I hope you can describe a social psychological phenomenon, such as conformity effect, and so on ~ ~ Thank you! ! !

Conformity: Conformity refers to the psychological change process in which people consciously or unconsciously make judgments and form impressions according to the opinions of the majority.

This refers to the psychological and behavioral countermeasures taken by individuals in the audience when they receive information consistent with most people. Conformity is desirable and popular. Being out of group is not only unpopular, but also leads to disaster. For example, on the road with rolling traffic, a car driver drives in the opposite direction; On the battlefield of bullets, a soldier who deviated from the collective and strayed into enemy-occupied areas; In the theater where everyone held their breath, an audience suddenly cried hysterically ... The public almost hated the deviant and even attacked him.

First, almost no one will give opposite opinions to the professional communicators and information works that have been concluded;

Secondly, conformity can standardize people's acceptance behavior pattern and make it an acceptance habit;

Third, some consistent group behaviors can form the acceptance of "pop", such as "pop songs", "pop music" and "new book craze".

Fourth, those truly original information works will be rejected, which will dampen the enthusiasm of a few communicators to explore the truth;

Fifth, to some extent, it inhibits the individual subjective initiative of the receiver to understand the information. Therefore, the conformity effect is also the coexistence of advantages and disadvantages, both advantages and disadvantages.

As a psychological concept, conformity effect refers to the phenomenon that individuals try to conform to the behavior of most people or authoritative figures in cognition or action under the pressure of real or imagined groups. Conformity effect includes both ideological conformity and behavioral conformity. Conformity is a common social psychological phenomenon, and the conformity effect itself is not good or bad. Its role depends on the problems and occasions of herd behavior, which is embodied in two aspects:

One is the positive effect of conformity;

The second is the negative effect of conformity.

Positive conformity effect can stimulate each other's emotions and make brave moves, which is conducive to establishing a good social atmosphere and enabling individuals to achieve psychological balance, and vice versa.

Usually there are three possibilities for the result of herd behavior: one is positive consistency; The second is negative consistency, and the third is consistency. [Edit this paragraph] Overview of conformity effect When individuals are influenced (guided or pressured) by the group, they will doubt and change their opinions, judgments and behaviors in the direction consistent with the majority of the group. That is what people usually call "drifting with the flow". [Edit this paragraph] Examples of conformity effect Conformity effect is a common psychological effect of following others' behaviors. This effect is sometimes positive, if others donate blood, you also donate blood; Sometimes it is negative, such as seeing others picking flowers in the park and picking flowers with them.

There is such an experiment: a university held a special activity and asked a German chemist to show his recently invented volatile liquid. When the host introduced the bearded "German chemist" to the students in the lecture theatre, the chemist said to the students in a hoarse voice, "I have recently developed a highly volatile liquid. Now I want to conduct an experiment to see how long it takes to volatilize from the podium to the whole classroom. Anyone who smells anything will raise his hand at once. I want to calculate the time. " As he spoke, he opened the sealed cork and let the transparent liquid evaporate ... Soon, the students in the back row, the students in the front row and the students in the middle all raised their hands. In less than 2 minutes, all the students raised their hands.

At this point, the "chemist" tore off his beard and took off his sunglasses. It turns out that he is a German teacher in our school. He smiled and said, "I have distilled water here!" " "

This experiment vividly illustrates the herding effect among students-when they see others raise their hands, they also raise their hands, but they are not lying, but are implied by the words of the "chemist" and the behavior of other students raising their hands. They seem to really smell a smell and raise their hands.

One sunny night, full of stars, many people stood on the platform of the railway station waiting for the coming train. At this time, a man tilted his neck and shook his head to look at the sky. People on the side curiously thought that the satellites, meteors or UFOs he saw were also looking around the sky. Actually, this gentleman just has a pain in his neck. He is doing relaxation activities, not observing the sky. Those who follow the starry sky are actually influenced by herding.

Positive conformity effect can stimulate each other's emotions and make brave moves; Negative conformity encourages each other to do bad things-if you see others jaywalking, many people will take shortcuts. Some people use the herd effect to deceive people. The most vivid example is playing the so-called "three cards" to make people bet. Guess where the heart A is, you can bet on 50 yuan, 100 yuan, 200 yuan. At this time, there are always three or five people rushing to participate. Those who don't know the truth don't know that they are "childcare", which is intensified by the herd effect and also participates in betting. Of course, the result is bound to lose-because the three or five people involved in the front are all in the same group as the dealer.

The behavior of gathering people to make trouble is mostly impulsive behavior inspired by personalized effect and conformity effect. [Edit this paragraph] Herd effect story An old man took his grandson to the market to sell donkeys.

On the road, at first, the grandson rode a donkey and grandpa walked on the ground. Someone accused the grandson of being unfilial. Grandpa and grandson immediately changed places, and as a result, some people accused the old man of abusing children; So both of them got on the donkey, and an old lady cried foul for the donkey after seeing it, saying that they didn't care about the donkey's life; Finally, the grandfather and grandson got off the donkey and walked with it. Soon, they heard someone sneer: Look! It must be two idiots, otherwise why not ride a ready-made donkey?

Grandpa listened, sighed and said, "There is another option: we carry the donkey."

Although this is a joke, it profoundly reflects a careless phenomenon in our daily life-conformity effect. The so-called conformity effect means that individuals are influenced by groups and doubt and change their opinions, judgments and behaviors in order to keep consistent with others.

In life, everyone has different degrees of conformity tendency, and always tends to follow the thoughts or attitudes of most people to prove that they are not isolated. It is found that the number of people who hold a certain view is the most important factor affecting conformity, and "many people" itself is a convincing proof. Few people can stick to their different opinions even if they speak in unison. [Edit this paragraph] The experiment of conformity effect In the experiment of studying conformity phenomenon, the most classic one is the "ash experiment".

1952, American psychologist Solomon Ashe designed and carried out an experiment to study the extent to which people are influenced by others and make obviously wrong judgments against their will. He asked college students to be his subjects voluntarily and told them that the purpose of this experiment was to study human vision. A college student who came to participate in the experiment walked into the laboratory and found that there were already five people sitting there first, so he could only sit in the sixth position. In fact, he didn't know that the other five people were all fake subjects (so-called "childcare") in collusion with Ashi.

Ash asked everyone to make a very simple judgment-compare the lengths of line segments. He took out a card with vertical lines, and then asked everyone to compare which of the three lines on another card was the same length. Judgment * * * made 18 times. In fact, the length of these lines is obviously different, and it is easy for normal people to make correct judgments.

However, after two normal judgments, five fake subjects deliberately gave a wrong answer in unison. So many realistic themes began to be confused. Did he firmly believe in his eyesight, or did he give an answer that was the same as others, but he thought it was incorrect?

From the overall results, on average, 33% people judge by the crowd, and 76% of them have made the judgment by the crowd at least once. Under normal circumstances, the possibility of people making wrong judgments is less than 1%. Of course, there are still 24% people who have never followed the crowd and answered according to their own correct judgment.

The beauty of wood in the forest will be destroyed by the wind. Pressure is the decisive factor of conformity. In a system, whoever makes a distinctive judgment or behavior will often be isolated by other members, or even severely punished, so the behavior of members in the system is often highly consistent. The experiment in American Hawthorne factory illustrates this point well: the daily workload of workers is standard, and after completing these workloads, they will obviously relax. Because anyone who overfulfils may increase the number of managers, no one breaks the daily standard. In this way, one person who goes too far is equal to offending everyone; But I did too little, and I was suspected of "muddling along". So whoever does too much or too little will be reminded, and whoever offends everyone may be abandoned. In order to avoid being abandoned, people will not "take the world by storm", but only "follow the crowd".

Buffett told a story in the annual report of Baker Hathaway 1985: An oil tycoon is going to heaven, but St. Peter said to him, "You are entitled to live here, but the compound left for the oil tycoon is full and there is no way to squeeze you out."

After thinking for a while, the tycoon asked to have a word with the residents in the compound. It didn't seem to hurt St. Peter, so St. Peter agreed to the tycoon's request. The tycoon shut up and shouted, "Oil has been found in hell!" "The door of the compound opened soon, and the people inside came out of it and ran to hell.

St Peter was very surprised, so he invited the tycoon to the yard and asked him to take care of himself. The tycoon hesitated and said, "No, I think I should follow those people. This rumor may be true. " Say that finish, he also ran to hell.

Blind conformity will stifle a person's enthusiasm and creativity. Whether we can reduce blind obedience, judge right and wrong with our own reason and stick to our own judgment is the watershed between winners and losers.

Seiji Ozawa once went to Europe to take part in the conducting competition. In the final of the top three, the judges gave him a music score. During the performance, Seiji Ozawa suddenly found that there was some disharmony in the music, thinking that the performer had made a mistake, so he directed the band to stop and play once, but the result still felt unnatural.

At this time, the authorities present solemnly declared that there was nothing wrong with the score, but his illusion. Faced with hundreds of international music authorities, he could not help but shake his judgment. But after careful consideration, he firmly believed that his judgment was correct, so he shouted, "No, the score must be wrong!" " As soon as his shouts fell, the judges immediately gave him warm applause and congratulated him on winning the game. It turns out that this is a "trap" carefully designed by the judges to test whether the commanders can firmly believe their own judgments when they find mistakes and the authorities don't admit them.

Most people think that conformity kills the individual's independent consciousness and judgment, so it is harmful. But in fact, we should treat herd behavior dialectically. [Edit this paragraph] The trap in negotiation-conformity effect Lemmings are stupid animals. In group migration, when a frightened lemming jumps off a cliff, other lemmings will jump blindly. This is the herd effect. People are often infected by the behaviors and emotions of most people around them, and follow the crowd when the situation is good; In times of crisis, if you are confused, follow the crowd. For example, some people may offer higher and higher prices for houses, paintings and companies in the course of trading, just because others-mostly strangers they have never met-are willing to offer similar prices. Integrating into the collective or following the crowd is a powerful factor leading to this behavior. This mentality is telling you, don't think too much, just follow everyone. Only a clever negotiator will not fall for it. In order to avoid this situation, we should adopt the following strategies:

First of all, we should keep a calm attitude towards any "hot spot", be prepared that hot spot trading is likely to "get cold" quickly, set up a stop loss position quickly, and act immediately once the hot spot gets cold and approaches the stop loss position. Be patient and spend some time doing a lot of market research, on-the-spot investigation and analysis before making it bigger. Resist the temptation of quick trading. Then for hot spots, we should pay attention to long-term interests and be wary of those transactions based on the concept of "early entry and early exit". The high risk of this kind of transaction can be described as credibility. Finally, to learn reverse thinking, people who follow suit usually have to pay a huge price for it. Therefore, we should go against the trend and tap opportunities that have great development potential for a long time but are not popular at present. This is for "hot spots", on the contrary, it is for cold spots. If there is an opportunity in danger, don't follow the crowd. Just like the current stock, a friend of mine sold a house and a car at the time of Shanghai Stock Exchange A Index 1296. He invested more than two million yuan, and now he has nearly 23 times the profit. And half a month ago, he had completely withdrawn from the stock market, even stopped buying funds and went to buy a house in a big city in the mainland.

So how do we make use of people's herd mentality? First, they should gradually determine a trend. Then they will change from doubt to belief, from belief to trust, from trust to trust, from trust to fanaticism. How to achieve this goal? Every stage makes them profitable, but let them invest more in order to get more, and finally it is our harvest time. [Edit this paragraph] If you are a pedestrian at a crossroads, the red light is on, but there is no traffic on the road. At this time, a man crossed the road despite the warning of the red light, and then two people, three people … the crowd swarmed by. What would you do if you were in there? If you stand still, not only will others call you stupid, but I'm afraid even you will think so. This is the so-called "herd effect" phenomenon

One thing, first of all, good or bad, as long as someone dares to do it, others will flock to it. "One person is as timid as a mouse, two people are as brave as cows, and three people are bold." Anyway, there are many people, who is afraid of who? Therefore, many phenomena in life are put on reasonable coats because of everyone's participation, such as spitting, urinating and hurdling at will ... If I am caught unfortunately, I am extremely indignant: Why am I the only one caught? With your ability, you caught all the xx? Nevertheless, "randomness" continues. Everyone just thinks that being caught will be unlucky, convenient and useless. China people are very convenient, so our greed for small profits is exposed to the extreme here.

We often think that what the public admits is good. For all new things, doing it alone is called "fool"; Two or three people do it, which is called "conformity"; A dozen people or even thousands of people can do it before it can be called "popular". In this context, we can't help ourselves, and it's hard for us to help ourselves, because no one wants to be special, to be laughed at, and finally to be accused of being a "fool".

So, what is the same situation in western developed countries?

There is such a true story. A China man stands at the crossroads of western developed countries. The red light is on and there is no traffic on the road. China people are used to crossing the road, and suddenly they find no one around on the way. Looking back, all the foreigners stood and waited in order, and one of them looked at him in surprise: "What's the matter with you? ! "China blushed and retreated to the crowd in shame. A few months later, China people returned to their motherland to visit relatives. Once at an intersection, the red light turned on as usual and there was no traffic on the road. China people habitually stand in the same place and wait, only to see people around them crossing the road as if nothing had happened. One of them looked at him in surprise. "What's the matter with you?" ? ! "The China man got a fright.

What does this story tell us with tearful humor? Is it easy to do as the Romans do? Why can people be so civilized? Why is the death rate of China citizens in car accidents high every year? Why do we have to repeat the same mistakes after someone pays the price of blood? In the eyes of some foreigners, the explanation of our behavior is even "there are too many people in China, so it doesn't matter how many people die". Is it true?/You don't say. [Edit this paragraph] Beware of "herding effect". If every cloud is exactly the same, how can the "Huangshan Sea of Clouds" be amazing? If every flower is exactly the same, how can Mei Ju shine in the works of literati? If every tree is afraid of heights and dangers, how can pine and cypress stand out among evergreen trees? If nature goes with the flow, we will lose a lot of beauty; If people blindly follow the crowd, they will eventually fall into the bottom of failure.

The "conformity effect" is the strangulation of science. Many inventions are challenges to thinking mode, and many scientific theories are also challenges to traditional authority. If scientists blindly follow the crowd, how can the light of scientific truth shine on the earth? When people blindly believe in Aristotle's authority, it is just that Galileo does not follow the crowd, insists on his own scientific theory, challenges authority with living experiments, opposes conformity, and lets the light of science illuminate the earth. When people believed in "geocentric theory", only Copernicus did not follow the pace of the world and embarked on the road of "Heliocentrism". If Galileo and Copernicus blindly follow the crowd and don't know how to innovate, then science and truth will never see the light of day.

The "conformity effect" can bury the truth and excellent literary works. When literati are afraid of literary inquisition. Afraid of literary creation, obsessed with the collation of ancient books, Cao Xueqin risked his life to create A Dream of Red Mansions. If he also blindly follows the crowd, a bright pearl will be lost in the history of China's novels, and Cao Xueqin will not stand out among many literati and remain immortal. When the whole world despised shame and chose death for honor day, Sima Qian resisted great pressure and resolutely chose castration. When he was spurned, when he was not accepted by the world, he still didn't commit suicide for the honor day like many people with lofty ideals before. In this way, Historical Records, as a historian's swan song, can be preserved. Imagine that if Cao Xueqin and Sima Qian both went with the flow and carried out the "conformity effect", the history of China literature would be eclipsed a lot.

Today's world is a world of personality liberation. What society needs is all kinds of talents. For senior three graduates, when choosing a major and establishing their ambitions, don't blindly follow the "conformity effect" to choose the so-called popular major, otherwise their real value will not be reflected, and we will regret it.

"Go your own way and let others talk!" Get rid of the "herd effect" and create a wonderful life that belongs only to you. [Edit this paragraph] Conclusion Under certain conditions, it is difficult to avoid herd behavior because there is not enough information or accurate information can not be collected. It is no problem to choose strategies by imitating others' behaviors. Sometimes imitating strategies can effectively avoid risks and make progress. It is not advisable to obey the majority and follow the crowd regardless of the merits, which is a negative "conformity effect"