I don't want information about the Olympic Games, just an introduction.

(2) Zhuyin: ㄈㄡˇ

(3) Zheng code: MAEZ, u: 7f36,: F3BE.

(4) Number of strokes: 6, radical: Li, and stroke sequence number: 3 1 1252.

The picture on the right shows the gilded bronze statue, which is now in Shanghai Museum.

[Edit this paragraph] Note

(a) as a noun:

(1) (pictogram. Oracle Bone Inscriptions-shaped, with the word "noon" on it, namely "pestle". The following is the ontology of "Yi". A pestle is a stick, which can be used to make blanks. Yi is also a musical instrument, and pestle can be struck into music. Original meaning: earthenware, round belly and small mouth, used to hold wine pulp, etc. )

(2) Pottery containers for wine syrup. Big belly and small mouth, covered. And copper [earthen pot with big belly and small mouth]

The native vessel holds wine pulp, and the Qin people sing it. Hieroglyphics. -"Shuo Wen"

One corner is called "Qi"-"Erya"

(3) Musical Instruments: On August 8th, 2008, at 8: 00 p.m., a magnificent song "Song of pass the parcel" played the prelude to the opening ceremony of the 29th Beijing Olympic Games, with the inheritance of China rites and music and the dreams and expectations of China people for a century. So, what kind of ancient musical instruments are the actors playing?

Say the word "dog" first, and "dog" is also called "dog". According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi, "Gou is a pottery vessel, so it is filled with wine pulp, and Qin people regard it as a celebration song." In China's ancient records, it has been mentioned many times. For example, there is a sentence in Li Si's "Make a Resignation", which reads "Knock on the urn and play the piano". It means that when the state of Qin dines, noble literati often sing and beat their thighs when they are half drunk. Therefore, "the husband knocks on the urn and plays the Zheng" to show that the music of Qin people is primitive and not as advanced as that of the Central Plains.

The famous allusion of "strike" comes from Historical Records Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "I overheard Wang Zhao's good voice, please play the piano." The king of Zhao played the piano, and the book before the Qin empire said,' One day the king of Qin and the king of Zhao drank wine, so that the king of Zhao played the piano.' Lin Xiangru said:' Wang Zhao secretly heard that the king of Qin is a good voice of Qin, please give him a pot to entertain him.' The king of Qin was furious and refused. So we went forward to ask the king of Qin, because we knelt down ... so the king of Qin did not hesitate, but gave a blow; For example, Gu Zhao's proposal said,' One day, the king of Qin was beaten by the king of Zhao. "It can be seen that Qin people are not good at instrumental music, and the sound of elegance is hard to reach, which will only be a blow to entertainment.

The word "one" is also a radical in Chinese characters, representing pottery. The Chinese character Qing is also a percussion instrument.

Let's talk about this instrument Originally, it was an ancient pottery, similar to a crock and shaped like a small jar or bowl (see picture). This is an ancient container for water or wine. Round belly, covered, with hoop ears on the shoulders; There are also square ones. Popular in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. There are Luan Shu in the Spring and Autumn Period and Caihou unearthed in Shouxian County of Anhui Province and Yicheng of Hubei Province. This kind of wine vessel can become a musical instrument because people beat the wine vessel full of wine at a grand banquet and sing loudly at the same time, which is quite like modern karaoke. So it evolved into a kind of musical instrument, and the other is Yu. Ancient Chinese people began to classify musical instruments very early. Anyone who has read the sacred amethyst should know that "gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, bamboo and wood" are collectively called eight tones. It's about materials for making musical instruments. According to this classification, Yi and Yi are local musical instruments.

The most primitive pottery hooks are fragile and can hardly be seen now. Most of the preserved pottery hooks are bronze. For example, the existing gilded bronze ladle in Shanghai Museum is a pot with a big belly (pictured).

A bronze ice sword was unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Hubei Province. There is a mezzanine, there is ice in the mezzanine, and there is food and drink in the mezzanine. This is the ancient small refrigerator (pictured). The "Gong" played at the opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games was made in imitation of this square style.

Two purposes. -"One Issue"

Confused by two bells. -"Zhuangzi Heaven and Earth". Press the button and the clock will start counting.

Have a rich surplus. -"a stroke". Zheng Note: "Big head."

Kanqi went on strike. -"Poetry Martin and Wan Qiu"

Knock on the urn. -Biography of Historical Records and Reese

Five statues of offerings are outside the door, and the pot is inside the door. -"The Book of Rites".

(3)[ Water Absorbing Pottery]

Equipped with water storage device. -"Zuo Zhuan" xianggong nine years "

(4) Ceramic musical instruments

Singing without drums. -"Yi Li"

(5) wine container. It is also used to hold liquid food, which comes from homogeneous pottery. Here, I mean respect, not bathing. Ancient people used pottery. Archaeological excavations have found that only a few large tombs have bronze tombs. Said: "You are a clay pot, so you hold wine pulp and the Qin people drum up sacrifices?" ? , pictographic. "It can be seen that the ancestor of bronze ladle is Tao ladle.

1978 bronze sword unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suizhou City, Hubei Province (6) utensils for holding food or drinks. The picture on the right shows the bronze ice sword unearthed from the tomb of Ceng Houyi. There is a mezzanine, there is ice in the mezzanine, and there is food and drink in the mezzanine. This is an ancient refrigeration equipment.

(2) As a quantifier:

(1) An ancient unit of capacity equal to 16 barrels. Say thirty-two fights [fou]

Seconds have half a call, and seconds are clocks. -"Little Erya"

(2) Another example is a handful of rice. Sixteen bushels of rice)

[Edit this paragraph] Records of "Yi" in history books

(1) Mianchi Club in Historical Records.

There are not many records about Left in history, the most famous one is Historical Records, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru.

In 279 BC, in the name of enhancing the friendship between the two countries, the King of Qin sent an envoy to meet the King of Zhao in Mianchi (now Mianchi County, Henan Province). In fact, he wanted to blackmail the prince of Zhao, who knew that the king of Qin was fragile and worried about a plot against Qin, so he didn't go. However, Lin Xiangru, the counselor, and Lian Po, the general, thought twice, and advocated that the prince of Zhao should go to the meeting. If he didn't go, Qin laughed at him and killed himself. The prince of Zhao thought that the two ministers were right, and decided to meet the king of Qin at Mianchi, and ordered Lin Xiangru to accompany him. General Lian Po arranged heavy troops at the border to prevent accidents. At the banquet, the king of Qin was full of domineering, pretending to be drunk and teasing the king of Zhao by innuendo, saying, "I heard that the king of Zhao is good at playing the harp, and I want to invite him to play a song today to entertain me." The prince of Zhao dared not disobey and managed to play a song. Unexpectedly, the prince of Zhao was trapped, and Qin historians quickly recorded it: on a certain day of a certain month, the king of Qin ordered the king of Zhao to play drums. Lin Xiangru was very angry when he saw this. He walked up to the king of Qin and said, "The king of Zhao heard that the king of Qin was good at fighting, and he won today's meeting. He also asked the king to beat him. " The king of Qin refused, with a firm refusal. Lin Xiangru asked again, "If your majesty doesn't obey, I'm willing to spill blood from my neck on your majesty within these five steps." The king of Qin immediately drew his sword to kill Lin Xiangru. Lin Xiangru deadpan, loudly reprimanded, the crowd was dumbfounded with fear, and the air was extremely tense. In order to alleviate the immediate crisis, the king of Qin had to knock a few hammers. Lin Xiangru immediately ordered the Zhao Historian to write down: On a certain day, a certain month, a certain year, the king of Qin attacked the king of Zhao.

The jar struck by the king of Qin here is the jar in the word kiln, which is the pottery used to hold wine in ancient times. It was used as a musical instrument in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

About this story, the original record is as follows in Biography of Historical Records of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru:

The king of Qin was drunk and said, "I overheard the good voice of the king of Zhao. Please play the harp. " Zhao Wang played the piano, and the book before Qin Jian said, "One day, Qin Wang and Zhao Wang drank wine to make Zhao Wang play the piano." Lin Xiangru said: "Zhao Wang secretly heard that the king of Qin was the voice of the king of Qin. Please give him a bowl of entertainment." The king of Qin was furious and refused. So the two men stepped forward, and the king of Qin knelt down and asked not to strike. Xiang Ru said, "Within five steps, Xiang Ru please spill blood on your neck." Think left and right like a blade, and think right like a slap. So the king of Qin is not worried at all, just preparing for a blow; For example, Gu's Proposal said: "One day, the king of Qin was beaten by the king of Zhao."

(2) The "persuasion of guests" mentioned.

Li Si mentioned in "The Book of Departure": "It's really Qin Zhisheng who knocks on the door, plays the piano and sings fast. Zheng, Wei, Sang, Wu Xiang, exotic music. Now, Kevin·Z can't play the urn, he can play the guzheng and take care of it. If so, what is it? I am very satisfied with the present, but I am just very comfortable. "

It can be seen that in Qin Shihuang's time, the custom of Qin State already thought that knocking on the urn was a bit tacky and could not be put on the table-it must be mentioned that Zheng was also a very tacky thing at that time and was also the object of elimination.

[Edit this paragraph] In the classification of ancient musical instruments,

Ancient Chinese people began to classify musical instruments according to the production materials of the main vocal parts very early. In Saint Amethyst, "gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, bamboo and wood" are collectively called eight tones. Because it is made of earth, it is also an earth musical instrument. Of course, this classification method is very primitive.

There are only two kinds of native musical instruments in China's Eight Tones, one is Yi and the other is Yi. The hammer is shaped like a small jar or a fire bowl, and it is a rare musical instrument. Lian has a long history. The oldest company discovered so far has been more than 7000 years ago. At first, there was only one mouthpiece and one sound hole, and then it gradually evolved into eight-hole company, ten-hole company and semitone company. Yan's timbre is soft and round, and there is a desolate beauty beyond things.

"Reading Canon" records: You said "Tao is also. So take the wine slurry. Qin people beat drums to celebrate. " Er Yayun: "Ang refers to it", and the note says: "The basin is also", and Kan Qi strikes it. Mianchi Club, the king of Qin killed the king of Zhao. ""It's really Qin who smashed the urn button. " And clearly listed in the local voice.

[Edit this paragraph] "What appeared at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games"

On the evening of August 8, 2008, at the opening ceremony of the 29th Olympic Games, in the center of the "Bird's Nest"-shaped National Stadium, 2008 ancient percussion instruments in China made a moving sound with white lights flashing in turn to form a countdown number.

In the thunderous sound, the audience shouted "10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1" as the numbers changed. Amid cheers, the opening ceremony officially began at 20: 00.

2008 actors sang songs and shouted "It's a pleasure to have friends from afar" to express their warm welcome to Olympic athletes and guests from all over the world.

From the perspective of development and evolution, the original features of "Yi" and "Yi" used in the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games are different. However, judging from the field effect, the array integrating high-tech sound, light and electricity is very effective. In particular, the digital countdown with lights on the face is somewhat ingenious.

At the opening ceremony, 2008 people (fǒu) burst into drums. This instrument originated from the bronze sword unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suizhou City, Hubei Province from 65438 to 0978. China ancient "Eight Tones Classification" divided musical instruments into eight categories according to their materials: gold, stone, earth, leather, silk, bamboo, wood and wood. As an ancient local musical instrument in China, its sound will never be the same as that of a drum as a leather musical instrument, and its shape is completely different from the bronze sword mentioned above. "Sword" is not "sword", and there is no record of "sword" in ancient music literature.

As an ancient musical instrument, what is it like? Archaeological discoveries in recent years have given the answer. During the excavation of the tomb of Yue nobles in Hongshan, Wuxi in 2004, archaeologists found a grave pit composed of more than 500 combined musical instruments, including three basin-shaped celadon instruments. After functional classification and expert appraisal, this is the "bangs" forced by Qin Wang Mianchi at the meeting. Celadon, an ancient musical instrument in the picture, is 40 cm in diameter and 24.2 cm in height. Painted with blue-yellow glaze inside and outside, with thin flat stripes on the mouth edge and upper abdomen. Two animals have wide ears. On the other side, there is a symmetrical lizard crawling on the edge of its mouth. Lizard's forelimbs crawl on the edge and have a mouth edge. The modeling is exaggerated and vivid.

The bronze sword, the prototype of 2008 musical instruments in "Thunder Array", is actually a combiner, which is composed of a bronze sword and a bronze sword. As a mirror, the coat has a large space between the outer wall and the inner wall of the mirror, which plays a dual role in freezing and heating the wine slurry. Some experts call it the earliest ancient "refrigerator" in China (of course, it should also be a "warm box"). This special bronze wine vessel has nothing to do with clay musical instruments, both in shape and material.

What does it mean to slap the traditional culture of China?

Yi is a crock and earthen basin. It was not a musical instrument in ancient times, but later became the lowest musical instrument. There are eight ancient musical instruments in China: gold, stone, silk, bamboo, bamboo, clay, leather and wood. Clay is a kind of pottery, such as clay, Tao Di, pottery drum, etc. , even can't be formally classified, showing the low status.

For a long time, "beating" or "drum basin" has always had two main meanings in China traditional culture: one is the lowest entertainment of the lower class, and the other is the etiquette of expressing sadness in funeral occasions.

From the first meaning, according to the "Three Editions of Mozi", "In the past, the princes were tired of listening to politics and rested on the music of bells and drums; Scholar-officials are tired of listening and treating, and rest on swallowing happiness; Farmers plough in spring and harvest in summer, hide in autumn and winter and rest in the joy of squatting. " To a certain extent, this shows the strict hierarchical system at that time, and "beating" and "drumming" were only the entertainment of farmers at the bottom of society. In the Han Dynasty, Huan Kuan's "On Salt and Iron" said: "In the past, people's reception was based on party customs, just playing the piano and drums." "Huainanzi Spiritual Practice" contains: "In today's poor society, it is also fun to knock on pots and sing." Later, with the development of the times, this form of entertainment gradually declined. Probably only beggars have a special performance form-knocking on bowls, which shows the charm of the lower class.

In the second sense, the book of changes in 1993 said, "If you leave the sky without drumming, it will be big and fierce." It means that under the brilliance of the setting sun, if you sing without knocking on the earthenware, then the old man will sigh in the twilight, which is a bad omen. This reflects a folk custom at that time: for the elderly who are about to die, people should beat drums and sing songs to appease the elderly and wish the deceased a pleasant journey. During the Warring States period, Zhuangzi's wife died and drummed and sang, which further led to the funeral. This custom has been handed down from generation to generation. Yan Zitui of the Northern Qi Dynasty said in Yan Jiaxun Xue Ji: "Xun's loss of his wife is not a drum." In the Song Dynasty, York wrote in the Book of Praise to Law: "It is not easy to smell drums and pots." In the literary works of Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the expressions of "drum-basin song", "drum-basin sorrow" and "drum-basin sorrow" are more common. This custom has been passed down to this day, that is, at many funerals in rural areas today, the dutiful son will throw a crock pot at the funeral.

Because this instrument has the above two characteristics, it has played many political roles in the history of China, and some well-known stories have been handed down to this day, the most famous of which is the "Mianchi Club" in the Warring States Period:

The angel of the king of Qin told the king of Zhao that if he wanted to make friends with the king of Qin, he would go to Mianchi outside Xihe River. The prince of Zhao is afraid of Qin and wants to leave. Lian Po and Lin Xiangru calculated: "You can't do this, which shows that Zhao is weak and timid." Wang Zhao followed. Follow each other. Lian Po saw him off to the world and said to the king, "Go, king, and return it when you get to the Taoist temple. Only 30 days. If you don't pay back within 30 days, please make the prince king, so that you will never see the king of Qin again. " Wang. So he met the king of Qin who was drinking heavily and said, "I overheard the good voice of the king of Zhao. Please play the piano." Wang Zhao drum and harp. The first article of Qin Shu Yu Shi said: "One day, the king of Qin and the king of Zhao drank wine, which made the king of Zhao play drums." . Lin Xiangru said: "Zhao Wang secretly heard that the king of Qin was the voice of the king of Qin. Please give him a bowl of entertainment." The king of Qin was furious and refused. So they went forward and knelt down to invite the king of Qin. The king of Qin refused to strike. Xiang Ru said, "Within five steps, Xiang Ru please spill blood on your neck!" Think left and right like a blade, and think right like a slap. So the king of Qin didn't worry, so he punched him. For example, the ancient Proposal said: "One day, the king of Qin was beaten by the king of Zhao." . The ministers of Qin said, "Please take Zhao 15th as your birthday." Lin Xiangru also said: "Please take Xianyang, the land of Qin, as the prince of Zhao." The king of Qin actually drank wine, but he couldn't beat Zhao in the end. Zhao Yisheng had soldiers waiting for Qin, but Qin did not dare to move.

The political crux of this story is that the king of Qin forced the king of Zhao to play the piano for him and ordered historians to record it to humiliate him. Lin Xiangru forced the king of Qin to slap him with five steps of blood spatter, and correspondingly lowered the status of the king of Qin to a higher level, in response to the humiliation of the king of Zhao.