How can Yongnian people learn the phonetic knowledge of Putonghua more scientifically?

If Yongnian people want to learn the phonetic knowledge of Putonghua more scientifically, you must first understand what the relevant phonetic knowledge is. What are vowels and consonants in Chinese? What's the difference between vowels and consonants? What are the connections and differences between sounds, vowels, vowels and consonants? What are the rules for the combination of initials and finals? What is the law of sound change in language flow? Only by mastering these basic phonetic theories can we learn the phonetic knowledge of Putonghua well. Mandarin is a modern Chinese dialect, with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm. The three elements of the language are pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. Among the seven major dialect areas in China, the pronunciation difference among dialects is the biggest. Phonetic learning is divided into theoretical learning and practical learning. According to my years of teaching experience, I think the main points that students should pay attention to in the learning process mainly refer to the following aspects: First, we need to design a clear learning idea, that is, plan a clear set of knowledge in our minds. Second, we need to have very professional theoretical knowledge as a guide. Third, we need to rely on rich practical experience for reference. Fourth, it is necessary to cultivate the learning spirit of diligent study and hard practice as the backing. Fifth, we need to establish the faith and determination that we must believe in. Learning Mandarin is an art, and Mandarin is not only a teaching task, but also an artistic enjoyment and a life accomplishment of being a human being. Learning knowledge is not the whole content of our life, but if you can't learn this part well, can we expect you to learn all the content? When we were in junior high school, because we didn't learn Chinese-related phonetic knowledge, there was always a feeling of walking on clouds when we understood English stops, fricatives, nasal sounds and side sounds. Now think about the reason why there is such a vague sense of weightlessness in learning, mainly because there is no sound Chinese knowledge to lay a good foundation for learning English. The mutual learning between languages is a relationship of mastery, not mutual abandonment. Tongue map is a map of the world for learning pronunciation. International phonetic symbols are universal, with wide coverage and strong functions. Therefore, the International Phonetic Alphabet is the first assistant to learn any language. The most important thing for learners and consonants is to understand the difference between them. There are four differences between yuan and consonant, and the first one is the most important. When learning single vowels, we should carefully understand the difference between tongue vowels and tip vowels, and southerners should strengthen the practice of rolling vowels. When learning polyphony, we should pay attention to the fact that the focus of pre-polyphony, post-polyphony and alto polyphony appears in different positions of vowels, that is, front, back and middle. When learning consonants, we should pay attention to different pronunciation positions, different pronunciation methods, whether to breathe or not, and whether the vocal cords vibrate during pronunciation, that is, the problem of dullness will produce different consonant pronunciation effects. Learning sounds and vowels can not be separated from initials and consonants, and there is a certain correspondence between sounds and vowels and between meta and consonants. Because the initial consonant is a component of consonant function and the vowel is a component of vowel function. Initial consonants are not as big as consonants, and initial consonants plus nasal ng are 22 consonants. Consonants can be divided into seven categories from the perspective of pronunciation parts, especially the middle sounds d, t, n and l on the tip of the tongue; Z, c, s before the tip of the tongue; The sounds behind the tip of the tongue are zh, ch, sh and R, and the distance between the front and back positions of the three groups of initials is not large, so it needs to be tried carefully. The content with the highest error rate of tongue surface sound and tongue tip sound is the problem of sharp sound and group sound. That is to say, the initials of some syllables are tongue sounds J, Q, X, and some people are used to replacing them with pre-sharp sounds Z, C, S, and there will be strange syllables such as "Zi Ao Ji", "Wei Si Ao", "Ci An Wan" and "Zi An Yin", that is, the sharp sound phenomenon. My five-year-old son once said "calculation" as "sub-calculation", then changed it to "Xuan Ji", and finally successfully expressed "calculation" in Mandarin. This example fully reflects that the mixing of front-pointed sounds Z, C and S with tongue sounds J, Q and X is quite common in Yongnian environment. There are no sharp sounds in Mandarin, only group sounds. When the pronunciations Z, C and S on the tip of the tongue are combined with the vowels of straight teeth or clamped mouth, the syllables formed are called "sharp sounds". When the tongue sounds J, Q, X are combined with the vowels of straight teeth or clamped mouth, the syllables formed are called "group sounds". The zero initial refers to syllables without consonants, and it is not uncommon for the zero initial to be redundant, that is, people unconsciously and artificially add a postnasal sound or a pre-nasal sound in front of the zero initial as the initial, thus producing unique dialect tones, such as "Pinggao", "Haiyin 'gou", "Hungry nge" and "ngao Syndrome", as well as some rural elderly people. Others spelled "b+ai" as "Biebie" and "m+i+an" as "Rabbit tu", leaving a series of unforgettable jokes. In Yongnian County, the phenomenon of initial consonant mixing is still serious, such as saying "white paper" as "Bai Zi" and "Sarah" as "Lasa", that is, the phenomenon of no distinction between leveling and warping. There is also a phenomenon that "n" and "l" are confused. For example, some people say that "fluff" is "long hair". Say "glory" as "light dragon" and "entry" as "entry into Shandong" Due to the widespread phenomenon of mixed use, some leaders refer to "admission score line" as "admission score line" and "admission notice" as "admission notice". Southerners like to say "grandma" as "Lao Lai". Say "Hunan" as "Laihu". The teacher in Wei county said "number" as "number one" or "number su", which means that "counting Shu zi" is not good. In a word, there are two reasons why a person can't speak Mandarin well: objectively speaking, he doesn't have a good phonetic foundation as a defender, and subjectively speaking, he doesn't have a good language habit as a striker. Single vowels are played by single vowels, and complex vowels are played by complex vowels. Nasal vowels can be divided into anterior nasal vowel n and posterior nasal vowel ng. If the ending of the front nasal sound and the ending of the back nasal sound are mixed together, a dialect intonation like "classmate Meng" will appear. In Handan area, this pronunciation effect is mainly concentrated in the western mountainous areas such as Wu 'an City, Cixian County and Shexian County. In Yongnian county, there is a phenomenon that vowels are indistinguishable, such as "rooster, it's really beautiful." It is said to be "the beauty of philosophy" or "the beauty of chastity"; Still "beautiful". It is true that some people refer to "extension" as "huiji", and some even refer to "airplane" as "huiji". Say "carbon dioxide" as "titanium dioxide" and "source" as "yuaikui". Say "community" is "country". In terms of tone, we should pay attention to tone sandhi. For example, when two tones are connected together, the first tone word becomes the upper tone value, that is, "double sound effects", such as "beauty", "group" and "management". Relatively speaking, "semi-effect" is more difficult to deal with, such as "guidance", "language" and "recitation". Some people will pronounce it as "going on a trip", "jade prose" and "wave recitation". The main reason is that we haven't mastered the pronunciation effect of the flat tone value (55 tone value) and the half-rising tone value (2 1 1 tone value), so we can't correctly distinguish the tone values of the two. The pronunciation of "beauty" in the words "beauty, beauty, Meiling, beauty and beauty" is different. In the two words "Haohaoge" and "Haohaoge", the pronunciations of "Hao" and "Hao" are also different. Even if you master these two points completely, you won't necessarily make mistakes again. Because there are still some dialect tones that interfere with the correct tone, such as "instead", "supporting the army", "dividing the wheel" and "one picture", which are easily misunderstood as "annoying", "eternal army", "dumb announcement" and "a pair", this is no longer a matter of tone sandhi, but a serious consequence caused by the memory error of the original tone of Chinese characters, because the tone of Chinese characters is memorized. In this case, the only way is to lay a good foundation in tone and correct it tone by tone, otherwise it is meaningless to talk about the law of tone sandhi. When three words are connected together, the situation is more complicated, because the first step must be to distinguish whether the word belongs to single and double cells or double cells. I say five words to be beautiful, I have improved my understanding, good leadership, good leadership, good reading, good reading and good reading, among which the pronunciation effect of "good" is different. Vocabulary: "Please help me print some articles about Mandarin." "Xiayin" is a fabricated word. At present, this phenomenon is very serious, because modern online words develop too fast, new words appear frequently, and the word world changes with each passing day. As time goes on, maybe one day these new words will be recognized by the society. This once again confirms the three distinct characteristics of language symbols: arbitrariness, compulsion and productivity. The relationship between the three is complementary and inherited, and their functions complement each other. Grammar: Grammar must conform to the logical habits of modern vernacular Chinese, such as such a joke. There was a farmer's eldest brother who wrote poems by the surging sea, but he couldn't find inspiration for a long time. Finally, he was so excited that he summed up a thousand words into one sentence: "Ah! The sea, you are so fucking big! " "Once we hold hands, we will always be friends." "Once we hold hands, we will always be friends." Compared with these two sentences, the expression effect of the latter sentence is better, because the adverbial position is well arranged. People often say that everything is difficult at the beginning, and the success of great men begins with the first step. No one can succeed casually. Not to be outstanding, but to have a clear conscience. Success is always relative. Success is not a one-off event, but a gradual spiral process. As long as you master all these learning essentials and combine important theoretical knowledge with rich practical experience, learning Mandarin is not as difficult as people think. Lin Zexu, a national hero, once wrote an inscription: "What should children and grandchildren do with money, like me?" ? Being smart and rich will damage his ambition; My children and grandchildren are not as good as me. What did you leave the money for? Foolish and rich, benefit to increase it. "The living value of a living individual can be reflected in all walks of life and every corner of life. The value of life lies in giving, not just taking from others. There is a saying: "giving is always happier than taking!" "