The relationship between Tuoba Gui, Tuoba Hong and Tuoba Gui

The relationship between Tuoba Hong and Tuoba Gui

Tuoba Gui and Tuoba Hong were the emperors of Wei during the Southern and Northern Dynasties of our country. Tuoba Gui was Emperor Daowu and the founding emperor of Wei during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Tuoba Hong, also known as Yuan Hong, is the famous Emperor Xiaowen in our country; "Emperor Xiaowen's Reform". Tuoba Hong is the successor of Tuoba Gui; Tuoba Gui is at least Tuoba Hong's great-grandfather. Who is Tuoba Gui?

Tuoba Gui Tuoba Gui (371.8.4-409.11.6), also known as Shegui by the Southern Dynasties, was a member of the Tuoba tribe of the Xianbei ethnic group and the founder of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Historically known as Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, he was an outstanding statesman, strategist, and commander. Tuoba Gui was born on August 4, 371 AD [i.e., Jiaxu (seventh day of the seventh lunar month) in the seventh month of the sixth year of Taihe] in the north of Shenhebei (now northeast of Liangcheng, Inner Mongolia). His mother was He Ye of the Helan tribe of the Huns. The daughter of Qian. Tuoba Gui's grandfather, Tuoba Shiyiqian, was the leader of the Dai Kingdom. The Kingdom of Dai was still very powerful at that time. According to historical records, its territory "starts from Haoqi in the east, reaches Poluona in the west, is separated from Yinshan Mountain in the south, and ends in the desert in the north." Hundreds of thousands of people surrendered" ("Zizhi Tongjian·Volume 96"). But when Tuoba Gui was born, the alliance faced a crisis. Shi Yiqian continued to take measures to promote the transformation of the alliance into a country, causing dissatisfaction among the old aristocratic forces within the alliance. Just a few months before Tuoba Gui was born, Shi Yijian had just calmed down a civil strife. Although Zhang Sunjin, the assassin of Shi Yijian, was captured and killed, Tuoba Gui's father, Tuoba Gui, was injured and died in the fight. Tuoba Gui was Tuoba Gui's posthumous son. In addition, the country is also seriously threatened by foreign enemies. To the west of the Tuoba tribe, in the Shuofang area to the west of the Yellow River, there is a Tiefu tribe that was originally of the Huns. They are fierce and fierce. It frequently harasses the Tuoba tribe and is its old enemy. Thirty years ago, the Tiefu tribe was defeated by Shi Yijian. They once joined the Qin Dynasty alliance, and then turned to the former Qin King Fu Jian. By August of the first year of Taiyuan (376), the former Qin Dynasty had basically moved north to unify northern China, leaving only Dai State in the north. In October, Liu Weichen, the Xiongnu Zuoxian King who was attached to the former Qin Dynasty, was forced by Dai State and asked Qin for help. The former Qin King Fu Jian appointed Fu Luo, the governor of Youzhou and Duke of Xingtang, as the general governor of the Northern Campaign. He commanded 100,000 troops from Youzhou and Jizhou to attack the Tuoba Dai Kingdom of Xianbei. At the same time, it was difficult to send the governor to Bingzhou. General Deng Qiang of the town army, ministers Zhao Qian and Li Rou, former general Zhu Tong, former imperial general Zhang Hao, and right imperial general Guo Qing led 200,000 infantry and cavalry people and marched eastward to Helong (today's Helong). Chaoyang, Liaoning) and left Shangjun in the west (southeast of today's Yulin, Shaanxi). Both directions met up with Fu Luo's army, with Liu Weichen, the Xiongnu Zuoxian King, as their guide. In November, Tuoba Shiyiqianxian sent Bai tribe and Dugu tribe to resist the former Qin army, but neither of them won. The southern leader Liu Kuren led 100,000 cavalry to resist. They fought fiercely with the Qin army at Shiziling southwest of Shengle Palace in Yunzhong (now northwest of Helinger in Inner Mongolia), and were defeated again. Tuoba Shiyiqian was unable to lead the troops in person due to illness, so he led his troops to flee to the north of Yinshan Mountain. Unexpectedly, they were looted from all sides by the Gaoche tribe and returned to Monan. After hearing that the Qin army had retreated slightly, he returned to the capital Yunzhong in December. Soon, Dingjun, the eldest son of Shiyi Qiangshu, believed the slander and killed his brothers first and then his father. When the news reached the Qin army, Qin generals Li Rou and Zhang Hao immediately sent troops to attack Yunzhong. Dai's tribesmen fled one after another, and Dai's country was destroyed. After the fall of Dai, Tuoba Gui fled to the Helan tribe with his mother He. This year, Tuoba Gui was six years old. Later, Fu Jian summoned the acting chief Shi Yanfeng and asked him about the cause of the civil strife. Then he found out what Lord Tuoba Shi had done. Fu Jian was furious and broke his car into pieces. Fu Jian also wanted to move Tuoba Gui to Chang'an, but Yan Fenggu asked him to say: "The king of Dai died at the beginning, and his subordinates rebelled. His grandson Chongyou was left behind, and Mo Xiang took charge of him. Liu Kuren, the leader of other tribes, was brave and wise. Tiefu Weichen is cunning and changeable, so he cannot be left alone. It is better to divide the tribes into two and let the two of them rule. The two have a deep hatred, and they will not dare to attack first when their grandson is older. By establishing it, Your Majesty will have the virtue of survival and perpetuation in the next generation, so that his descendants will always be ministers who will not invade or rebel. This is a good strategy to stabilize the border." ("Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 14"). Fu Jian accepted his advice and divided the territory into two parts, ordering Liu Kuren to rule the east of the Yellow River and Liu Weichen to rule the west of the Yellow River. Fu Jian also placed the Tuoba Department scattered in the four counties of Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Yanmen, and Wuyuan. "They established lieutenants and supervisors, and bureaucrats took charge of them. They were assigned to run the business and make a living. They were given Ding in three or five years, and they were given three years of rest." There is no rent or tax. The commander of the canal is ordered to present it to the court at the end of the year, and there are restrictions on entry and exit" ("Jin Shu·Fu Jian Zai Ji"). The Dugu Tribe was originally a branch of the Huns. They had a close relationship with the Tuoba Tribe because they had been married for generations, and they were important members of the Tuoba Alliance. After the death of Dai, Tuobagui's mother took him from the Helan tribe to the Dugu tribe in order to seek asylum, and attached himself to Liu Kuren.

Liu Kuren took care of the scattered people and showed great kindness and trust. He served Tuoba Gui diligently and meticulously, and would not change his mind by abandoning the prosperity. He often said to his disciples: "This son has great aspirations for the world, and he will definitely be able to restore the ancestral legacy. You Cao Dang would like to meet him" ("Zizhi Tongjian·Volume 14"). Soon, Liu Weichen was humiliated by Liu Kuren and rebelled by killing the prefect of Qin Wuyuan. Liu Kuren defeated Liu Weichen. In this way, after Shi Yiqian, the Dugu tribe became the largest and most powerful tribe in the area controlled by Daibei. In October of the eighth year of Taiyuan (383), Fu Jian was defeated by the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the Battle of Feishui, and the former Qin regime quickly collapsed. The various factions attached to Qin raised troops and rebelled. Soon, Fu Jian was killed by Yao Chang, the Lord of the Later Qin Dynasty. Northern China fell into division again, and many separatist regimes emerged. In the same month, Liu Kuren was killed by his subordinates Murong Wen and others for supporting Fu Jian. The leader's seat was inherited by his younger brother Liu Juan. In August of the tenth year of Taiyuan (385), civil strife broke out again in the Dugu tribe, and Liu Kuren's son Liu Xian killed Liu's family members. Liu Xian was ambitious and wanted to dominate the north. Liu Xian regards Tuoba Gui who lives here as the biggest hidden danger. That month, Liu Xian was about to kill Tuoba Gui. When the merchant Wang Ba found out, he stepped on Tuoba Gui's feet as a hint, and Tuoba Gui hurried away. At that time, Liu Xian's brother Liu Kangni's wife was Tuoba Gui's aunt, so he told the He family about the matter. At the same time, Liu Xian's mastermind, Liang Liujuan, was Shi Yijian's nephew. He knew all about Liu Xian's plan and secretly sent his subordinates Mu Chong and Xi Mu to tell Tuoba Gui. That night, the He family went to Liu Xian's place to drink, and asked Tuoba Gui to take the old ministers Sun Jian, Yuan Ta, Luo Jie and others to defect to the Helan tribe. The next morning, He deliberately said to Liu Xian: "All my disciples were here at first, but now they are all lost. Who among you will kill them?" ("Book of Wei: Biography of Queen Xianming")? Liu Xian then did not rush to pursue him, and Tuoba Gui was able to escape. Tuoba Gui attached himself to his uncle He Ne. After seeing Tuoba Gui, He Ne was surprised and said: "After the restoration of the country, I will remember my old minister!" Tuoba Gui replied with a smile: "As my uncle said, I dare not forget it." ( "Zizhi Tongjian Volume 16"). At this time, Liu Xian suspected that Liang Liu's family had betrayed his plot and abandoned them. He's younger brother, He Yueju, led his troops to surrender to Tuobagui. Liu Xian was angry and prepared to kill He. He fled to Liu Kangni's house and hid in the sacred chariot for three days. Liu Kangni pleaded with Liu Xian, but Liu Xiancai stopped pursuing it. Soon, Liu Xian's tribe rebelled again, and Yu Hechen, the former lord of the central country, defected to Gui under He's persuasion. At that time, He Ne's brother He Ranqian saw that Tuoba Gui was popular among the people and was jealous of him. He sent his best friend Hou Yin Qitu to kill Tuoba Gui. When his successor Wei Guzhen found out about it, he informed Tuoba Gui and Hou Yin Qitu So he didn't dare to act. He Ranqian suspected that Wei Guzhen had leaked his plot, so he was arrested and interrogated. He clamped his head with two axles and injured one of his eyes. Wei Guzhen still refused to admit it, so He Ranqian had to release him and surrounded Tuo with his troops. Postscript, He family said to He Ranqian: "You have placed me here now, but you want to kill my son" ("Book of Wei: Biography of Queen Xianming")? He Rangan was ashamed and left. In the first month of Wushen in the eleventh year of Taiyuan (386), Tuobagui held a meeting in Niuchuan (today's Tabu River in Ulanqab League, Inner Mongolia) to take the throne. Changsun Song is the master of the south, and Shusun Puluo is the master of the north. The newly-established alliance is mainly composed of three groups of people: the so-called "eight clan surnames" are the core of the alliance. These eight surnames are the Tuoba clan and its seven blood tribes formed during the Tuoba period; secondly, there are other tribes other than the eight clan surnames, the more powerful ones include the Helan tribe, Qiumuling tribe, etc.; the third are some ***, among which Zhang Gun, Xu Qian and others were more influential. The enthronement ceremony of Tuoba Gui has a strong style of clan aristocratic democracy. The leaders of the other seven clans of the eight surnames of the clan covered their heads with black felt and together with Tuoba Gui, they went west to worship the sky. This shows that at the beginning of Tuoba Gui's accession to the throne, the power of the alliance was diverse, and the acting king did not have supreme power. Tuoba Gui followed the Japanese custom of changing the Yuan Dynasty and called this year the first year of the country's accession to the country. The institutions set up by the rebuilt alliance basically inherited the system from the Shiyiqian period. The more important positions are the leaders of the fourth department who manage the daily affairs of the alliance and the leaders of the two departments of the north and south who manage the foreign population coming to Fu. In April of the first year of the Tang Dynasty (386), Tuoba Gui gave up his original title of the Western Jin Dynasty and changed his title to King of Wei. In May, Tuobagui arrived at Lingshi. Hou Chen, the leader of the Hufo Hou tribe, and Daiti, the leader of the Yifu tribe, rebelled. When the generals were about to pursue him, Tuoba Gui said: "Though Hou Chen and others have made small mistakes in their military service, they should bear with them. Today is a rough time, and human feelings are not the same. Those who are foolish and immature should be staggering, and it is not enough to pursue them." ("Wei Dynasty") Book·Taizu Ji"). In the seventh month of the seventh month, Tuoba Gui moved his capital to Shengle (now Tuchengzi, northwest of Horinger, Inner Mongolia). Dai Ti led his tribe to surrender again, but a few days later, he defected to Liu Xian again. Tuoba Gui made his grandson Beijin lead the tribe on his behalf. In August, Tuoba Gui's leadership position encountered serious challenges. Liu Xian supported Tuoba Kuduo and Tuoba Gui to compete for the throne.

Tuoba Kuduo is the youngest son of Shi Yiqiang. After the death of Dai, Fu Jian moved to Chang'an. After the Feishui War, the Chang'an Incident occurred. What kind of person was Tuoba Gui? How does history evaluate Tuoba Gui, the founding emperor of the Northern Wei Dynasty?

My evaluation of him is as follows:

In his political and military career, Daowu committed many massacres, and in his later years he believed in Witchcraft, taking cold food powder, mental breakdown, human emotions are scattered. However, he was young, endured hardships, endured humiliation and had a tenacious will, and it was not easy for him to return to his country. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Liu Xian and Liu Weichen were eliminated, and many ethnic groups such as Gaoche and Rouran were eliminated in the Northern Expedition, eliminating the threat from the north. He went south to the Central Plains and used his troops like a god. Within a year and a half, he overthrew the Later Yan Dynasty and gradually conquered the Northern Kingdom. He was an outstanding military strategist in ancient my country. After the fall of Later Yan, Daowu organized households and unified the people, tried his best to promote agriculture, reused Han people, and transformed Xianbei society. He made outstanding contributions and could be regarded as an outstanding politician. In terms of ideology, Daowu attached great importance to Confucian classics. He "established the Imperial Academy, appointed doctors of the Five Classics, and had 3,000 students." In order to solve the problem of the incomprehension between Xianbei and Chinese, in the fourth year of Tianxing, Daowu "gathered doctors and Confucian scholars to compare the texts of the classics and study their meanings." It has more than 40,000 words and is called "Zhongwen Jing". Regarding cultural classics, Daowu asked Li Xian, "Which book is the best in the world and can benefit people's sanity?" There are so many books in the world! How can I prepare them? "Xian said: "Fu Xi created it and the emperors inherited it. So far, there are countless secrets in the world. I want to collect them strictly. All the prefectures and counties in the world collect and send them, and it is not difficult to collect them according to the master's preference. "So Daowu made a class system for the world, and collected the scriptures a little." As a Xianbei ruler with low culture, Daowu was able to still value culture despite the chaos in the north, which is really valuable. Hu Sansheng said: "Tuoba Gui flourished, and the shape of the north and the south was determined. The shape of the north and the south was established, and the south of the death was merged with the north. Woohoo! Since the Sui Dynasty, the names of those who have been famous in the time have been six or seven of the ten descendants of the north. ! "Although the words "Three Provinces" were inspired by emotion, it is also a historical fact that the Northern Wei Dynasty rose up strongly and changed the miserable social situation in the late Sixteen Kingdoms period. As an emperor whose "reality outweighs his fame", Daowu, like Emperor Qin, Hanwu, Tang Zong and Song Zu, made contributions to the progress and development of ancient Chinese society, and should have a place in Chinese history. Historically, Tuoba Shao killed Tuoba Gui

In his later years, Tuoba Gui became stubborn and jealous because of taking cold food powder. He often killed ministers just because he remembered some dissatisfaction in the past. Most of the ministers live in fear, which affects their ability to do things.

On October 13, the sixth year of Tianci (November 6, 409), the emperor's second son Tuoba Shao's mother, Mrs. He, made a mistake. Tuoba Gui imprisoned her in the palace and prepared to execute her. By dusk it was still unresolved. He secretly asked Tuoba Shao for help. Tuoba Shao colluded with the palace guards and eunuchs, and led people over the wall into the palace that night to assassinate Tuoba Gui. Tuoba Gui woke up when Tuoba Shao arrived and tried to find weapons to fight back but to no avail. He was eventually killed by him at the age of thirty-nine. Buried in Jinling, Yunzhong, the specific location is unknown. Why was Tuoba Gui, Emperor Daowu of Wei, also called Yuan Gui?

Because Emperor Xianwen of Wei State carried out sinicization reforms and changed Tuoba to Yuan, it was also called Yuan Gui. The reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty, commonly known as Xiaowen's Sinicization, refer to the political reforms implemented during the reign of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Its main content is the Sinicization movement, including the implementation of land equalization and household adjustment, reform of the official system and laws, moving the capital to Luoyang, and changing Han customs. Reform measures: Rectify the administration of officials. In 472 AD (the second year of Yanxing), those who served for a long time were promoted to one level after one year; those with poor performance would be punished or even demoted even if they took office not long ago. The tax system was reformed in AD 475 (the fifth year of Yanxing). In order to change the chaotic situation in which states, counties, and counties competed for rent collection in the past, *** determined that tax collection could only be done at the county level. It was prohibited to use big buckets, long rulers, or rulers when collecting taxes. Weigh the scale. Promulgation of Salary System In 484 AD (the eighth year of Taihe), the Salary System was promulgated, stating that those who embezzled more than a bolt of silk would be punished by death. The land equalization order promulgated the following year also stipulated that local governors could be given a certain amount of land according to their official position. The public land awarded was not allowed to be purchased and was handed over to the next person when he resigned. [2] Reform of the official system During the Taihe period, it was agreed that the ranking of hundreds of officials would be divided into nine grades, and each grade would be divided into upright and subordinate. Congpin was the first creation of the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the 19th year, the Xianbei aristocrats since the Northern Dynasty were classified into surnames and clans according to family background, official title and other standards. The surname was Gao, followed by clan. Among them, Mu, Lu, He, Liu, Lou, Yu, Ji and Wei were eight. The surname, "All of them have been surrendered by Taizu, and they have achieved great honors in the world, and they are all princes. It is clear that they are under the jurisdiction of the state and the official department. Don't make obscene remarks and use the same four surnames."

"The so-called four surnames are said to be Cui, Lu, Li, and Zheng of the Han nationality in the Central Plains. Another theory is that they are the four county surnames of the Han nationality A, B, B, and D. The latter seems to be correct. The band established the surname clan, which made the Xianbei nobles and The Han gentry were further integrated. The capital was moved to Luoyang. In order to facilitate the study and acceptance of the advanced culture of the Han people and further strengthen the rule over the Yellow River Basin, Tuobahong decided to move the capital from Pingcheng (today's Datong City, Shanxi) to Luoyang. For this reason, he was afraid of the ministers. Opposing the idea of ??moving the capital, he first proposed a large-scale attack on Southern Qi. Once he proposed this plan to the court, and the ministers opposed it. The most fierce one was Emperor Xiaowen of Rencheng who said in anger: "The country is. My country, do you want to stop me from using troops? Tuoba Cheng retorted: "Although the country belongs to your Majesty, I am a minister of the country. I know the dangers of using troops, so how can I not speak up." Emperor Xiaowen thought for a moment, then announced his resignation, returned to the palace, summoned Tuoba Cheng alone, and told him: "To tell you the truth, I was angry with you just now to scare everyone." What I really mean is that I feel that Pingcheng is not a place to use force and is not suitable for political reform. Now I want to change my customs, even if I have to change them. This time I sent troops to attack Qi. I actually wanted to take this opportunity to lead the civil and military officials to move the capital to the Central Plains. What do you think? " Tuoba Cheng suddenly realized it and immediately agreed with Emperor Wei Xiaowen's idea. In 493 AD (the seventeenth year of Taihe), Emperor Wei Xiaowen personally led more than 300,000 infantry and cavalry southward, starting from Pingcheng and arriving in Luoyang. It happened to encounter continuous autumn rain. It rained for a month, and the roads were muddy, making the march difficult. However, Emperor Xiaowen still wore armor and rode out of the city, and ordered the army to continue marching. Emperor Xiaowen took advantage of the heavy rain and came out to stop it. He said: "This time we are mobilized, if we give up halfway, it will be a joke to future generations. If you can't move south, move the capital here. What do you think? "After hearing this, everyone looked at each other and said nothing. Emperor Xiaowen said: "We can't hesitate anymore. Those who agree to move the capital stand to the left, and those who disagree stand to the right. "A nobleman said: "As long as your Majesty agrees to stop the southern expedition, we are also willing to move the capital to Luoyang. "Although many civil and military officials did not agree with moving the capital, when they heard that the southern expedition could be stopped, they had no choice but to express their support for moving the capital. Emperor Xiaowen made arrangements for Luoyang, and sent King Tuoba Cheng of Rencheng back to Pingcheng to ask for help there. The princes and nobles publicized the benefits of moving the capital. Later, he personally went to Pingcheng to convene the nobles and ministers to discuss the matter. Many of the nobles in Pingcheng opposed the move, but Emperor Xiaowen finally refuted it. Those people really couldn't make sense, so they could only say: "Relocating the capital is a big deal. Whether it is bad or good, we have to guess. Emperor Xiaowen said: "Divination is to solve difficult and unresolved matters." There is no doubt about the relocation of the capital, so there is no need to speculate. Those who want to govern the world should regard the four seas as their home. Today they go south and tomorrow they go north. There is no fixed truth. Besides, our previous generation also moved the capital several times, so why can’t I move? "The aristocratic ministers were speechless. The decision to move the capital to Luoyang was to follow the example of their ancestors. Tuoba Gui was the founding monarch of the Northern Wei Dynasty. Why did his son kill him?

Historical data records that Tuoba Gui arrested Mrs. He and planned to kill her because of his negligence, which was nothing more than cheating. However, Mrs. He had a strong desire to survive. Asking his son Tuoba Shao for help.

It can be seen from this that there were no safety precautions at all when the Northern Wei Dynasty was first established, and perhaps they were broken by Tuoba Gui's indiscriminate killing of innocent people. Mrs. He was originally the biological sister of Tuoba Gui's mother. Tuoba Gui married her because she looked good-looking. This was not only unethical, but also an incestuous marriage. The children born from this incestuous marriage were not much better.

It is said that this Tuoba Shao is very cruel and cruel, and does not play according to common sense. It is said that he is happy when he sees blood. In addition to killing small animals for fun, he often kills people on the street. After arriving at the pregnant woman, he even stabbed the pregnant woman's belly with a knife to take out the baby, so that there was no doubt that there was something wrong with the baby. However, in order to save his mother, Tuoba Shao contacted many people and entered Tuoba Gui's bedroom to kill him. He just killed his father, but he foolishly failed to seize the opportunity to become the emperor and was killed by the prince.

In fact, Tuoba Gui was also very good in the early days. He could continuously expand the territory for the founding of the country and was strong and unyielding. Dare to provoke, but as he became more and more comfortable as emperor, he began to show his power by killing his ministers and his wife. Historical records record that Tuoba Gui liked to take a medicine called Hanshisan, which was said to nourish the kidneys and strengthen yang.

This was developed by some people in the Central Plains. It is actually a kind of chronic poison plus alcohol, which makes people feel high after eating it. It is said that Tuoba Gui killed people after eating cold food powder. This is just one of them. The most important thing is that when Tuoba Gui became the emperor, he felt that I was the best in the world, because how could a descendant of an uncivilized nomadic people know what it was like to be an emperor? .

Tuoba Gui killed so many people, which will definitely cause public outrage. In order to protect themselves, the people under Tuoba Gui would seize the opportunity if they had a chance. Tuoba Gui's second child, Tuoba Shao, seized the opportunity. Relationship(103)Tuoba(5)