What kind of situation is called a challenge. . ?

I want to talk about these aspects today. Since we are talking about the next generation Internet, what are the challenges we are facing? How does the next generation Internet develop internationally? At the same time, there is a new word called the future Internet. What is this? Finally, our countermeasures.

The first thing I want to talk about is the challenges facing the Internet. About 15 years ago, Professor Wu Jianping from Tsinghua University and I established the China Education and Scientific Research Computer Network. On the one hand, I am doing academic research, on the other hand, I am really doing network operation and construction. So I sum up the challenges facing the Internet myself. There are probably four major challenges. You may have heard a lot about the first challenge. Indeed, the next generation Internet is also closely related to this problem, that is, the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. As we all know, the address of the Internet Protocol Version 4 we are using now is 3 to the 42nd power, which is 4.3 billion addresses. Simple question, what is the population of the world? It is definitely not enough for everyone to have an address, and there are also group addresses and test addresses that cannot be used. Therefore, it is estimated that in 20 1 1 year, there will be no address pool for IPv4 address allocation in the world. Then, the center of the local area network, such as China, is in the Asia-Pacific region, and the address pool still has about 1 to two years' living space, that is, from 20 12 to 20 13, and there is really no address available.

The second one is more technical, because the Internet is a new network, a reliable and feasible network. Therefore, it is called the routing table of the whole world, because it needs to track the whereabouts of these targets between some large networks around the world. It can be seen that this routing table has been growing since 1995 when the Internet was commercialized. This chart is very interesting. From 1998 and 1999 to 2000, it was found that from linear growth to exponential growth, and now this routing table has increased by 300,000. At the beginning of this year, I was wondering whether the financial tsunami brought about the bursting of the Internet bubble in 2000. The routing table is flat, which looks a little shaky, but it is still flat. I want to explain two problems from here. The first problem is that it may not be as serious as last time. Second, at least the impact on our Internet community is not so great.

The third challenge is actually the problem of traffic explosion and economic model. This is a very typical operator graph, and you can see that there are three curves. The blue curve at the top is the increase of flow. Why is it growing so fast? And videos, and these P2P and so on. The second line, actually the growth of broadband users, is quite linear and flat. The third growth is the growth of income. It can be seen that we are of course very happy for users, and we can use as much bandwidth as possible and spend less money. But yes, for operators, they are a headache. Why? Because of the increase in traffic, there is no corresponding income growth. On the one hand, this is right. Why? Moore's law is rising, so the cost per unit bandwidth should be cheaper and cheaper, but this ratio is still not quite right. In fact, there is a famous online debate in the US Congress. These operators say that our bandwidth should be the same for end users and information providers. Why? Telecom operators are desperately trying to increase bandwidth, but their income has not increased much. However, Google400 costs more than 400 dollars, and Apple costs 100 dollars to download a song. Therefore, operators say that companies that make money charge more and ordinary people charge less. This was strongly opposed by the American people. For example, we just saw Winsoff. He said that this should be fair, and both operators and users should charge the same fee for the bandwidth of1m. This is the source of Internet development in the United States. After Obama took office, the debate in this network began in Congress.

The fourth challenge is security, which is the curve of cyber attacks and exponential growth. In fact, my own experience, the experience of 15, which the Internet is facing now, is these four major problems. The future Internet and the next generation Internet should solve these four problems to some extent.

Then, the next generation Internet, I will mainly talk about IPv6 here. What is it like? This is according to the routing table to divide the world network, one is Asia-Pacific, one is North America, and the other is Europe, across the ocean. IPv4 is the best in America, and IPv6 Asia is a little better than America and Europe, but it has changed now. From the point of view of IPv6, its address is very rich, which is mainly used for large-scale networks. I think there are about four. One is a project initiated by China municipal government in 2004, which is a few backbone networks. In addition, there is one in the Asia-Pacific region, the third is the European academic network, which covers the educational and scientific research networks of all European countries, and the last is the second generation Internet in the United States. These networks may account for a large share of IPv6.

Therefore, the first generation of Internet started from the military, then to education, and finally to conversation. At present, the second-generation Internet is not too militarized, but the trend of promoting education to business is still obvious.

Last year, the situation of address allocation changed a lot. What is the biggest field of IPv6 now? It has become the United States, not Asia Pacific and Europe. From last year to this year, IPv6 was very popular. Now you can see this color. The United States has surpassed Asia Pacific and Europe, and China has more than 20 pieces. Why? One is that the US government is actively promoting it, including the US Department of Defense. Besides, why is the United States so enthusiastic about IPv6? Aren't there many IPv4 addresses in America? I have talked with them, and they have this theory that there will be no IPv4 in the future, so in Asia, such as India and Africa, their networking can only be connected by IPv6. If our American enterprises don't participate in globalization, it doesn't matter if we don't need IPv6. If we want to participate in globalization, we will develop IPv6 in Asian market and African market. This is what the United States says now. In addition, the IPv6 routing table is indeed growing, not as fast as the index just now, but we can also see the growth. The third is ranking. The largest IPv6 is the United States, followed by German, and China is probably in this position.

IPv6 has a history of 10 years. Why didn't it develop so fast? This is a European statistic, saying that people who have implemented IPv6 actually support IPv6 now. Since everyone supports IPv6, why don't we use IPv6? Those who oppose and do not use IPv6 say that IPv6 is very expensive, so it is very interesting, so economy is the most important.

Another contrast is that some operators say why IPv6 should be implemented. In addition to the equipment support just mentioned, we don't want to fall behind, we should be in the forefront. Some don't do IPv6, and they say customers don't need it yet. Therefore, it is very important for us to go on.

Why IPv6 is proposed, and it is very important. In fact, there are several major events that affect the world. The first major event is Obama's cybersecurity initiative. From now on, our infrastructure, networks and computers are national assets that we rely on every day. IPv6 should be more secure than IPv4, which is also a very important infrastructure. In addition, IBM put forward SmartPlanet, which is also very important for the policies of our Party Central Committee. Three major information technologies, one is sensor technology, the other is Internet, and the other is computer software, which is very important.

The third important thing, or that the US military attaches great importance to IPv6, is that there is a DOD of the US Department of Defense, which is based on the description of the IPv6 battlefield. There is a famous saying that "every soldier is actually a net", which is the statement of the US Department of Defense.

Fourth, you may also attach great importance to the smart grid just proposed by the Obama administration. This is actually a very important matter, and there seems to be no great response in China at present. The American power grid has a history of 100 years. Now they consider that the United States often has big blackouts, which is very old and wastes energy. If it is a transformation, it is not a power grid transformation in the traditional sense, but a power grid transformation. At the same time, its design and concept. We can see that the smart grid in the United States is not a person engaged in electricity, but a person engaged in computers.

The next one is cloud computing. In fact, you will find many people who engage in computing and services, saying that cloud computing is a very important prospect. But you find that many people who engage in computers and servers don't realize that IPv4 addresses are not enough. They think that my IPv4 address and even my private address can provide cloud computing, but this is not enough. Cloud computing is a very large-scale server environment, and the IPv4 address is not enough. Therefore, how to combine cloud computing with IPv6 is very important.

The other is the Internet of Things, which is very popular now. Everyone said that not only people, computers, and all devices have to surf the Internet, but the concept of the Internet of Things, including RFID, is very important to the central leading comrades. There is a little joke on the right. The first person said, if I give you an RFID and put it on your body, I will know where you are going. The other one is wrong. This is a private matter. In other words, if I give you an RFID, you can easily use mobile navigation for free. He said it was great.

The other is triple play. We can see that both radio and telephone are based on IP, and they also need a lot of addresses. IPv6 is indeed a trend, because there is no alternative address in the world, and IPv4 will soon become very nervous.

Let's look at the statistics of CNNIC. The number of netizens in China is 340 million, so it ranks first, surpassing the Internet in the United States. The Internet penetration rate in China is only 25.5%, which shows that it is 73% in Japan, 74% in the United States, 76% in South Korea and so on. Therefore, the development of informatization in China, whether it is cloud computing or the Internet, will definitely increase the penetration rate. If you want to add it, there are not so many addresses at all.

The most exciting research I am doing now is the transition technology. How to realize the interoperability between IPv6 and IPv4 is ideal. Everyone thinks it can be used, but it's not. Therefore, the IVI technology that we are doing recently means that the left is subtracted and the right is added, and 6 and 4 are interrelated. We made an exchange between three generations, which is pushing the standard.

Let's talk about the future research of the Internet. Since you have been talking about the next generation Internet for a long time, what will the future Internet be like? How does it work? What does it have to do with IPv6? Simply put, the future Internet hopes to get rid of the existing IPv4 and IPv6 to see if it can do better. Long-term, of course. Its plan is what kind of network will be after 10 to 15. It may not be IPv4 or IPv6. What types of projects are there? You can go and have a look if you are interested. The first one is called FIND, which is the design of the future Internet. It was first put forward by a researcher at MIT, who was the chairman of IAB. This is a very important project.

If you are interested, you can look at the one on the left, which is already a project funded by the US government. A list and brief description of these projects are here. You can't log in directly, you have to register before you can see what hot spots it studies.

The second one, called GENI, is a big experimental bed project in the United States, which is the experimental bed for the future Internet. It's also important. The earliest project was in the laboratory of Princeton University in the United States, and later it became bigger and bigger, becoming a national test-bed project in the United States. Interestingly, this project is not led by Princeton University, but by BBN Company. However, I may not have heard of BBN, which is the earliest network of the US Department of Defense and the predecessor of the Internet. Therefore, we can actually see that the US government attaches great importance to the future Internet and has a very strong military background.

Third, as we all know, the standard of the Internet is IETF, and there is another word called IRTF, which also does some research work to design the future of the Internet, and it is neither IPv4 nor IPv6.

So, what are the corresponding projects in Europe? One is called fire, so everyone is interested in this. The relationship between China and Europe is still very close. As we all know, the European Union has an LP7 project, and this fire is an integral part of it.

Actually, it's quite interesting. The next generation Internet and the future Internet have different technical routes. One is called the revolutionary line, which is completely designed from scratch. GENI and Finger belong to such a project. If we redesign it, maybe a few people will not be so smart.

The second is evolution route, we simply don't want IPv6, we want IPv4+NAT, and the second is direct evolution to Internet2, Geant2 and TEIN2. When designing the second generation education network in China in 2004, people criticized us and said, Why did you use pure IPv4 instead of two wars? Because our professor thinks that pure technology can be developed.

The main demand analysis of the new generation Internet is basically the same. The four challenges are scalability, security, mobility, manageability, real-time performance and high performance, which are also reflected and need to be solved.

In addition, what is the actual background of the future Internet? There is a person who everyone is interested in watching, and one is called DTN. What is this concept? In fact, it is a very important project of the US military. When you go to GoogleMap, you can see a car parked in Tsinghua's office. However, the car may not have stopped now, but a week ago, which requires satellite rocker monitoring. The United States no longer has the strength to launch satellites. It hopes to launch satellites separately from its allies. In the future, the satellites of the Internet will be combined so that everyone can observe them in real time. There are things like the earth's shadow and solar eclipse in this satellite, so it is very reliable and will not be affected by interruption. In addition, just now, you saw that Winsov proposed the interplanetary Internet, which should be very important contents of the future Internet.

Finally, talk about our strategy. From the perspective of China, we can actually see that the next generation Internet has a lot of basic work, including many levels. The first level is basic research, including scientific research funds, including the national "973" project. Second, the "863" plan and science and technology support plan of the Ministry of Science and Technology. The third promotion and application is mainly the demonstration project of China's next generation Internet by the National Development and Reform Commission, as well as special projects and so on. Now in 2009, these projects have actually been completed, and some of the things just introduced are also from these projects. In the future, we are working on three projects, one is the second phase of "973" and the scientific and technological support plan, which we will fully implement. China's next generation Internet demonstration project was released under the guidance of the state and has achieved some results.

Our own research experience on the next generation Internet, we talked about foreign countries just now, and I also talked about China just now. One is the technical route of building a pure IPv6 large-scale Internet, which is well understood and can lead. Second, domestic routers have promoted the development of state-owned routers. Thirdly, in order to enhance the security of IPv6, we have made some improvements. The fourth part puts forward some transition strategies.

Basic ideas and conclusions: First, the Internet and the next generation Internet are constantly innovating in the process of evolution. Second, both the evolutionary route and the revolutionary route need an evolvable experimental verification platform. IPv6 is the next generation Internet and the future Internet that must be built. IPv6 networks can be used for evolution and revolutionary routes. IETF standard is the standard to test innovation achievements, and at the same time it loves to solve the contradiction between how to internationalize and give up intellectual property rights. If you want to apply for IETF standard, you must give up some intellectual property rights. IPv6 has just started in China. At present, IRFC has 10 intellectual property rights, which are dominated by China people in China, but there are 6,000 in the world. Now we think that evolution is the main factor and revolution is the auxiliary factor. The next generation Internet will probably solve three problems.

The first problem is the exhaustion of IPv4 addresses. We must develop IPv6 Internet as soon as possible, solve most of the networking and operation problems of IPv6 Internet, and solve the new theoretical and technical challenges faced by massive address space addressing. IPv6 Internet should first solve the problem of security and trustworthiness, and the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 should be smooth.

As we said just now, Europe, America and Japan attach great importance to the next generation Internet. The Internet penetration rate in China is 25%, which is far from 70% in developed countries. Therefore, there are great opportunities and markets, and it is also great for stimulating the economy. The third is to achieve innovation and so on.

Finally, what is the Internet? We have been thinking about this problem. In fact, we believe that openness is the most important thing, which provides an open platform for users to develop innovative applications and can accommodate and use almost all communication and network technologies. As far as we are concerned, whatever we do in the future, including doing IPv6 and the future Internet, must be a platform open to users so that all technologies can be used. Thank you!