the death of Xu Mingshan (Xing), Hu Shaobao drew the Japanese military exploits (the second episode of West Lake), The Wizard of Oz, and the drama Liangxiang Pill. In the world literary world, the classical Chinese novels of the Ming Dynasty are also quite influential. 18 13, the Vietnamese poet Ruan You transplanted Jin Zhuan into a poetic novel of the same name and became a masterpiece in the world literary world. The Newspeak of Cutting Lights spread to South Korea in the middle of15th century, and Sisup Kim immediately copied the book Jin Ao Newspeak and became the originator of Korean novels. After/kloc-was introduced into Japan in the 6th century, various versions and adaptations appeared soon. In the Tokugawa shogunate period, various versions were "engraved, just like middle school textbooks" (Dong Kang's Shubo Tan Yong). /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, Ruan Yu, a Vietnamese, also wrote the first legendary novel, Legend Essay, under the direct influence of "cutting the lights and talking", which had a great influence on the development of Vietnamese novels. However, in China, the "cut-light Mandarin" was banned during the orthodox years, so that it was ignored by Chinese people for a long time, which made people deeply moved.