25. The lesson plan of two children debating the day

When Confucius traveled eastward, he saw two children arguing and asked them why. A child said, " I think the sun is near when it rises, and it is far away from the sky at noon. ". ” Another child thinks the sun is far away from the sun when it rises, and it is closer to people at noon. One son said, "When the sun rises at the beginning of the day, it is as big as a car cover, and when it is in the middle of the day, it is like a dish. Isn't this small for those who are far away and big for those who are near?" Another child said: " the sun has just come out cool, to noon when hot as a hand in hot water, this is not close to feel hot, and far from the reason for cooling?" ？ ” After Confucius listened, he couldn't judge who was right or wrong. The two children laughed and said, "Who is Zhihu?"

This article is an fable. The article describes that in ancient times, two children relied on their own intuition. One thought that the sun was close to people in the morning and the other thought that the sun was close to people at noon. For this reason, they held their own views and argued, even a knowledgeable person like Confucius could not make a judgment. This story shows that in order to understand nature and explore objective truth, we should dare to think independently and question boldly; It also shows that the universe is infinite and knowledge is infinite, even the most knowledgeable people will know something, and learning is endless.

The story can be understood in three parts:

First, write the argument between Confucius and Lu Yu, and point out the time, place, characters and causes of the story. The two children put forward two completely different views on how far the sun is from the earth at different times. Then write two children to clarify their views with the intuition (vision and touch) that people can experience in their daily lives to refute each other's views. Finally, it is written that Confucius' argument with two children could not be decided, which caused them to "laugh". The full text is only a hundred words, but it can give people many inspirations. It is the characteristic of language expression to express the characters and unfold the story through dialogue description, which shows the innocence and loveliness of two children and Confucius' scientific attitude of modesty and seeking truth from facts.

The main purpose of compiling this article is to enable students to have a preliminary understanding of the language characteristics of ancient Chinese, and at the same time realize that knowledge is endless and learning is endless.

The different meanings of Chinese characters and words in ancient and modern times are the difficulties in learning this article. For example, the meaning of "going" in "I want to get close to people when the sun rises" is different from the modern common meaning. In addition, "Who" and "Ru" rarely appear in modern Chinese, and such words should be understood by students.

The following translation is for reference only:

On his way to study in the East, Confucius saw two children arguing. Confucius asked the reason for their argument. A child said, "I think the sun is close to people when it first comes out, but far from people at noon." Another child thinks that the sun is far away from people when it first comes out, but near people at noon. The previous child said, "When the sun first came out, it was as big as a car canopy, and when it was noon, it was like a bowl. Isn't it small in the distance and big near?" Another child said, "It's cool when the sun just comes out, and it's as hot as putting your hand into hot water at noon. Isn't it cool when it's hot near and far away?" Hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right and wrong. The two children smiled and said, "Who says you know a lot?"

Second, learning objectives

1. Learn three new words in this lesson, and be able to clear the meaning of the text according to the notes after class.

2. Read the text with emotion. Recite the text and repeat the story.

3. Understand the content of the text, learn the spirit of the ancients who are good at thinking and boldly questioning in order to know nature and seek truth, and Confucius' scientific attitude of being modest and prudent and seeking truth from facts, and realize the endless truth of learning.

Third, teaching suggestions

1. Before class, teachers can consult the scientific common sense involved in the text. Students can also be arranged to ask "Does the distance between the sun and the earth change during the day?"? Why does the sun look bigger in the morning but smaller at noon? Why do you feel cooler in the morning and hotter at noon? ".

2. Although the text is concise, the difference in meaning between ancient and modern words is still a difficulty for students to understand. For example, the modal particle "Hu", which rarely appears in modern texts, appears three times in the text. There are three steps to solve this difficulty. (1) After reading the text, students understand the meaning of each sentence according to the notes. For students who don't understand, the teacher can give a little instruction so that students can understand the context. (2) Read it repeatedly to understand the content of the story. (3) Tell this story in your own words.

3. This story contains profound truth. Teachers can organize students to discuss and exchange what they think after reading this text. Students should be encouraged to speak freely and feel from various angles. For example, two children like to explore, and their spirit is commendable; The two children know things from different angles, and the results are different; Confucius can correctly treat children's questions, and seek truth from facts.

At the end of the article, Confucius said "can't decide", so students should know that many natural phenomena are common scientific knowledge to us, but in ancient times, it was difficult to solve the mystery because of underdeveloped technology, so Confucius' "can't decide" was understandable. It can be seen that the universe is big and the knowledge is wide, up and down, although the wise can't know everything. Confucius didn't "think that he knows what he doesn't know", but took a realistic attitude of "knowing what he knows is knowing, and not knowing is not knowing". Therefore, when teaching, don't take Confucius as the theme to understand.

4. For beginners of classical Chinese, repeated reading is the most important method. Learning this article should still pay attention to guiding reading aloud.

When reading this article, you can read the pause in the sentence according to the following tips:

Confucius traveled eastward, saw/argued with two children and asked them why.

One son said, "I start from/on the day/when I leave/when I leave, and/when I am in the day/when I am far away." A child goes far at the beginning of the day, and/at the beginning of the day/near.

One son said, "The sunrise is as big as the hood of a car, and the middle of the day is like a bowl. Is this not/the distant one small/the near one big?"

One son said, "It's cool when the sun rises at first, and it's cool when it's mid-day/like exploring soup. Isn't it hot when you're near/cool when you're far away?"

Confucius can't decide. The two children laughed and said, "Who/for you/for Zhihu?"

The language and dialogue description of two children are the key points for teachers to guide students to read aloud.

The second natural paragraph: The two children put forward completely different views on the distance between the sun and the earth at different times, and students should be instructed to read out their own opinions and uncompromising attitudes in a positive tone.

the third and fourth paragraphs: two children put forward reasons to prove their views and refute each other's views according to their own feelings and experiences. The two paragraphs are consistent in sentence structure and structure, and both end with rhetorical questions, so we should pay attention to the reading of rhetorical questions. Among them, "as big as a car cover" and "as probing soup" should be re-read, while "as a dish bowl" and "Cang Cang Liang" should be lightly read, so that they can be read in a contrasting tone, which will form a climax in which the two peaks are confronted, unable to argue and urgently need to be solved.

The fifth natural paragraph: When the two children saw that Confucius could not rule, they laughed and said, "Who is Rudo Zhihu?" The rhetorical sentence is also adopted. Here, it should be clear that the laughter of the two children is not sarcastic, and students should be instructed to read a lively and relaxed tone to show the innocence and cuteness of the children.

We should pay attention to model reading and lead reading when guiding students to read classical Chinese. On the basis of students' understanding of the content of the article and being able to read the full text with emotion, we will guide students to read in different roles and strive to recite in class.

5. after-school expansion. It is suggested that a Chinese practice activity be arranged to perform "New Two Children Debate Day". Before the activity, the teacher provided the idea of the activity: a modern teenager traveled through time and space to distant ancient times, and when he met two children arguing about Japan, the two children asked the teenager to make a ruling. In the activity, let the students perform creative performances in groups first, and then communicate in class.

IV. References

1. This article is selected from Liezi Tang Wen. Liezi is said to have been written by Lieyukou (about 45-375 BC), a native of Zheng, during the Warring States Period, in which many excellent fables and folk stories in the pre-Qin period were preserved.

2. Confucius (551-479 BC), whose name was Zhong Ni. A native of Luyi (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong Province), he was a thinker, politician and educator at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of Confucianism. His words and deeds throughout his life were compiled into The Analects by his students, which was handed down to the world.

3. About the scientific knowledge in Two Children Debate on the Day.

The distance between the sun and the earth is the same in the morning and at noon. Why does the sun look bigger in the morning than at noon? This is a visual error and illusion. The same object appears small in a group of objects larger than it, but large in a group of objects smaller than it. By the same token, the morning sun rises from the horizon with trees, houses, distant mountains and a small corner of the sky as its background. Under such a comparison, the sun looks big at this time. At noon, the sun rises high and the vast sky is the background. At this time, the sun appears small. Secondly, the white object of the same object is larger than the black one. This physical phenomenon is called "light infiltration". When the sun rises, the background is a dark sky, and the sun is particularly bright; At noon, the background is the blue sky in Wan Li, and the contrast between the sun and its brightness is not big, so it is smaller.

The temperature at noon is higher than in the morning. Is the sun closer to us than in the morning? Not really. The main reason is that the sun shines obliquely on the earth in the morning and directly on the earth at noon. At the same time and in the same area, the direct heat is higher than the oblique heat. At the same time, at night, the heat of the sun shining on the ground dissipates, so it feels cool in the morning; At noon, the heat of the sun shines on the ground, so I feel hot. The cool or hot temperature does not mean that the sun is far or near the ground.