Does Wang Mian love plum blossoms or lotus flowers?

classification: culture/art > > Historical topic

Description of the problem:

There is a text in our textbook saying that Wang Mian loves lotus flowers and is famous for painting them. On the Internet, I saw someone say that Wang Mian loves plum blossoms and loves painting them. Do you think Wang Mian loves plum blossoms or lotus flowers?

Help! ! !

Analysis:

Love plum blossoms. Wang Mian (131-1359), with a character stamp and a character Su, was named Boiled Stone Mountain Farmer. Hao Shan, Changning Township, Zhuji City, Zhejiang Province. He has many nicknames, such as Zhu Zhai Sheng, Kuaiji Shan Nong, Kuaiji Waishi, Plum Blossom House Owner, Mr. Jiuli, Jiangnan Ancient Guest, Jiangnan Savage, Shanyin Savage, Duckweed Xuanzi, Bamboo Crown Grass Man, Mei Cuo, Fanniu Weng, Stone Chef, Idle Doctor, Lao Long, Lao Cun and so on. In addition, he gave his thatched cottage the names Shuinan Xuan, Duckweed Xuan, Zhuzhai Xuan, Everywhere Qingshan Xuan, Meizhu Xuan, Gengdu Xuan, Xinyuan Xuan, Zhuxi Xuan, Tingxue Xuan and Tingqiu Xuan. He was an outstanding poet and painter with patriotism in Yuan Dynasty.

Wang Mian lives in seclusion in Shuinan Village, Jiulishan, Zhuji. There are three families in Murakami, who live hard all the year round. A stream flows like a belt, and a beautiful mountain stands behind the house. The mountains are lush with bamboo and trees. The mountains and waters contrast each other, the scenery is beautiful, and the environment is quiet. As he said in his poem, "Castle Peak has a faint river, and the window on the river is quiet." He is here to "plant three acres of beans, millet times, plum trees, peaches and apricots in half, taro area, and hundreds of leeks;" Diversion is a pool, and more than a thousand fish are planted "(Volume 1 of" After the Garden of Zhi "). Wang Mian spent most of his life in such a picturesque mountain village. His simple life and quiet landscape gave birth to his character of loving life and working people, and endowed his poetry and painting creation with a strong flavor of life.

Wang Mian's ancestor lived in Wangjing (west of Hanguguan) in Kansai. His tenth ancestor was Wang Deyuan, who served as an official of Qingyuan Army in the Song Dynasty. Wang Deyuan has two sons. One is Wang Qi, who used to be an observer in Langzhou. One is Wang Lin, who worked as a control officer. It has been eight generations since Wang Lin moved to Zhuji and spread to Wang Mian.

Wang Mian's distant ancestor was undoubtedly a bureaucratic family, but his father who passed to Wang Mian has become a penniless farmer. Xu Xian's Biography of the History of Chen contains: "The father is a farmer, and the crown is a family." In Wang Mian's Poems of Zhu Zhai, he said, "Mr. Jiuli's sideburns are poorer this year than last year. I have no worries about my clothes, and the broken house leads Laura to rain. A few acres of bean sprouts die in summer, and a strip of reed grows in autumn. Knowing each other, there is nothing else to say, laughing at Bai Niao before his death. " ("Nine Miles in the Mountain") "I study hard at night during the day, and my neighbors despise me for being pedantic and stupid. There is no millet in the broken coffin, and the wife is bored, and she uses Polygonatum to make a meal. " ("Crossing the Mountain") "The ancient guests in the south of the Yangtze River have no land, and half a foot breaks the inkstone and loses money. Good mountains and good waters are hard to meet, and the house is thin and desolate. " ("Feeling")

Judging from these poems, he personally participated in all kinds of labor. Reading and painting are just his spare-time activities, and they are for the sake of living, selling paintings to make a living and paying rent and taxes. His writing poems and paintings are naturally different from those of ordinary literati. Because of his "no inch of farmland, no wind and no grass", his life is getting worse every year. In winter, there is no cotton wool for the winter, and the straw house is unable to repair it. The crops can't resist the drought, and there is no food in the family. His wife is hungry and has to pick wild vegetables to satisfy her hunger. In this case, I have to take part in manual labor directly, go barefoot, farm and plant bamboo, tea, mulberry, hemp and miscellaneous grains to maintain my life. The description of this poor life can be found everywhere in the relevant descriptions. For example, in Zhu Zhai's Poems, there is a description of "I have two elbows in my poor sleeves, and there is nothing in my bag." In the iron net coral, there is a record that "this year is old and different from the previous year, with white hair and beard, no foot disease, no rush, no flattery, no deceit, no official career, and no hunger all day long". Despite this miserable experience, he would rather farm and sell paintings for a living than run around begging for food, which fully shows the unyielding character of an artist.

Wang Mian was born in the 24th year of Yuan Zhiyuan (1287) and died in the 19th year of Zhengzheng (1359) at the age of 73. Wu Rongguang's Chronicle of Celebrities in Past Dynasties holds this view. Wu Pu also recorded Wang Mian's birthday as July 22nd. Yi Shuo was born in the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1335) and died in the fifth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (147) at the age of 73.

The fallacy of these two theories lies in putting the date of birth and death of Wang Mian's son, Shan Qiao Wang Zhou, under his father's name. This was discovered by Jiang Kehan, a close friend, and his opinion was published in the second issue of Academic Forum in 1957. Look at the description of Wang Zhouxing written by Lu Sheng: "Shan Qiao was born on July 22nd in the autumn of the First Yuan, Yihai, and died on the 13th day of the first month of Dinghai in the fifth year of Yongle, with a life of seventy-three."

Jiang said, "This is the basis cited above about Wang Mian's date of birth and death and Wang Mian's death at the age of seventy-three. Besides, Wu Pu still uses the month and day in this passage. As for the reason why he changed his age, because his death in Yongle was inconsistent with the general account, he changed his death year to 19 years when the Ming army occupied Wuzhou, and then extrapolated it to 73 years, and concluded that he was born in 24 years of Zhiyuan. " What's more, "this unfounded statement has been echoed by many people, and it has even been quoted by others. Some people even wrote a commemorative paper in 1935 to commemorate the six-hundredth anniversary of the birth of Wang Mian".

Jiang believes that Wang Mian's real date of birth and death should be: "He was born in Geng Xu (131) in the third year of Yuan Dynasty and died in Jihai (1359) in the nineteenth year of Zhengzheng, at the age of 5, which is not bad. Take Wang Zhousheng's birth year as 25 years, that is, to the third year, and Wang Mian gave birth at the age of 26. " This is the conclusion of Jiang.

From Wang Mian's poem "Feeling for Yourself", "This ambition is actually depressed, and the clothes are mixed with mud. It is right to be born in the third year (131).

The Chronicle of Historical Events at Home and Abroad records that since the imperial examination was suspended in the first year of Yuan Dynasty (1335), it was not until the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty that the imperial examination was resumed. In Wang Mian's poem "Making Friends and Sending Arms", there is a sentence that "the grass will be green in the plain next year, and the bow will be good to shoot the deer", which means that the imperial examination system was restored in the sixth year of Zhiyuan (134). Green grass in the plain refers to spring, and trying to shoot a deer with a bow means taking an examination of Jinshi. Six years to the Yuan Dynasty. As a result of the examination, if Wang Mian doesn't win, he will burn what he has written, which means that he will never get a better chance. "Treading for 3 Autumn" is exactly what I wrote after I failed in the exam. In the 5th year of Zhiyuan (1339), Wang Mian was thirty years old. From 1339 to 3 years, it is the third year (131), which is consistent with what Jiang Kehan said.

According to legend, his parents, Wang Mian, a single child, loved him like the apple of his eye. He could speak at the age of one, and answer freely at the age of three. By the age of five or six, his cognitive ability was higher than that of ordinary children. He began to enter school at the age of eight, and his grades were excellent, which surprised his clan. He was regarded as a child prodigy, and his guests also praised him as a "swift horse".

When Wang Mian was a child, he was very curious and curious. One day, his father told him to herd cattle. He put the cattle on the grass and went to a private school to listen to the village children. When he came back in the evening, the cattle disappeared and was severely beaten by his father. But he didn't stop because of this. A few days later, he went to the temple and sat on the bodhisattva's lap, reading and reading with the ever-burning lamp. At the beginning, The Scholars described the story of Wang Mian herding cattle, which may also be based on it. However, according to the biographical data about him, Wang Mian never herded cattle for other families, nor did he lose his father in his childhood. Wu Jingzi wrote that Wang Mian lost his father when he was a child, and hired him to herd cattle from the age of ten. After such processing, Wang Mian's image as a farmer artist became more prominent and his personality became more distinct. Therefore, the story of Wang Mian is still popular today.

According to The Scholars, Wang Mian seems to be a self-taught man, who has no knowledge and art under his tutelage. In fact, there are two well-documented teachers in Wang Mian: one is Wang Gen and the other is Han Xing. Zhuji County, Wang Liang, people, the word is good, integrity is still respected, reading is sensible, and what they have learned is applied. "Stop fasting" is the abbreviation of "Stop fasting" built by Wang Gen after he returned to the forest. Only two titles in Wang Mian's poetry collection are called "Sir", one of which is Mourning for Mr. Wang. Among them, sentences such as "How can a husband see a purple eyebrow" and "Looking back at the spring breeze, who should he talk to" are used. The last sentence is the story of "Four Nobles in Shangshan" when Emperor Hui of Han Dynasty was appointed as a prince. The next sentence shows that he studied in Wang Gen.

Another teacher is Anyang Hanxing. Quan Zuwang's "The Crown Biography of Mr. Wang Joining the Army" says: "Wang Mian ... a poor family secretly enjoyed reading, but Anyang's Korean character was different, so he was recorded as a disciple and became a scholar. Sexual death, the master regards Mr. as sexual. " ("Song and Yuan Learning Cases" Volume 64). There is a similar record in the biography of Ming Dynasty in Wang Mian. Bao Yun questioned this in the article Textual Research on Wang Mian's Deeds published in Ta Kung Pao in December 1935. He said, "Is Wang Mian a Korean student? If it is really a Korean student, and after the death of Han Xing, his classmates regard him as a sex, this is of course a major event worthy of a big book in Wang Mian's mini-story. ..... So I think this matter still needs to be doubted. " In fact, it can be believed that Han Xing is Wang Mian's teacher. Although the Collection of Poems of Zhu Zhai has no poems describing Korean characteristics, the old manuscript is accompanied by the Story of Zhu Zhai. In addition, Volume 21 of Liu Jiangsun's "Collection of Raising My Zhai" also records the "Bamboo Zhai Ji" written by Han Xing for Wang Mian, in which he said: "Wang Yuanzhang of Jiyang fasted under the name of bamboo, and asked to remember it in the rest. Yu Jia arrived in Jiyang for a few hundred miles and never went anywhere, so I don't know why ... "Wang Mian then took out a picture of a hut shaded by several bamboo trees and showed it to Han Xing. He also pointed to the picture and said," It's a reporter who is a so-called bamboo house and asks for children. Can you remember it? " Zi, an ancient title for men, can also be called a teacher. From the biographies of Ming History, Quan Zuwang and Zhu Zhai Ji, it can be confirmed that Han Xing is also Wang Mian's teacher.

Wang Mian in his youth didn't believe in ghosts and gods. Volume 12 of Lu Rong's Miscellaneous Notes on the Garden of the Ming Dynasty contains such a short story: Wang Mian's house was close to a temple, and he was short of firewood under the stove, so he cut down the idol as firewood. However, a neighbor next door was sincere in worshipping God. When Wang Mian destroyed the idol, he immediately carved wood to repair it, and so on for three or four times. However, Wang Mian's family is safe all the year round, but it never rains but it pours. One day, the image mender called the wizard to descend to God and asked, "Wang Mian has repeatedly destroyed God. Why doesn't God blame him? Why doesn't God bless me every time I mend God?" Embarrassed, the wizard had nothing to answer for a moment, but said angrily, "How can he burn it if you don't set up an image?" From then on, the man stopped making up the statue, and the temple was gradually destroyed, which was later passed down as a joke.

In his early years, Wang Mian was not as carefree and quiet as most people think, but he was once keen on fame and fortune. He had devoted himself to the study of Sun Wu's art of war and fencing, and had the ambition to clarify the world. He often compared himself with Yi Yin, Lu Shang and Zhuge Liang, hoping to make an earth-shattering career. However, the cruel reality of Yuan and Mongolia's aristocratic rule discriminating against Han intellectuals educated him, and his fantasy was soon shattered. He took the Jinshi exam and failed. When I came back, I was full of anger and depression, so I burned all the articles, indicating my determination to never have a career again. As he said in "Self-feeling": "When you grow up, you will be tough-minded, and you will learn and follow good plans. Stone painting must be done by itself, not by pedantry. I hope to be loyal and loyal, and I will send you to Tang Yu. If you want to make the people of the world, you should also wash away the arrogance. Sound poetry is a golden stone to show parents' reputation. This ambition is actually depressed, and the clothes are mixed with mud. After thirty years of trampling, I am as decadent as a squid. Returning to farming has no inch of land, and returning to grazing has no feet. I am struggling against the pan-ping stalk, looking at the clouds and sighing. "

Later, he accumulated some money and made his first trip to Hangzhou. After a few days of boating on the West Lake and paying homage to historical sites, he enjoyed the scenery of Hangzhou in spring.

One day, he saw * * * people, holding a flower donkey, fooling around in Hangzhou, saying that the flower donkey could understand people and understand the language. At that time, there was a flood in the south of the Yangtze River, and the people were starving, but the flowers and donkeys were as old as before, corrupt officials, throwing gold to see. When Wang Mian saw this strange thing, he was so angry that "he didn't eat for ten days after his return, and he was so sad that he cried like rain". This is his strong * * * to establish the superior position of Semu people in the Yuan Dynasty.

When traveling in Hangzhou, he paid tribute to Lin Hejing's tomb, which he admired. At that time, Yang Lian, the president of Buddhism in the south of the Yangtze River, really excavated the tombs of the emperors from the south, and the tomb of Lin Hejing in Gushan was also affected. However, there was nothing in the tomb but a white jade hairpin. Wang Mian was deeply touched by this matter, so he wrote a poem, "I didn't wear a gold belt before my death, but I had a white hairpin behind me" (Record of Living in Seclusion).

Wang Mian has also traveled to Nanjing, Jiujiangkou and Qililong, traversing Xiaoxiang, Dongting, Taihu, Lushan, Tiandu, Taihang, Qianyue and Menyun. Once, on a snowy day, I went barefoot to the Yue Feng, looked around and shouted, "White jade is synthesized all over the world, which makes people feel clear and want to fly away as a fairy!" (Volume 1 of "After the Garden of Zhi") He simply melted his whole body and mind into nature. He once said: "I used to wear Xie Gongqi, and I used to look for Xie Gongqi in my scattered strategy." "I am not idle for loving bamboo, and I have traveled all over Jiangnan Mountain for ten years." It can be seen that his wandering is great and his footprints are far away. During the tour, "when you meet wizards and chivalrous men, you talk about ancient heroes, that is, drinking wine and drinking generously" ("Jade Pot Ice"). From making friends, I got to know many monks, such as Master Ming, Taoist Master, Master Master, Wutai Elder, Monk Yunwu, Master Shan, Elder Omo, Elder Hui, Master Qin, etc., and talked with them about Zen, and once said, "If you can't learn from this method, you can't learn from it. Now when you pay your law, how can you learn from it?"

Wang Mian once traveled north. According to The Scholars, when he was twenty years old, he traveled north because he asked for paintings for Wei Su, and he refused to socialize, so Wei Su became angry. However, judging from his poems and deeds in Yanjing, it seems that his trip to the north was not at the age of twenty, and the reason for his trip to the north was not for danger, but for other great significance. According to Zhang Chen's Biography of Wang Mian, Wang Mian "returned to the south of Zhengwu". This strong tour began in Ding Hai (1347) in the year before the Wuzi, and Wang Mian was thirty-nine years old. He took a canal boat from gutang, Hangzhou to the north, passed Jiaxing, Songjiang and Zhenjiang, stayed in Nanjing, returned to Zhenjiang, crossed the river to Yangzhou, passed through Xuzhou, Yanzhou and Jeju until Dadu (Beijing), and traveled between Juyongguan and Gubeikou to observe the dangers of the frontier. One day, when he was in the southern metropolis, he felt relaxed and happy, but he remembered that the beautiful rivers and mountains were under the rule of the Yuan Dynasty, and he could not help but be indignant and denounce the traitors who led the wolves into the room to betray national interests. One of his "Nostalgia for the South City" wrote: "In the morning, the tall buildings look wild, and the West Mountain and the East China Sea are boundless. The Khitan trail buried weeds, and the female fireworks separated by short walls. Rites and music know the new system. Who asked about the old government? Scholars hate generosity and hate killing Shi Jingtang. "

These trips have broadened my horizons and broadened my mind. His poems and paintings are even more different from ordinary people, and his patriotic thoughts are even stronger.

When he was in Beijing, Mongolian Tai, a great bureaucrat in Yuan Dynasty, didn't love Wang Mian's paintings very much. He often sent a few rough-rammed pages, shouting at every turn, which made Wang Mian restless. Later, he had to enter the house of Thai flowers and became a diner. Thai flowers wanted to use him as a counselor, but he sternly refused. He smiled and said, "Don't take it amiss, Mr. Shangshu. You are too clever. In a few years, this place will become a place where solitary rabbits haunt! Why be an official? " (Biography of Wenyuan in the Ming Dynasty, Exposed Pavilion Collection, Volume 64)

At this time, his reputation for painting was growing, and landlords and bureaucrats all rushed to the museum, begging him to paint plum blossoms and bamboo stones, and for a while, they lost their lives.