A short story of a famous patriotic scientist

Every scientist fails sometimes. Now, I will look at the story of scientists.

Story 1:

Boyle's skeptical chemist

Boyle was born in an aristocratic family in Ireland on1October 25th. My father is an earl and his family is very rich. He is the youngest of the fourteen brothers. Boyle was not particularly smart when he was a child, and he stuttered a little. He doesn't like lively games very much, but he is studious and likes reading and thinking quietly. Received a good education since childhood, and studied in Europe from 1639 to 1644. During this period, he read many natural science books, including the famous book Dialogue between Two World Systems by astronomer and physicist Galileo. This book left a deep impression on him. His later masterpiece The Doubtful Chemist was based on this book.

Due to the war, his father died and his family came down. He returned to China to live in London with his sister in 1644. I started studying medicine and agriculture there. I came into contact with a lot of chemical knowledge and experiments in my study, and soon became a well-trained chemical experimenter and creative theorist. During this period, he organized a scientific society with many scholars and held a weekly seminar, mainly discussing the latest development of natural science and the problems encountered in the laboratory. Boyle called this organization an "invisible university". This society is the predecessor of the famous "Royal Society", and its purpose is to promote the development of natural science. Boyle is an important member of the association. Boyle moved to Oxford on 1654 because the branch of the society was located in Oxford. In Oxford, he set up a well-equipped laboratory and hired some talented scholars as assistants to lead them in various scientific research. Many of his scientific research achievements were obtained here. The epoch-making masterpiece "Skeptical Chemist" is written here. In the genre of dialogue, this book writes four philosophers arguing together. They are skeptical chemists, bardic chemists, medical chemists and philosophers. Bard chemists represent Aristotle's view of "four elements", medical chemists represent the view of "three elements", and philosophers remain neutral in the debate. Here, skeptical chemists have no fear to challenge all kinds of authoritative traditional theories in history, refuting many old ideas with vivid and powerful arguments and putting forward new ones. This book is widely circulated in continental Europe.

Boyle attaches great importance to experimental research. He believes that only experiment and observation are the basis of scientific thinking. He always clarifies his views through rigorous and scientific experiments. In physics, he studied the color of light, the elasticity of vacuum and air, and summarized Boyle's gas law. In chemistry, his research on acid, alkali and indicator, and his discussion on the qualitative test method of salt are quite effective. He was the first chemist to use the juices of various natural plants as indicators. He invented litmus test solution and litmus test paper. He was also the first chemist to give a clear definition of acid and alkali, and divided substances into three categories: acid, alkali and salt. He created many qualitative methods to test salt, such as using copper salt solution to be blue, adding ammonia solution to become dark blue (copper ions and enough ammonia water form copper-ammonia complex ions) to test copper salt; The white precipitate produced by mixing hydrochloric acid and silver nitrate solution is used to test silver salt and hydrochloric acid. Boyle's invention is full of long-term vitality, so that we still often use these oldest methods today. Boyle has also done many experiments in determining the composition and purity of substances, and studying the similarities and differences of substances. A brief review of the history of mineral water experimental research published by 1685 describes a set of methods to identify substances and becomes a pioneer in qualitative analysis.

1668, due to the death of his brother-in-law, he moved to London to live with his sister, and set up a laboratory in his backyard to continue his experimental work. Boyle's work in his later years mainly focused on the study of phosphorus. 1670, Boyle suffered a stroke due to fatigue, and his physical condition was good and bad. When he can't do research in the laboratory, he devotes himself to sorting out the knowledge gained from practice and reasoning for many years. As long as he feels a little light, he goes to the laboratory to do his experiments or write papers for fun. 1680, he was elected president of the royal society, but he refused to accept this honor. Although he was born into a noble family, he devoted his life to scientific research and life. He never married and devoted his life to exploring natural science. 169 165438 On February 30th, the scientist who laid the foundation of chemical science in17th century died in London. Engels once gave him the highest evaluation: "Boyle identified chemistry as science."

Story 2:

Priestley —— Father of Gas Chemistry

Priestley 1733 was born in Leeds, England on March 13, and was raised by poor relatives. He entered the seminary on 175. After graduation, he spent most of his time as a priest, and chemistry was his hobby. He has many works in chemistry, electricity, natural philosophy and theology. He wrote many smug theological works, but it was his scientific works that made him immortal. 1764, when he was 3 1 years old, he wrote the history of electricity. At that time, it was a famous book. Because of its publication, he was elected as a member of the Royal Society at 1766.

1722, when he was 39 years old, he wrote a history of optics. It is also a masterpiece of 18 century. At that time, on the one hand, he served as a priest in Leeds, on the other hand, he began to engage in chemical research. His research on gases is quite effective. He used the generated hydrogen to study the effect of this gas on various metal oxides. In the same year, priestley also burned charcoal in a closed container and found that it could turn one-fifth of the air into carbonic acid gas. After being absorbed by lime water, the remaining gas does not help to burn or breathe. Because he believed in phlogiston, he called this residual gas "air saturated with phlogiston". Obviously, he used charcoal combustion and alkali absorption to remove oxygen and carbonic acid gas from the air and make nitrogen. In addition, he discovered nitric oxide and used it to analyze air. Hydrogen chloride, ammonia, sulfurous acid gas (carbon dioxide), nitrous oxide, oxygen and other gases have also been found or studied. 1766, his experiment and observation of several gases was published in three volumes. This book describes in detail the preparation or properties of various gases. Because of his outstanding achievements in gas research, he is called "the father of gas chemistry".

The most important thing in gas research is the discovery of oxygen. 1774, priestley put mercury soot (mercury oxide) into a glass dish and heated it with a condenser, and found that it quickly decomposed into gas. He thinks that the air has been released, so he collects the generated gas by gas collection and studies it. He found that the gas made the candle burn more brightly, and he felt relaxed and comfortable breathing. He made oxygen, and proved through experiments that oxygen has the properties of combustion-supporting and breathing. However, because he is a stubborn believer in phlogiston, he still thinks that air is a single gas, so he also calls this gas "dephosphorized air". The difference between its nature and the "air saturated with phlogiston" (nitrogen) discovered earlier is only the difference in phlogiston content, so its combustion-supporting ability is also different. In the same year, he visited Europe, exchanged many chemical views with lavoisier in Paris, and told lavoisier about the experiment of decomposing mercury and silver ash with condenser, which benefited lavoisier a lot. Lavoisier just repeated priestley's experiment about oxygen, and linked it with a large number of accurate experimental materials, made scientific analysis and judgment, and revealed the real connection between combustion and air. But it was not until 1783 that lavoisier's theory of combustion oxidation was generally considered to be correct. Priestley still refused to accept lavoisier's explanation, insisted on the wrong phlogiston theory, and wrote many articles against lavoisier's opinion. This is an interesting fact in the history of chemistry. A person who discovered oxygen became a person who opposed the theory of oxidation. However, priestley found that oxygen is an important factor in the vigorous development of chemistry. So chemists all over the world still respect Priestley.

179 1 year, he sympathized with the French revolution and made propaganda speeches for the revolution many times, but he was persecuted by some people, his home was copied, and books and experimental equipment were set on fire. He escaped alone and took refuge in London, but it was difficult for him to live in London for a long time. At the age of 6 1, he had to immigrate to the United States. Continue to engage in scientific research in the United States. 1804 is dead. People in Britain and America respect him very much, and England has a full-length statue of him. In the United States, the house where he lived has been built into a memorial hall, and the priestley Medal named after him has become the highest honor in American chemistry.

Story 3:

Madame Curie

Marie Curie (Madame Curie) was a French-born Polish physicist and chemist.

1898, French physicist AntoineHenriBecquerel discovered that uranium-containing substances can emit a mysterious ray, but failed to reveal the mystery of this ray. Mary and her husband Pierrecurie)*** * * both undertook the work of studying this kind of radiation. They separated and analyzed pitchblende under extremely difficult conditions, and finally found two new elements in July 1898 and February 12.

To commemorate her native Poland, she named one element polonium and the other element radium, which means "radioactive substance". In order to prepare pure radium compounds, it took Madame Curie another four years (MarieCuI7e, 1867- 1934) to extract1o0mg of radium chloride from several tons of pitchblende residue, and the relative atomic mass of radium was preliminarily determined to be 225. This simple figure embodies the hard work and sweat of the Curie couple.

1In June, 903, Madame Curie took "Research on Radioactive Substances" as her doctoral thesis and obtained a doctorate in physics from the University of Paris. In June165438+1October of the same year, the Curies were awarded the David Gold Medal by the Royal Society. In February 65438, together with Bekkerel, they won the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.

1906, pierre curie died in a car accident. This heavy blow did not make her give up her persistent pursuit. She fought back her grief and redoubled her efforts to complete their beloved scientific career. She continued her husband's lecture at the University of Paris and became the first female professor at the university. 19 10, her famous book on radioactivity was published. She cooperated with Mou and others to analyze pure metal radium and measure its properties. She also measured the half-lives of oxygen and other elements and published a series of important works on radioactivity. In view of the above great achievements, she won the Nobel Prize in chemistry at 19 1 1, becoming the first great scientist to win the Nobel Prize twice in history.

The founder of radiation science, who suffered from scientific hardships, died unfortunately on July 4, 1934 on/kloc-0 because of years of efforts. She devoted her glorious life to the scientific cause of mankind.