What are the criteria for reciting excellence?

Reading aloud is a creative activity that transforms written works into audio language, that is, on the basis of understanding the works, readers use their own voices to create images, reflect life, explain truth and reproduce the author's thoughts and feelings. In the Putonghua Proficiency Test, reading aloud is a comprehensive test form of candidates' Putonghua proficiency. In daily reading activities, there are many factors that determine readers' reading level and reading effect. This paper expounds several basic requirements of reading aloud in combination with several main factors affecting candidates' performance in Putonghua proficiency test, aiming at helping candidates to grasp difficulties, reduce mistakes in the test and give full play to their own level.

First,; Pronunciation in Mandarin and reading aloud.

Reading aloud in Putonghua is a science. Candidates are not only required to be faithful to the original work, and are not allowed to add, delete or change words, but also required to read aloud with initials, finals, tones, soft tones, inflections, sound changes and sentence expressions in line with the standard of Putonghua pronunciation. Reading a work aloud, if you can't even read Mandarin correctly, or even read it wrong, it will affect the audience's understanding of the original text and even make a joke. To make your reading conform to the phonetic norms of Putonghua, you must work hard in the following aspects:

1. Pay attention to the phonetic differences between Putonghua and your own dialect. The phonetic differences between Mandarin and dialects are mostly regular. There are big and small rules, and there are often some exceptions in the rules, so we should sum them up ourselves. It's not enough to just summarize. You should look up the dictionary, look it up, strengthen your memory and practice it again and again. In practice, we should not only pay attention to the phonological differences, but also pay attention to the learning of light words and vowels.

2. Pay attention to the pronunciation of polyphonic words. One word with multiple tones is one of the important reasons for misunderstanding, which must be paid great attention to. Disyllabic words can be learned from two aspects. The first category is polysyllabic words. We should focus on understanding its different meanings and remembering its different pronunciations. The second category is polyphonic words with the same meaning, so we should focus on their different use occasions. Most of these polyphonic characters are "wide" in one voice occasion and "narrow" in another voice occasion. Just remember the narrow one.

3. Pay attention to the misreading caused by similar or radical analogies. This misunderstanding is very common, because the glyphs are similar, and the word A is pronounced as the word B. Misreading caused by analogy between the pronunciation of radical itself or the pronunciation of more commonly used words composed of radical is also common. The so-called "show can only read half a word" and make jokes refers to this misunderstanding.

4. Pay attention to the pronunciation of different words. In Mandarin vocabulary, some words (or morphemes in words) have the same or basically the same meaning, but they are customarily pronounced in two or more different ways, which are called "variant characters". In order to standardize these pronunciations, the state organized the "Putonghua Phonetic Examination Committee" in 1950s to examine the pronunciations of words with different pronunciations in Putonghua. Decades have passed and several drafts have been changed. 1985, the state published the Pronunciation Evaluation Form of Variant Characters of Putonghua, which requires that the pronunciation and pronunciation of Variant Characters of Putonghua involved in departments and industries such as culture, education, publishing and broadcasting all over the country should be based on this new Pronunciation Evaluation Form. When using the phonetic alphabet, it is best to compare it with reference books (such as Xinhua Dictionary and Modern Chinese Dictionary). Look at all the pronunciations, meanings and use cases of a word first, and then look at the pronunciations and use cases in the phonetic review table. After comparison, if there is any discrepancy between the two, the sound audit table shall prevail. In this way, the purpose of pronunciation standardization is achieved. Grasping the tone of a work refers to the basic mood of the work, that is, the overall attitude and feeling of the work, the overall color and weight. Any work will have a unified and complete tone. When reading a work aloud, we must grasp the tone of the work, because the tone of the work is a whole concept and a comprehensive expression of specific thoughts and feelings in levels, paragraphs and sentences. To grasp the keynote, we must deeply analyze and understand the ideological content of the work, and strive to make a serious, full and effective analysis from the aspects of genre, theme, structure, language and style formed by integrating various elements. On this basis, readers can produce the true feelings, distinct attitudes and internal rhythms that they are eager to express. Only through such a complicated process can the thought of the work become the reader's thought, the emotion of the work become the reader's emotion, and the language expression of the work become what the reader wants to say. Only through such a complicated process can readers grasp the tone on the basis of the ideological content of the works. No matter what works you read, this "work on the case" is indispensable.

Third, master the basic skills of reading aloud.

(1) Pause

When reading aloud, some sentences are very short, just pause according to the punctuation marks written. Some sentences are long and complicated. Although there are no punctuation marks in the sentence, you can also make some short pauses in order to express your meaning clearly. But if the pause is improper, it will destroy the structure of the sentence, which is called reading sentences. Avoid reading broken sentences in the reading test, and candidates should pay special attention. There are several types of correct pauses:

1. Punctuation stops. Punctuation marks are the pause symbols of written language, and also the important basis for language pause when reading works. The pause rules of punctuation marks are generally as follows: the pause of periods, question marks, exclamation marks and ellipsis is slightly longer than that of semicolons, dashes and hyphens; The pause time of semicolon, dash and hyphen is longer than that of comma and colon; Comma and colon pause longer than pause and interval. In addition, the pause time between paragraphs in the work is longer than the general cycle time. The pause above is not absolute. Sometimes in order to express feelings, you can stop where there is no punctuation and stop where there is punctuation.

2. Grammatical pause. Grammatical pause is a natural pause in the middle of a sentence. It is often a short pause to emphasize and highlight the subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial or complement in a sentence. Learning grammar helps us to pause and break sentences correctly in reading and express the ideological content of the works correctly.

3. Emotional pause. Emotional pause is not limited by the relationship between written punctuation and sentence grammar, but is entirely based on emotional or psychological needs. It is dominated by feelings and decides to stop according to emotional needs. Its characteristic is that the sound breaks the feelings unchanged, that is, the sound breaks the feelings.

pressure

Stress refers to the skills that should be emphasized in words, words or phrases that play an important role in expression and expression when reading aloud. Stress emphasizes meaning by emphasizing sound, which can add weight to brightly colored words. Pressure has the following conditions:

1. Grammatical stress. Grammatical stress is a syllable that is naturally stressed according to language habits. Most of these stressed syllables are determined according to the usual language rules. Generally speaking, grammatical stress has no special emphasis.

2. Stress. Emphasis on stress is not limited by grammar, but determined by the key points to be expressed in the sentence. It is limited by the examinee's will and its position in the sentence is not fixed. Emphasizing the function of stress is to reveal the inner meaning of language. Due to different expression purposes, stress will fall on different words, thus revealing different meanings and expressing different effects.

3. Emotional stress. Emotional pressure can make the works read vividly, full of vitality and strong appeal. Emotional tension is mostly manifested in the situation of strong inner rhythm and emotional excitement.

(C) the speed of speech

When reading aloud, candidates can properly grasp the speed of reading aloud, which can arouse the mood and atmosphere of the work and enhance the expression effect of the language. The speed of reading aloud depends on the content and genre of the work, in which the content is the main one.

1. Grasp the speech speed according to the content. The speed of reading aloud should be adapted to the situation of the work, and it should be handled according to the ideological content, story, personality, environmental background, emotional tone and language characteristics of the work. Of course, the speed of speech is not static in a work, and it should change according to the specific content.

2. Master the speed of speech according to the genre. In order to ensure the consistency of the difficulty and grading standards of the works, almost all the 50 works selected by the National Putonghua Proficiency Test Outline are narratives. Narrative has notes and words. Generally speaking, the notes should be read faster and slower.

intonation

Intonation refers to the rise and fall of the voice in a sentence, in which the rise and fall at the end is the most important, which is generally closely combined with the tone of the sentence. When the examinee reads aloud, if he can pay attention to the rise and fall of intonation, his pronunciation will have a beautiful tone, which will make him sound beautiful in music and express different thoughts and feelings in more detail. There are various intonations, mainly as follows:

1. treble. The rising tone is often used in interrogative sentences, rhetorical questions, short imperative sentences or sentences expressing anger, tension, warning and summoning. When reading aloud, pay attention to the front low and then high, and the tone rises.

2. lower the tone. Falling tone is generally used in exclamatory sentences, imperative sentences or sentences expressing feelings such as firmness, self-confidence, praise and wishes. This tone is usually used to express deep sadness and indignation. When reading aloud, pay attention to the tone gradually decreasing from high to low, and the last word is low and short.

3. Single tone. Flat lines are generally used in sentences that describe, explain or express hesitation, thinking, indifference, memory, mourning, etc. When reading aloud, it is always straight and slow, with no obvious height change.

4. twists and turns. Twists and turns are used to express special feelings, such as satire, ridicule, exaggeration, emphasis, pun, special surprise and so on. When reading aloud, from high to low and then to high, some special syllables in the sentence are particularly aggravated, increased or elongated, forming tortuous changes.